IMAGE  EVAIUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY    I4S80 

(716)  877-4503 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notas/Notas  tachniquas  at  bibliographiquas 


Tha  Inttituta  has  attamptad  to  obtain  tha  baat 
original  copy  availabia  for  filming.  Faaturas  of  this 
copy  which  may  ba  bibliographically  uniqua, 
which  may  altar  any  of  tha  imagas  in  tha 
raproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  changa 
tha  usual  mathod  of  filming,  ara  chackad  baiow. 


D 


Colourad  covars/ 
Couvartura  da  coulaur 


r~1   Covars  damagad/ 


D 


Couvartura  andommag6a 

Covars  rastorad  and/or  laminatad/ 
Couvartura  rastaurAe  at/ou  paliiculAa 


I      I   Covar  titia  missing/ 


La  titra  da  couvartura  manque 


r^  Colourad  maps/ 


D 


D 
D 


D 


Cartes  gAographiquas  an  coulaur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


I      I   Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
RaliA  avac  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serr6e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  la  long  da  la  marge  inttrieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajoutAes 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  la  texte, 
mais,  iorsque  cela  Atait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6tA  filmAes. 


L'institut  a  microfilm*  la  mallleur  exempiaira 
qu'il  lui  a  At*  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
da  cat  exempiaira  qui  sont  paut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibllographique.  qui  peuvent  modifier 
una  image  reproduite.  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mAthode  normale  de  filmaga 
sont  indiquAs  ci-dessous. 

□   Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

□   Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagAes 

□    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaurAes  et/ou  pelliculAes 

r~—\    Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 


Tl 
to 


D 
D 


Tl 

P< 
of 
fil 


O 
b< 
th 
sii 
01 
fil 
si 
ot 


Pages  dAcolorAes.  tachatAes  ou  piquAas 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  dAtachAes 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  prir 

Quality  inAgala  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  materif 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplAmentaire 


I     I  Pages  detached/ 

r~|  Showthrough/ 

I      I  Quality  of  print  varies/ 

I      I  Includes  supplementary  material/ 


Tl 
Tl 


M 
di 
er 
b< 

"i 
re 


Only  edition  available/ 
Seuie  Edition  disponibie 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissr<9s.  etc.,  (lave  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  fauillet  d'errata,  une  pelure. 
etc.,  ont  AtA  filmAes  A  nouveau  de  fa^on  A 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


0 


Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  supplAmentaires; 


The  accompanying  maps  follow  page  36I 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmA  au  taux  de  reduction  indiquA  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

y 

12X 


16X 


20X 


a4x 


28X 


32X 


ails 

du 

»diffier 

une 

nage 


Tha  copy  filmad  hara  has  baan  raproL^ucad  thanks 
to  tha  Qmnmro9\ty  of: 

Library  Division 

Provincial  Archives  of  British  Columbia 

Tha  imagas  appaaring  hara  ara  tha  bast  quality 
possibia  considaring  tha  condition  and  lagibility 
of  tha  original  copy  and  in  kaaping  with  tha 
filming  contract  spacifications. 


L'axamplaira  film*  fut  raproduit  grAca  A  la 
ginArositA  da: 

Library  Division 

Provincial  Archives  of  British  Columbia 

Las  imagas  suivantas  ont  AtA  raproduitas  avac  la 
plus  grand  soin.  compta  tanu  da  la  condition  at 
da  la  nattatA  da  l'axamplaira  filmA,  at  an 
conformitA  avac  las  conditions  du  contrat  da 
filmaga. 


Original  copias  in  printad  papar  covars  are  filmad 
beginning  with  tha  front  covar  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — ^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED "I,  or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END  "), 
whichever  applies. 


Les  exemplairas  originaux  dont  la  couvarture  an 
papier  est  imprimAe  sont  filmAs  en  commen^ant 
par  la  premier  plat  at  an  terminant  soit  par  la 
derniAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration.  soit  par  la  second 
plat,  salon  la  cas.  Tous  las  autras  exemplairas 
originaux  sont  filmAs  en  commen^ant  par  la 
pramiAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  at  en  terminant  par 
la  derniAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
derniAre  image  da  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  -^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 


rrata 
o 


lalure, 
I  A 


D 


32X 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  Tha  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


1 

2 

3 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atre 
filmAs  A  des  taux  de  rAduction  diffArents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichA,  il  est  filmA  A  partir 
de  Tangle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nAcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mAthode. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

Ammmmimimmmmmmm'mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmiKmtllllKlillHini 


DEPAUTMKNT   OF  THK    INTKIUOIJ. 

II.  S.  GEdCRArilll'M,  AND  CKiiUKJICAl.  SIMIVKV  Ul'  TIIK  HOOKV  JKUlNlAlN  UKCKiN. 

J.    \V.    I'OWlll.l.,  (ii:ill.tMllM    IN    I'MAIUIK. 


CONTRIBUTIONS 


TO 


NORTH  AMERICAN  ETHNOLOGY. 


VOLUMK    I. 


WAaHlNGTON: 

OOYEKNMBNT    PBINTINO    OPPIOE. 

1877. 


mgmmgmmsmaap 


Department  of  the  Inteiuor, 
U.  S.  Geoorai'ihcal  and  Geological  Survey 

OK  THE  UOCKY  Mol'NTAIN  IIeOION, 

Washinf/fov,  I).  ('.,  (Moher  15,  lH7(i. 

Sir:  I  linvo  the  honor  to  transnut  hercnvitli  VoUiiuo  I  of  th(j  Coiitrihu- 
liona  to  North  American  Ethnolofyy,  conijjriiiing  a  report  on  the  triixis  of 
Ahiska  by  \V.  II.  Dall,  and  a  report  on  the  Ii  (Hans  of  Westctrn  Washinj^-ton 
and  Northwestern  Oregon  by  George  Gibbs. 

I  am,  witli  great  respect,  your  obedient  servant, 

J.  W.  POWELL, 

In  rharye. 

The  Ilea  Secretary  op  the  Interior, 

Washhigtnu,  I).  (J. 


Ill— IV 


X41  53 


PK  KKACK. 


I 


I)iirin<r  ihv.  piist  ten  y(;iu>  niiit'li  of  my  \\uw  lias  Itceii  Hpciit  iiinoii^  tliu 
IiHliaiiA  of  tho  Rocky  Momitiiln  rofj^ioii.  In  tlic  carliiT  yotirH  I  collrftcd 
many  short  vocalmlarios  of  tho  variouK  Irihcs  with  wlioin  I  met.  Kroiii 
tiino  to  tiuio,  as  o|)|)oi'tiiiiity  affortU'd,  many  of  thcHO  vocaltuhirit's  wi-ro 
onhu'^otl.  1  soon  learned  to  enlist  Indians  in  my  party,  ami  to  s('ize  every 
oi)portunity  of  conversing  with  them  in  their  own  lanjjnajre,  in  order  that 
I  mi}i[ht  acquire  as  mnch  knowledj>;e  of  tlieir  tonjfnes  as  possi))le.  A  larfj^o 
number  of  vocabularies  were  c<dlected,  noiae  (fiidtraciiijf  but  a  few  hundred 
words,  others  two  or  three  thousaiul  each.  These  Indians,  amon;;^  whom  I 
traveled,  belonged  chiefly  to  one  great  family — the  Numas,  a  stot-k  end)racing 
many  languages,  and  several  of  the  languages  having  more  than  one  dialect. 
I  also  made  notes  on  tho  grammatic  charactc^ristics  of  these  languages  to 
tho  extent  of  my  opportunity. 

In  tho  moan  time  some  of  my  assistants  collected  vocabularies  furnish- 
ing important  additional  material.  Mnch  of  this  related  to  families  other 
than  tho  ono  in  which  I  was  making  especial  studies. 

In  such  a  hasty  review  of  tho  general  literature  of  this  Hubjec^t  as  I 
was  able  to  make,  my  attention  was  attracted  to  some  interesting  publica- 
tions in  the  Overland  Monthly,  from  tho  pen  of  Mr.  Stephen  Powers,  and 
soon  a  correspondence  was  begun,  which  finally  resulted  in  my  i<,reiviiig 
from  that  gentleman  a  large  amount  of  linguistic  and  otlier  ethn))grapliic 
material,  the  results  of  his  labors  for  many  years  among  the  Indians  <tf 
California. 

From  time  to  time  other  vocabularies  were  sent  me  from  various  })er- 
sons  throughout  tho  Rocky  Mountain  region. 

Up  to  this  time  I  had  not  expected  to  publish  anything  on  this  subject 
in  my  rejM)rts,  but  it  was  my  intention  to  turn  over  the  whole  of  what  I 
had  collected,  through  others  and  by  my  own  labors,  to  tho  Smilhsonian 


VI 


I'UKFACK. 


Iiistitutiuii.  In  1)1'  c'otiHoluliitt'il  iiihI  |iu))IiMlitMl  with  a  Htill  larjrer  aniouiit 
collcrtcd  from  various  sources,  through  flat  olliccrH  and  rollahorators  ol' tliat 
lustitiitiou. 

'I'lu-  materials  collected  l»y  tlio  Smitlisoiiian  Institution,  toj^etlicr  with  a 
part  collected  l>y  myself,  were  placed  in  the  liands  of  Mr  (!eor;;t' ( iihlts,  that 
eminent  ethnolo;,rist  and  lin^rnist,  to  he  |iuhlishiMl  in  the  •Smithsonian  Contri- 
hntions  under  his  editorial  mana<;ement.  liy  his  death  this  plan  of  piddica- 
tion  was  necessarily  delayed,  liy  thih  thne  the  materials  in  my  hands  had 
increased  to  such  an  extent  that  it  seemed  hut  justice  to  my  assistants  and 
myself  that  it  should  he  pnhlished  with  as  littler  delay  as  p(»s8ihle.  I  there- 
fore laid  the  whohf  nnitter  hefore  Prof.  .Joseph  lleiu'y,  Secretary  (»f  the 
Suuth.sonian  Institution,  that  I  ini^ht  have  the  benefit  of  his  advice  on  the 
suhject.  lie  kindly  ;rave  consideration  to  the  matter,  and  a  fidl  review  of 
the  suhject  led  to  the  followin;;  correspondence: 

"  Dki'Autmknt  ok  tiik  Intkiuok, 
"U.  S.  Geog.  and  Gkok.  Sikvkv  Kocky  Mointain  Ukoion, 

"J.  W.   PoWIOI.I,,  (iKOLOdlST  IN  (JUAKCK, 

''WashiufjUm,  I).  ('.,  (ktobrr  2,  IHlii. 

"Siu:  Knowiufr  that  the  8mith.sonian  Institution  has  heen  for  many 
years  makinjjf  collections  of  vocabularies  of  various  North  American  lan- 
{Tua.^fes  and  dialects,  1  beg  leave  to  make  the  foHowing  statement  and  sug- 
gestion : 

"  1  have  myself  been  collecting  vocabularies  of  many  of  the  same  tribes, 
in  which  w(»rk  I  have  been  assisted  by  several  gentlemen  who  are  making 
studies  of  North  American  Indians,  and  thus  I  have  on  hand  a  large  amount 
of  lingr.istic  material,  consisting  of  vocabularies,  grammatic  notices,  &v., 
which  1  desire  to  publish  at  an  early  date.  In  the  continuance  of  this  lin- 
guistic work  it  will  be  of  very  great  advantage  to  have  tlu^  material  in  the 
hands  of  the  .Sniith.sonian  Institution  published  immediately,  so  that  in  tho 
fiitun;  there  will  be  no  duplication  of  what  has  already  been  accomplis.hed. 
It  would  also  seem  wise  to  consididate  the  Smithsonian  material  with  my 
own.  1  therefore  beg  leave  to  suggest  that  the  material  in  your  hands  may 
be  turned  over  t«»  me  for  publication. 


tl 


PUKKACK. 


▼u 


"Slioiilil  you  fOMHiiU'rit  wiho  toHiiiH  iiitriMt  iiii'  willitliiH  iiiaf«'rial  I  will 
l)io«'ct'«l  with  tlu^  |ml»li»jititm  ii«  riipitUy  an  tln»  iiiatt»T  ran  Iw  |in'|»an  »1,  and 
wlu'U  pulilislu'd  I  xliail  Im«  phaxrti  to  jrivr  tin-  |tri»|KT  n«'«Ht  to  tin-  liintitii- 
tion  lor  tlu'  ^Trat  work  jM'rlimiM'il  in  the  rollt'rtii»n  of  tin-  niati-rial,  ami  to 
tltos(>  who  havt>  takt'U  part  in  thi'  work. 

"  1  am,  with  ;rr«al  roHpcut,  your  obeditiit  wrvant, 

"J.  W    PoWKi.h 

'•  IVof.    .losKl'II    llKNia, 

'^Snniurif  Stuitli-^oi'inn   lii>>tituli(iii. 

"  \\'u.sliini/li>n,  h.  C. 

"  Smithsonian   iNhrm'TioN, 

"IVn^hiiiiftoH,  (hhJM-r  1(»,  1H7»:. 

"  Dkak  Sik:  Your  htfrr  of  ( htulxr  2,  pro|M.sinj:  tliat  the  SniitliHoniau 
lnstituti<»u  .should  turn  over  to  you  for  pulili<ation  all  tlu-  material  it  liaH 
rolhctrd  in  n-jrard  to  Indian  lin^ruisticf*.  has  Im'cii  n-reivt'd,  and  after  (hut 
•  onsidcration  I  have-  concluilcd,  on  tiic  i)art  of  the  Institution,  to  actcpf, 
your  jiroposition,  and  to  i)la«('  in  your  hands  all  the  materials  of  the  kiiui 
nu'Utioned  no.f  in  our  possession,  it  hcin^'  umh-rstood  that  lull  credit  will 
Ik'  jriven  to  the  Institution  for  the  materials  thus  n-i-eivj^l  by  yourMelf,  and 
h1s(»  to  tlu'  s«'vural  contributors. 

••Anionjf  the  latter,  we  would  esixcially  lall  your  attention  to  tlu-  «daiins 
<.f  Georfje  Oibbs,  whoso  tdaboration  <>(  the  materials  in  his  possession  you 
will  Hud  <»f  imiM>rtance  in  the  pn-paration  of  the  vocabularies  for  tlie  press. 

"  This  transfer  is  inado  in  accordance  wiMi  tlu-  p-neral  policy  of  the, 
Smithsttnian   Institution  of  (h»in;r  nothiuf,'  with  its  income  which  can   bo 
equally  well  done  by  other  means. 
"  Yours,  very  truly, 

"JO.SKIMI  IIKNKY. 

"J.    W.    POWKI.L, 

"/«  rliarye  U.  S.  Gcoyraphind  ami  (irulntf'ual  Surrvii, 

This  threw  into  my  han«ls  several  hundred  manuscri|it  vocabularies, 
with  extensive  granunati*'  not<  s  collected  fnun  trilMs  scattered  throuylumt 


i 


VIII 


rUEFACK. 


till)  irvcntor  part  of  Nnilli  Ainciit-ii.  Kxiiiiiinatioii  pnivvd  that  I  |)rol)a))ly 
had  ill  my  hatiilH  viihiiihl)-  liii^rniKtir  iiiiitcrial  n-latiii^  to  itvory  Ininily,  and 
|H-iiiM|)H  ovt'ry  hin^^iui^o  hut  (wo  within  tho  liniitrt  of  tho  llnitoil  Staffs. 
After  u  HoiiKMvliat  hiiHjy  rcvi«'w  of  th(!  Hiilijcct,  a  sch'ctioii  from  this  matcM'ial 
was  made,  to  hit  |)ul)lixhcd  an  th«'  firnt  vohtiiu'  of  •' (  oiitrilmtioiiH  t(t  North 
AiiKriian  Mtliiudo^fv  ". 

Ill  or<h>r  that  tht^  ^n'i>at  iiiiiidu*rof  coMahorators  tlirou;;hoiit  the  coii.iM'y 
mi^ht  have  an  canioHt  of  tho  Kpcody  |)iildiration  of  tho  roHuitH  of  tlicir  hihoi'H, 
this  vuliiiiK!  was  ratlior  hurriedly  sent  to  tho  proHH.  iVrhaps,  had  a  litth) 
moro  timo  boon  taken  to  the  piopcr  dif^estion  of  tho  Hulijoct,  a  sonajwliat 
<lin'oreiit  arraii;:^eiiiont  woohl  havo  boon  made.  I  at  Kmst  hope  t«»  iinprovo 
on  tho  methods  of  prosentiii<f  tho  suliject  in  Hiihso(piont  vohinios. 

'I'he  contrilMitions  in  this  vuhmio  Iron,  tho  pen  of  Mr.  (iihhs  will,  it  id 
hohoved,  bo  toiiiid  to  bo  of  exoeedii'i;  vahi  f.  On  every  paj^o  are  e.xhibitod 
ovi<loii(>o8  of  his  thorough  anil  conscieiitiouH  work,  and  it  must  ovor  1)o  a 
matter  of  deoj)  regret  to  American  liiij^uists  that  Mr.  (Jibbs  was  not  spared 
to  coinph-to  liis  hibors,  and  to  {jive  to  all  this  jfroat  oollootion  of  li'ifruistioa 
that  bettor  iiiiish  that  would  have  resulted  from  his  editorial  skill. 

It  seemed  proper  that  a  bioj^raithio  iiotioo  of  Mr.  (jiil)bs  should  appear 
in  the  iiitroiliu-tion  to  this  volinno,  and  I  had  ooninu;m*od  the  preparation 
of  suoli  a  notioo  ;  but  when  I  learned  that  a  "  Memorial  of  (Joorgo  (Jibbs" 
had  boon  written  by  John  Austin  Stevens,  jr ,  and  published  by  tho  Now 
York  llistorioal  Soi-ioty,  and  subsoipioiitly  republished  in  the  Smithsonian 
Report  for  lS7il,  I  rooof^nizod  that  this  task  had  been  perfonnod  far  bettor 
than  1  ooiild  do  it  myself 

To  Mr.  W.  II.  Dall  1  am  indebted  not  only  for  his  valuable  contribu- 
tioiiH,  1)ut  also  tor  his  kindly  paiiisti.king  assistanoo  in  tho  general  propara- 
tiiui  of  tho  volume. 

The  valuable  oontributions  from  the  pons  of  l)r.  William  V.  Tolmio 
and  Hov.  Father  Mongiirini  are  but  a  part  of  tlu;  material  in  my  hands  ool- 
lootod  by  tho.so  gentlemen.  I  hope  that  the  method  of  publication  adopted 
will  meet  with  their  approval. 

Mr.  J.  C.  Pilling  has  rendered  mo  valuable  assistance  in  his  proof- 


Il 


I'UKFACB. 


rt'iuUiijr  of  flu'  jfn-alrr  part  of  tlm  voIiiiih' — it  work  wliiili  liti  Iiiik  pcrfominl 
with  caro  aiitl  skill. 

For  the  hint  ivn  years  I  hnw  hahitually  laid  hefore  FVofeHHor  Henry 
nil  of  my  Hii<  !<*'fic  work,  aiwl  have  diiriiifr  that  time  reeeived  the  hejiefit 
of  his  jml<,'pjen  i  these  matters,  and  to  a  p-eat  extent  I  am  indebted  to 
Iiim  tor  advice  oiieonragement,  and  inihienee.  In  ••xpressin^'- n.v  gratitude 
to  the  Pr'«  •  >Hor,  I  'm'k  also  to  express  the  hupo  that  the  result*^  «»f  my  work 
will  not  wholly  di-iajipoiiit  him. 

J.  W.  roWKI.i. 


i)i:i'ai:tmi:nt  of  tiik  intkuiou. 

U.  S.  GEOGIlAl'llICAL  AND  (jEOLOOlCAl  SURVKV  OP  TIIK  UOCKY  MOUNTAIN  UECION. 
J.  W.  ro\Vl'.l,U,  (ii':iii.()(ii.sr  IN  CiiAiKiK. 


TRIBES  OF  Till;  EXTREME  NORTHWEST. 


ur 


W.    M.    T)A.IuI^, 


TIUBES  OF  WESTERN  WASHINGTON  AND  NORTHWESTERN  OREGON. 


BY 


OEO.    G  113 lis. 


W  AHh  INilTON: 

a  O  \  K  U  N  M  !■;  N  I      V  U  !  N  T  I  .N  U     O  1"  1'  I  (!  E 

1  «  7  7 . 


r 


t 


TABLE    OF    CONTENTS. 


I'AHT  1. 


On  till!  (liittribntioii  and  nomciicliitnra  of  the  native  tril>rB  of  AInHkii  niiil  tlip  ailjorrnt  territory, 

with  a  mnp \V.  II.  Dalt 

Oiimit'ci'Mion  in  Ihu  Hbull-lii-apH  of  tlio  Ali-iitiiin  InIuimIn W.  H.  Dull 

Ki'iiiiiikH  on  tbe  url|{in  of  the  Iiiuiiit \V.  II.  Doll 

AI'PKNDIX  TO  PART  I. 


7 
41 


NoteM  on  Ibo  natives  of  Alaska J.  Fnrnbelni 

Terms  of  rulationHliip  «»e<l  by  the  Inniiit W.  II.  l>nll 

Comparative  vocabularieH Oibbsanil  Dall 

PART  IF. 

TriliCH  of  Western  Wasliington  and  Northwestern  Oregon,  with  niap-fieorge  Oibbs 

APPENDIX  TO  PART  II. 

Comparative  To<!abularios , Oibbs,  Tolniie,  nml  Mengarini.. 

Niskwiklli-Knglisb  dictionary (ieorgaUiblw 

Kuglisb-Niskwalli  dictionary Ucorge  Oibbs 


Ill 
117 

181 


ir.7 


247 


xni-xi\' 


I 


^ 


J 


K 


J 


DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  INTERIOR. 

II.  S.  liEOfiRArillCAl,  AND  r.I-OLDIilCAL  SUKVKY  OK  TIIK  KOCkY  MOUNTAIN  UKdloN. 

J.    W.    I'OWl'.I,!,,    (ilKl.ciilIM    IN    CirAlil!!'. 


r  A  II T  1 


TRIBES  OF  THE  EXTREME  NORTHWEST. 


By    AV.    it.    DAT.T.. 


f 


( 


Smithsonian  Instiii hhn, 
WdsldiifftoH,  I).  ('.,  <fi(iir  II,  lh7(!. 
Dear  Siu:  In  conformity  with  your  sii<r«ir«'^ti(»ii,  1  liiivo  tin*  honor  of 
traiisnuttiiifr  to  yon  hcrcwitli  a  iiiiinns«ri|tt  contiiininj;-  iiil'orniiition  in  r('<rar(l 
to  tho  (listrihntion,  popnhition,  orijiin,  and  roiidition,  past  and  present,  of 
the  native  races  inha1»itin<(  our  extreme  northwestern  territory,  tlic^  material 
for  whicli  has  heen  feathered  diirinj,"-  some  ei;;ht  years  of  study,  exploration, 
and  travel  in  tho  reji^ion  referred  to. 

I  have  the  honor  to  l)e,  very  respectfully,  yours, 

WM.  11.   DAI.L. 
Prof  J.  W.  l»..\VEi.i., 

Geohxjist  ill  Chuiiiv,  United  Sttitc.s  (irnffraiiliiiul  a iid 

Geokiflicfd  Surrey  of  the  Jiork;/  Mmiiitaiii  Hri/idii, 

Washint/hn,  I).  ('. 


I 


m\ 


C  ()  Ts'  T  I  :  N  T  S  . 


r.i;!'. 


AlMlcl.K  1.— On  tlie  (lixliililltioii  iiiiil  iiiiiiitiK  liiliiiv  nl' tin-  iiiiti\<'  IiIIm  .snf  AluxKii  iiikI  IIic  .iiljari'iit 

tiTiitory;  wiili  ii  map 

Al:ll(i.K  II.— On  MicccHsiiiii  in  llir  .sliclMiraiM  of  th<>  Ali-utiiin  IslimilH 

AiiiicLK  III. — K«'uiui'k.'«  ou  tliu  uri^in  of  tli<'  liuuiit 

> 


II 


I 


ON  THE  DISTHIHI  TION  AM)  NOMKNdATrRE  OF  THE  NATIVE 
THIHES  OF  ALASKA  AM)  THE  ADJACENT  TEHIIITOKV. 

MV//,  ,/  M„f,. 

IIV     W.     II.     DAI, I,. 

'I'lio  iiit°i)rniatii>ii  i-oiitiiiiK-d  in  this  iirtirli-  i'tinns  a  >iiiiiiiiar\  of 
iiivcstigatidiis  wliicli  1  luivc  purMicd  siiMc  lS<;."i,  wliili- cii^rairftl  in  diitii's 
uliicli  t(Hik  iiu',  at  (UK'  liiiif  ur  aiiotlnr.  tn  nearly  Hie  mIh.Ic  <.!'  flu- coa^l 
Iicicin  nicntioiu'd  and  over  a  cuiisidcrahlc  |iurti<>n  of  flic  inti-riur.  As  a 
dij^cst  til"  the  jircsi-nt  .state  of'  oiii-  kniiwled<;e  in  re^raid  tn  tin-  tril>al  and  ter- 
ritorial Itonndaries  of  tliese  j)eo)tle,  it  may  form  a  not  iinlittiiijr  iippendix  or 
Kiijijilenient  to  tlie  ^reat  mass  of  similar  iMforniation  in  relation  to  more 
sontlieni  tribes,  wliieh  is  hy  no  means  the  lea>t  amon;r  flu  iiianv  results 
obtained  during  the  promTess  of  the  liiited  State-.  ( ;eo;^Ta|»liieal  ;nid 
fJt'oloj^ncal  Survey  of  tlio  I{oeky  Mountain  IJe^'ion  niider  the  diiettion 
of  Prof.  J.  W.  I'owell. 

The  acconij)anyin}4-  maj),  in  addition  to  atfonlin;,'  the  ethnologic;!! 
infoniiation  for  which  it  was  eoni))iled,  has  also  In^eii  lironjrht  ii|i  to  diiti; 
geoo-raphically,  and  thii.'*  jire.sents,  far  more  fully  than  any  other  extant,  tin- 
latest  and  be.st  data  in  regard  t<»  the  yeof-raphy  of  the  re<rion  repre.seiited. 
The  names  of  tribes  of  Orarian  stock  are  in  leaning:  letters,  those  of  the 
various  Indian  tribes  are  in  iipri<rht  letterin^^.  The  inve.sti<rations  troin  which 
the  ethnolotrical  features  are  derived  were  concluded  in  the  suiniiier  of  1874. 
It  is  probable  that,  with  the  exception  of  the  ititerior  tribes  of  Indians,  the 
tribal  and  territorial  limits  assijrin^l  will  require  l)Ut  little  future  revision. 


! 


A|i;iil  ruiiii  iii\  null  iiivr>fij{iiti(iiis,  till'  piiiiripiil  luiflionlicK  fruiii  wliicli 
ilifurniatinii  Ims  Incii  <lrii\<il  iiif  \Viiiii;;tH,*  IlnliiilM-r^i-.t  Kosh  iilitl  (iil>l»s,J 
UfiMl('l,v^  mill  \ui'i<iii>  iiiiiiiir  |i;i|i('|n  Ky  Miiiiiiii  iiml  .Miirkliiiiii,  liiiik,  iiinl 
•  iilicrs  ill  the  Anfir  I';i|mi>||  oI'  1s7'»,  jiimI  oiicciiillN  a  iiidst  >iiti>lii('l(ny  iiml 
lucid  |iii|M'r  l»v  hr.  .lolni  Siiii|iM>ii,  |{.  N.,  wliicli  liciirs  iinf  only  iiittTiial  i-s'i- 
liciicc  (if  cart'  and  acciiracs,  liiit  i>  cniiliniicd  liv  wiiat  I  liavr  iiidiviiliiallv 
liccii  aide  to  learn  ot  tlif  |i(ii|ilc  treated  i»t  l>y  tlie  aiitlmr. 

Sexcral  papers  of  Interest  lia\e  aiiiteaied  iVtmi  the  pen  of  ]\I.  Alplmnsc 
I'iiiait  ill  relation  tu  Alaska  natives,  l)iit  these  coiiNcy  little  new  inl'  nation, 
excepliii;;'  trom  a  philoloj^ical  standpoint.  The  work  ol'  Mr.  11.  ncnd't, 
which  has  lateK  appeared,  on  the  "  Native  Kaces  of  the  Pacific  Coast",  so 
tar  as  it  relates  to  the  people  with  whom  I  am  familiar  is  eliielly  valiiahle 
tor  its  nnnieroiis  references  to  other  works,  lis  arranjicment  is  pnrely  j^eo- 
^raphical,  and  unwarranted  hy  the  charactfristi«'K  or  kinship  ol"  the  peophj 
descrihcd. 

A  sketch  not  materially  dill'erin},^  from  the  arran^cnieiit  now  propo.sod 
Mas  j^iven  liy  me  in  the  IVoceedin^s  of  tlu^  American  As.sociation  for  the 
Advancement  of  Science,  Salem  meetiii;r,  ISliU,  and  amplitied  with  Inller 
xocahularies  in  1S70  h\  Aldsld  and  ita  lUfiources,  Numerous  additions  and 
corrections,  as  well  as  per.sonal  (dt.servation  ttf  much  before  taken  at  second 
hand,  have  placed  it  in  my  power  to  enlarj^e  and  improve  my  orij^iiial 
arranjrement.     This  is  the  ohiect  of  the  jiresent  paper. 

In  isdil,!  projKtsedfor  the  Aleuts  and  people  of  Inniiit  stock  c(dlectively 
the  term  (hctrians,  as  inilicative  of  their  coastwise  distril)Ution,  aiul  ns  suj»- 
|dyin;j:  the  need  of  a  ;.;cneral  tei'm  to  designate  a  very  well-defined  race, 
which,  thonji'li  acknowledged  as  such  by  some  ethnolojrists,  had  not  received 
the  general  recognition  which  it  called  for.  In  referring  to  the  various 
groups  of  people  under  particular  .stocks,  1  have  intmduced  as  far  as  ])rac- 
ticahle  a  system  of  synonymy,  showing  ajijn'oximntely  the  various  names 
apiilied  to  the  same  group  by  ()ther  authors,  wliicli  may  be  of  service  in 

*  Hacr  ami  Ilcliiioist'i:.  !i;'itr.  St.  IVtersburg,  8vo,  ls;i'.», 

I  KihiHiKi-.  SUI/  Act.  U.'U.  4to,  IHoT). 

}  SiiiilliSUMiaii  Urimii,  IsU;,  _      ^ 

*  I'riM  .  A^j.issi/  ills!..  Sa(  raincnlii.  Cal.,  I-Tll. 

II  Kci\iil  (l(iif;i.  .Sue,  l,iiiicli)ii,  ^Ml,  1-7.'), 


nuTfliit'iiij;  iiifiirniatiiiii  rmiii  \iiriitii^  mnincs  in  nliitiuii  In  llu-ii' IialtitH  lUui 

fMSttllllH. 

Tho  Oijiriiiiis  iinili>tiii;:ui.«lu  il.  1.  li\  iIk  Ir  limj.niii;.'-*'.  uf  which  thf  <liii- 
h'cts  ill   coiistniflioii   ami   «t_viMnhi;.>-y    \<*;w  a   ^t^^>Il;,'■  n'siiiihlaiicf   in  one 
niKitlMr  throiiglioiit  the  pTiuip,  and  dilVt  r  in  tli«ir  li<imu;n  lutnisiics.s  (as  will 
as  lh(i  i't»rt}"oiiijf  tlianclfrs)  as  str<tji;:ly   iVoiii  ihr  Imliaii  ihahTts  iHijactiil 
to    them;    2,  li\    their  (h>trilaitinii,    al>va\s  cniiruiid    to   ihf  M'a-cna.sfs  ..r 
islands,  soimtiiiits  (.'iiti'rinjj  the  iiuaifhs  ot'  lari^f  rivers,  as  the  Viikoii,  I'lii 
only  ascciiihii''  ihetii   fnr  a  short   distanre,   and  as  a    rule   avoiding:    the 
Avooded  country;   .'i,  hy  their  haliits,  more  niaiitiiiie  anil  ad\entlll•oll^  than 
tho   Indians,  iollowiii;r,  iiiintin;:,  ami    killiii;:-   not  only    the   sieall  ^eal   l.iit 
also  tho  Hea-lloii  and  walrns.      j-'.ven  the  j:reat    Aietie  iH.whrail  wliah'  (and 
aiK'ieiitly  the  siierin  uhale)   falls  a  \i(tim  to  tliei"  |ieise\erin;r  cH'or^s;  and 
th(f  ])atent  harjioon,  iihnost  universally  used  hy  Aineriean   whahrs  in  lieii 
of  the  (dd-fashioiied   ariiele,  is  Ji   ••o|»y,    in    steel,   of   the   hone   and    >late 
Mcaiioii  which  the   Iniiiiit   liave  used   for  centuries.      Lastly,  tliey  aiv  di>- 
tin<'uislied  hv  their  jihysical  eliaracten>tirs,  a  lij:lit  fresh  yellow  cniii|ile\ioii, 
iin(!  color,   hroad   hniM,   seajihoceithalic  head,   Mieni   cranial   ca|iaciiy,  and 
ohliijuity  of  the  arch  of  tho  zytfonia.     The  ]iatteriis  ol'  their  iniiilenienis  and 
weapons   and   tlair   myths   are   similar  in   a   ^reueral   way   ihroiif^hoiit    tlie 
group  and  eiiually  ditleicnt  from  the  Indian  types. 

Tho  Orarians  are  divided  into  two  well-marked  ;.toiii)s,  namely,  the 
InmVit,  coniimsing'  all  the  so-called  Eskimo  and  Tiiskis  and  the  Aleuts. 
Takiufj  the  trilies  in  tln-lr  freo^rnijihical  seipiem-e,  we  may  commence  with 

'/'III     Mil /III     <illllljl.    III' 


INNUIT. 

y^yu.—  Kiiquimniii. 

foAiMio,  &f.,  <if  millioih. 

/■>AiHiii'H/;iA  (irilic  AlniiiiKi  Iiiiliaim. 

Inhr'nii  of  llic  N'oltlnTIi  I'iiHuli. 

Hi'iH'kii,  lliulHiiii  Hiiy  JarKiiu— "  Hioki^ii  Slii\i". 

hi'iiiiil,  tlu'  li«liiuaii|iliiMl  liy  tlii'tr  pi'iiplr  in  llieumelvfH. 

containing  the  lollowing  trihes: 


10 


•I    i 


:      I 


K()|'A'G-MCl\ 

i=  A'"//«/l'(/-Ml,M)(  (plllliin,   J)|-,  .Silll|ISClIl,    K.    \. 

<  AVi«f/-iHii7(-iHii«/»,  Ji'icliardMoii. 
t  Tarrior-miiil,  Ah\ii' Vrtititt. 

TW  tcrniiimticns  «^  and  n  hidicate  the  i)lunil  fonn  of  the  colic-live 
iiomi.     As  Avo  sliould  say  A,nrnc<ni  in   tl.o  adjective  sense,  meaning  tlie 
AnuTican  penpl,..  an<l  Amnirmis,  n.canrn-  a  small  nnnd)er  <•(•  individuals  of 
that  race,  so  the    Inniiit  say  Linuit,  the  whole  people  of  their  race,  and 
Iinmn,  some  individuals  of  that  ra<'e  ( JV//  being  the  word  for  a  man) ;  or 
Kapufi'-mut,  the  trihal  .leslgnation,  and  luqnn>',,-mnn,,  som.^  in.livi.hials  of 
the  trihe.     Ko-puf,  eon.es  from   AV,^-,  river,  and  juU;  great— the  designation 
meaning  people  of  fh,.  great  river,  just  as  Knrrhh  and  pnk,  form  the  <lesig- 
nah.m  .,f  the  Y.dvon-mouth  Innuit,  from  the  same  roots.     The  number  of 
thcsi,  p,H.ple  is  cmi-aratively  few.  and  they  are  little  known.     They  have 
a  tattooed  band  across  the  face,  and  occasionally  travel  with  the  next  tribe 
as  far  west  as  Barter  Point  in  longitude   144^  west  of  Greenwich.     Details 
ill  regard  to  their  mamu-rs  and  customs  are  given  by  Kichardson,  Franklin, 
and    other    traveh-rs    in    the    Mackenzie    Kiver   District.     Thev    forn.erly 
('Xt<-ndc.l  two  lu.n.lre<l  miles  up  the  Mackenzie  Kiver,  but  have  been  driven 
out  by  the  Indians. 

KAN(nrALrG:\irT. 

<  KaiiymiUi-iiinuiii,  nk'Iiarrlson,  Dr.  SiiiipKoii. 

These  people  live  along  the  coast,  between  Barter  Island  or  Mannin- 
Point  and  the  Mackenzie;  their  princii^l  settlement  b.ing  near  IX  marca" 
»">•'  I'-ii't.  They  appear  to  be  very  few  in  number,  and  known  principally 
as  the  most  active  agents  in  the  inter-tribal  trade  between  the  Iinniit  of 
I'oii't  Harrow  and  those  to  the  ea.stward.  From  Barter  Islaml,  the  coast  to 
the  wesfard  is  uninhabited  for  nearly  three  hundred  miles,  excej.t  during 
the  temporary  sunnner  tra.ling  excursions.  One  of  the  articles  furnished  by 
them  is  stated  by  Dr.  Simpson  t..  be  skins  of  the  narwhal  (Kil-lcl'-lii-a), 
Avhu'h  he  speaks  of  as  being  tiseU  foi  covering  kyaks. 

""''"'"'«  ""•=■'■■  <l'''"  'I'-  "'X n.lVnv,!  to,  -„a,-,  1,.,m.  a,l..i,...,l  luW.  ^  ^' 


II 


nuwDk-mCt. 

r=  Xuin'iii'y-mciin,  I>r.  Sini|iw)ii,  Kuluirilsdii,  Ar. 

P",  Siuipsdii's  ]i;iiH'r,  bcl'oie  n-lcrnMl  to,  is  a  iii(>iio<.Tiij>li  ot'tlu'  liitbits, 
fustoms,  and  appearance  of  tliose  jieoplc*  who  inhabit  Point  Harrow,  ('ajio 
{Sii'Vtli,  and  liave  smaller  \illa<i('s  at  Wainwri;:ht  inlet  and  lev  ('a])e.  The 
name  w'nvul;  means  }u)int,  or  'J'he  Point,  and  the  appellation  M iiwuk-iiiut  is 
)troperly  coulined  to  the  inhabitants  of  th(>  villa^o  at  Point  Harrow;  lint 
those  of  the  other  villajies  mentioned, — thonjih  donbtless  havin<^  other  loeal 
names  as  do  tlie  peo])le  of  all  settlements,  however  small;  are  not  dilVer- 
entiated  in  any  wuy  of  inii)ortance,  as  far  as  we  know,  from  those  of  the 
principal  settlement  at  Point  IJarmw.  'I'liis  had,  in  lMr)3,  a  jHijiidation  of 
about  three  hundred,  and  the  other  settlements  j)erhaps  half  as  nuieh  more. 
It  is  ])robaVtl('  that  since  that  time  they  have  materially  diminished  in  lum- 
bers. These  ])eople  have  been  more  fully  described  than  most  of  tlu;  Imiiiit 
of  the  Arctic  coast,  owinfj;-  to  tluf  fact  that  several  e.\plorin>^'  vessels  have 
Avintered  at  Nmviik.  From  Simpson,  we  learn  that  they  •  vol  on  their 
Kurunier  excursions  for  barter  as  far  east  as  Mamnn<>'  Point  (or  JJarter 
Island),  )>artly  a\inv^  tlu;  et»ast  and  partly  through  the  numerous  inlets  and 
intersecting  lagoons  which  border  the  continent  not  far  from  the  sea-coast. 
The  journey  is  an  anmuil  one,  and  is  usually  made  in  sixteen  days.  The 
j)arty  starts  about  the  ath  of  July,  and  spends  a  ))ortion  of  the  time  in 
trading  with  the  Kunatun'g-meun,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Cohille  Kiver,  and 
return  about  the  middle  of  August. 

NrxA-TO'(;-MrT. 

._  yiinii-tiiii'y-iiiriiii,  Dr.  .sinipviii. 

These  ]»eopl(^  iidiabit  specilically  the  mouth  and  shores  of  the  Niui'iitok 
liiver,  which  enters  the  western  extremity  of  Jlotham  Inlet,  with  outlying 
villages  to  the  north  and  west,  the  ]»rincii)ai  of  which  is  that  at  Point  IIo])e, 
called  Noo-na.  They  nund)er  some  three  or  four  hundred  souls,  as  far  as 
known.  The  cliaracter  of  those  who  meet  the  traders  aniuially  at  Point 
Ilo^ie  is  bad.  They  are  reported  as  very  ingenious  and  persistent  thieves, 
and  exhibit  a  great  degree  of  assurance,  and  even  insolence,  when  their 


m 

iMnuLorso-iv,.  il„.„i  .•n„rHl..np,.  ;mh1  tl>e  wliitcs  are  not  inunorons.  These 
l-oplc  r.s.vn.l  tlK.  X„nat..k  f„  m  point  vhcn.  mh  (.i.sv  ,,nrt;,»,.  ,,„,  1,,.  ],;„!  to 
'Ik-  -Mr.>-  wat.  rs  „f  tl.o  C'olvill,.  nn.l  Imvo  an  annual  barter  at  the  mouth 
ot  th..  latt.r  riv<.r  with  the  castward-boun,!  Innuit  fVon,  Point  l?am.u-.  'I'ho 
Niini.tok  is  also  known  as  the  Inland  b'iver,  which  is  a  tninslati.m  of  its 
inniil;  name. 

KOA\'A{i'-.MrT. 

=-  i\uuu,i'ii-mii'in,  |ir.  Sini|i»oii. 

Fallin-  into  Ilothani  Inl.t,  near  its  eastern  extremity,  is  a  ri'ver  known 
as  th..  K,,w;,k,  on  the  banks  of  which  grai)hite  and  o-;dena  are  foin.d.  A 
leu-  Innuit  inhabit  tlio  rejrion  m-ar  its  mouth,  and  bear  the  above  local  name, 
uhile  others  somewhat  to  the  eastward,  on  the  Sela'wik  liiver,  are  called 
Srhun!i'-„n,f.     The  latter  have  some  trade  with  the  Koy.ikak  Indians. 

i^Iost  of  the  names  above  mentioiuMl  are  merely  loVal,  and  indicate  no 
special  peculiarities  of  language  or  habits.  They  niay,  for  Convenience,  Ije 
correllated  as  folhiws: 

WKSTKKN  MACKEXZii:  INNITT 


Kojid'iimiil.  Ki'ing-miili'ji-mHl. 


AVKSTi:i{X  INXCIT. 


^nnin'-mni,\xi,Haa,j.muiJ<n,,-,,,imut,S(UlHi<j'-miit. 

^^'e  now  come  to  a  serie.s  of  t,ib<  ,  better  known  than  anv  of  those 
invv.ously  mentioned,  and  on  whieli  I  have  h.ad  the  opi.ortuuitv  of  personal 
obs,.rvation.  1  have  ahvady  given  a  somewhat  full  accouni  of  them  iu 
Ahska  a,„ni.  l!rso,nrr.,  ^,  w<.ll  .s  .son.e  notes  in  n.v  snnuuarv  of  ISO!) 
II'-  lollown.g  general  headings  will  Ik^  strietlv  tribal,  and  the  l/.eal  villa-e 
names  wdl  be  subor.linated  in  a  list  by  theu.scdvc.s.  For  e..nvenience'  sak'e, 
1  i"!""'!  ' nuence  at  the  extreme  westward.* 


t|^ 


—  Artie.  ■(•)•  r/ittJc/iid  of  :mtl]i)rn. 

<  rAuA(7i.(<,  WriiiiKc-U  aiicl  iilhei-N  (varioiisly  siH'/.l). 

=  /i'<i»(?((T  IHOI  (lI'adj.U'lMlt  liiiiuit. 

=^  7^«^s,,^  ,,r  yw,,A/,,,  olM.m,.  anUu.m,  sai.I  to  ),,.  tl.,.ir  nalional  nam,. 

"  '"•'"  "  " '  '""  "'  ""■'*"  1"'"1'1<N  11,  l-(;.-.,al  I'lovn  Hay.     Tl„.v  ,„..„la  tall  an.l 


1 


i:'. 


ciirKi.r  K-.Mf  r. 

::=  SdmiilloH,  I'nlrlianl  :iiiil  uiImI'  nldil'  aiillii>i>. 
=  Tthouklvhi  A»iali(jiirH,  lialhi.  At  Ins  KiIjii. 
=  TtiKki,  Ili)(i|»'r,  J'arkliani.  ami  l>all  I.  i.,|iniv. 
fdiihihiii,  \Vraii};<'ll.  Tola'-  S<'a. 

<  hol.li'!it-hiiiain  iil'  llii'  Aiim  riraii  Iiiiiuii,  Dr.  Siin|i.si)ii. 
=  (7nU'-(/ii,  willi  vari<insci.>  inulo^v .  iiruillliiiis,  I'liiiiirniisly. 
>  t'/ii(i/ii/.'))ir(/,  .Sliiiipi-on.  MSS. 
:=:iS'(r/i'H(iin/  vr  I'li-liimj  (  liiiLliix  i>(  aiillims. 

The  iiaine  I  liuvf  licro  iiddptid  is  |)i(il)iilily  (|iiil('  local,  ami  it  is  very 
likely  that  tho  Iiiiiuit  who  at  ]ir(sciit  iiihahit  tlif  Asiatic  coast  near  iiciiii;.;- 
Strait  have  no  special  tribal  uaiue,  reseiuliliiiii-  in  this  rcsiicct  the  |ico|ile 
iVoin  the  Selawik  lilver  to  Point  iSarmw,  A\ho  have  hccn  prcNioiisly  men- 
tioned. But  I  have  <;iven  nj)  the  term  'I'uski,  proposed  hy  laciitcnaiit 
Hooper,  for  the  reason  that  I  am  convinced  that  it  is  due  to  some  miscon- 
ception. It  is  not  an  Iinuiit  word,  and  these  jieople  arc  jtnrel}'  Inmiit,  as 
several  vocaludaries  in  my  possession  testily-  They  are  in  no  respect  dil- 
I'ereiitiated  ironi  the  ordinary  western  Innuit,  exce.j)t  in  such  teatin-es  as  tho 
character  of  tlio  country  and  climate  compels,  and  in  not  wcarln^i'  lahrcts  ; 
in  this  respect  reseinblin<>'  the  eastern  Inmiit.  Of  their  ori;^in,  I  jjropose  to 
treat  hereafter,  and  postpone  that  portion  of  my  remarks  tor  tlni  present. 
They  extend  from  the  Gulf  of  Ana'dyr  to  Capo  Serdze,  and  formerly  tx) 
Cape  Shelagskoi.  Their  distribtitlon  is  invariably' coastwise  ;  the}'  have  no 
reindeer,  and  live  by  trading  with  tho  interior  tribes,  and  by  hiniting  tho 

loan  habit,  willi  a  oopiiLTy  tinge  in  the  c(ini)ilrxi(iii,  miniailio  in  their  haliits,  with  oliiup  mises,  ami  hav- 
ing a  langua^^e  apparently  allii'il  tn  thi'  Koiak  tiingne.  I  think  It  proliahle  that  they  are  a  branch  nf 
tli.it  sliiek.  They  wander  with  their  <leer  Ircnn  the  Aietie  Ocean  to  the  Anadyr  liiviM',  riillow  ing  the  bent 
pasturage,  and  in  sHniiner  tiiuling  villi  the  cuast  Inniiit. 

The  parties  <if' the  International  Ti  legiaph  Celniiany,  dnring  IHl.'iand  IKKi,  were  l"rc(|ently  bningtit 
into  contact  with  these  people,  and  the  resnlt  of  their  obser  vat  ions  wan  that  tliey  were  not  diNsimilar  to 
the  I\oiakH  in  their  habits  and  cnittoins,  thongli  speaking  a  soniewlnit  dill'etcnt  dialect.  A  tew  of  Iheni, 
having  lost  their  reindeer,  havo  l)een  obliged  to  ailopt  a  precari<jus  mode  of  existence,  depending  npoti 
tho  products  of  tho  sea-shore  and  fish  from  thi;  rivers.  The  exi»lenee  of  these  (|naHi-Keltle<l  liaiids  anil 
their  idcntilication  as  Innuit  has  given  rise  to  nmeli  confusion.  No  region  is  more  in  need  of  iinbia.ieil 
and  careful  ethnological  investigation  than  this  jiart  of  Kastern  Siberia.  What  lilllo  knowledge  is  ex- 
tant, resting  upon  a  sound  basis,  is  too  freiiuently  ignored  by  ethnological  wrilcrs. 

I  havo  rceenlly  heard  it  stated,  by  a  noted  philologist  and  traveler,  that  the  Koiaks  are  Innuit, 
and  the  Innuit  nlock  a  branch  of  tho  Turkish  race!  Mr.  Markham  also  tells  us  that  the 'Ifinguhes  and 
Yiikoj-iis  "  have  so  wholly  diHappcareil  that  even  their  naiiicN  ale  baldly  remenibcrrd  ".  Vet  in  IrllO  thero 
wore  existing  some  live  or  six  thouHiind  of  these  people  in  Kastern  Siberia,  aceonliiig  to  thi'  liussiaii  c(>n- 
sus;  and  I  have  a  Tunguso  \iortrait  taken  from  life  in  lbii.">.  The  Tuiigiises  ari^  believeil  to  be  Tatars, 
and  tho  YTikagirs  relati'd  to  the  Koiaks.  yit  Mr.  Miiikhuiii  nould  iiiaKu  the  lornier,  among  other  tiilien, 
the  ancestors  of  the  Innuit, 


ii 


14 


1  'ii 


!:  1 


i:    i 


't 


!'  } 


«eal,  walrus,  various  uhalos,  a.ul  otl.er  a.,.!..  n.a.i.H.  uwu.nuals,      X.,  .,,,„,,, 
of  iMM.pJ,,  l,avo  jrivon  rise  to  s.,  ,uu,.|.  ..miusion,  crrati,.  theonzi.,.!  and 
"..Ioh.hUmI  jreuoralixatioM  as  tliis   ...nall   hnA  of  Imn.it  cxiLs.     Tlu.y  J,.,ve 
1-"  most  ronm.only  <.o„lou.ul..(l   witl.   flu-   i.niM.v.nsl.c-a   soclentarN"  l.nuls 
^''  ti'<-  Cl.iikrl.is,  if  I   un.y  ].e  in-nnittcl  to  uso  a  t.-rn,  of  wl.iri; Knnan 
■sMVs,   '•!   a.u    .f  opinion  that  the  wonl   y;A«/,v/,,r  is  a  corruption  of  the 
^vnnl  (■/un,.r/.r,  which  is  used  in   the  lanona.v  of  the   Koriaks  (Kon,ks)  „, 
iiMh.'ateth..  settled  hranehes  of  their  rae.-;'     Certain] v.  if  I  n.n  l...]i,.v..  the 
wonls  of  one  of  their  own  nund.er,  they  are,  an.l   hoi.!   themselves,  totally 
d.stnirt  n,  h,nfr„,o.e   an.l   rare   fron.   the   non.ulie  "  reind.'er   peo],le"  witl. 
wh..n,    they   tra.l...     The   lano-n.^e   is   t..tally  distinct,  and   tln-re  is  not   -i 
siii-h.  wonl   in   tl...   vo..aI.nlari<.s  of  the    "Chukchis"  whi..h   resend.les,  (,r 
<v<'n  ha:-,  a  sin.ilar  construction   to,  those  of  the  Lnniit.     These  two  stocks 
'1-  not   infrniarry:   their  interconrs..  is  purely  counuercial ;    but  as  is  inva- 
nal.ly  th.-  case  with  trilM.s  s.,  sitnate.l,  an.l  havino-  distinct  laufruao-.-s,  th.^v 
HS.N   M,   tra.lin-   a  jar-..n   compose.l  of  words,    or    .■orrnpth.ns    of  words 
I"'lon-inotol,oth.     As  n.>  livin-  white  n.an   kn..ws  either  lano-ua-o   the 
int..rconrs<.  with  th,^  whitc.s  .,n  the  coast  is  also  ..H-ried  on  in  this,^.r "partly 
M.  this,  jarnon  :   and  nnn-liable  and  erroneous  vocabularies  have  thus  been 
••olle.-te.l.      J{nt    wla-re    the    v..cabularies    have    been    obtaine.l    fr.m,    the 
iionia.Iic  people  ..n  th.Mr  western  boundaries  where   there  are  no  Innuit,  or 
from  the  Imniit  on  points  of  the  coast  not  reached  by  the  "reindeer  men  ", 
w..  fm.!  no  su.'h  n.ixtur..  and  no  .'onnectin-  links  between  the  lan-uapvs.    '  ' 

Tlu.  larovst  villaov  of  these  people  is  on  East  Caj.e  ;  but  s^rfth^ments 
iire  .lott.-.l  alon,^-  wherever  it  is  possible  to  wresta  livino-  from  the  desolation 
whah  su,Tu„n,ls  ,h..n..  Amonc.  those  of  more  particular  imp<,rtanco  are 
the  xdla-es  on  Kayne  Ish.ud  ;  Seniavine  Strait ;  Chaklfdclsland  (whose 
inhabitants  assume  the  name  I  have  provish.nallv  a.lopte.l  f.,r  th.>  whole 
Itoople):    Indian  I',.int  ;   Plover  Hay;   and  Holy  Cross  Bay. 

A  somewhat  full  account  of  th.-s.^  peopl,.  will  ]„.  found  in  Alaska  and 
^fs  Brso>nrrs,  I'art  11.  Chap.  Ill,  but,  unfortunately,  at  the  time  of  my  visit 
ollu.r  dr.tH.s  prevente.l  me  fr.m,  .-ollectin-  vocabularies,  of  the  impcu'tam-e 
"•  "Inch  I  wasn..tatthat  time  fully  aware.  Since  then  1  have  received 
s..ver,d  Iron,  .lilh.n.nt    lo.-alifi..s.  but.  with   f..w    excepti.ms.  thev  have  been 


J 


f 


15 

(lisli^urtMl  l)y  till'  intidiliictinii  i.t'ilic  triullii;:  jiULiMii,  wliicli  cniiinliis  c.irniii- 
tions  not  only  of  Innuit  and  L'liukchi,  but  mIsu  of  Mnnlisli,  h'ussijiii,  iiml 
I'ven  Iliiwuiian  woiils.  'I'lic  only  puie  \«)calmliirii's  1  have  icccivcil  liavo 
1)0011  from  East  ("ajic  and  Scniaviiic  Strait;   tlic  latter  very  scanty. 


OKKK-OO -MfT. 

•'  liidh  HI  hiiiiiiii  dl  llif  Wrsti'in  liiiiiiil.  Hi.  Siiii|i-iiii. 
i.  (Ikev-iMj'miit  of  llic  Ncirtoii  Siminl  Iiiiiiiit. 
<  Malimiiit  i>l'  'I'ikliini'iiirr. 
I.ociil  duiiu'h: 

ImiiklUi'iiiniit  of  Hiitniiiiioll  Islaiiil,  Dioiiu'dcs,  or  ImiiUil. 

/»(/(</'i.(/hihN>(' KiMscTiMlcrn  l>laiiil,  Diomidcs,  or  Iniiiilitik. 

liikliliiii'iniiKl  oi'St.  I.inviciicn  Isliiiid,  wliicli  is  talli'il  I uo' rieii  l>y  tlic  I'lovrr  Uny  Inniiit,  tinlr  If(io]MT. 

L'kitOij  -milt  III'  Kiiif;'»  Island,  or  i'lciiul:. 

These  people  inhabit  the  iwlands  between  Asia  and  America  iiurlh  of 
lutitudo  ()-'5°,  and,  as  mij^ht  be  expected  nom  their  habitat,  are  amoiif,''  the 
most  a{,nle  and  hard\-  of  the  northern  canoe-men.  They  are  ;;Teat  traders, 
and  do  most  of  the  interc«)ntinental  trading'-,  in  summer  reachin<;'  St. 
Michael's  and  Kotzebue  Sound  on  the  east  and  the  shores  of  Siberia  on  tla^ 
west.  'I'hey  are  practically  middle-men,  livin^r  to  a  {.•reat  extent  on  tlu; 
j)rolits  of  their  trade.  The  trade  I'rom  America  is  chielly  in  deer-skins  and 
sinew  and  wooden  ware,  the  material  for  which  dues  lutt  exist  on  the  Asiatic 
shore.  From  St.  Lawrence  Island,  especially,  frames  of  kyak.s  and  umiaks 
are  transpi/ led  to  Plover  Bay  and  exchanj^cd  for  tame-reiiuh'er  skins, 
walrus-ivory,  and  whale  sinew  and  blubber.  The  distance  travele<l  is 
about  forty  miles,  orcupyin<r  nearly  twenty-four  hours,  a-d  the  voya<>(!  Is 
never  undertaken  except  under  the  most  favorable  circumstances  and  with 
all  possible  precautions. 

The  Okee-og'mut  wear  labrets,  and  in  habits  and  a])pearanco  nro  more 
like  the  American  Inmiit  than  those  of  Asia.  1'hey  are  obstinate;  and 
couraf,nH)Us,  and  have  given  serious  trouble  to  the  traders  on  more  than  one 
occasion.  Those  of  the  island  of  St.  Lawrence  are  said  to  bo  unusually 
immodest  and  tilthy  in  their  manners.  The  dialect  of  the  Okec-og'mut  i 
hardly  dibtinfruishable  from  that  of  the  following  tribe. 


in 


IG 


{•I ! 


\v 


KA\iA(i'-.Mr"r. 

"""  ^'''"''"•'/'-""''. 'i"li'n,.In|,|M.in,li.m 
^  .inhijmut,  Holiiil.,!),',  Wniuj;,  ||. 
''   ■'^li'lillii'j'i'i,  l;iiii!ii). 

-'-'".'/'-'""N.fiiiitliniH,  in  ,.,,,, r. 
<  J/n^7Hi((/,Til(liiiii'iiir(. 
>   T-^chtiiiiimul,  WrnittivU. 
I'ociil  imnic's: 

A"^U'-m^M,,K„aik  M..,l,.,„,„(  on  X,„.,„„  nav 
'"""".'/'' wi«(  (if  (Jolnfninliii.v. 

^'''"''"-"'.'/'■'«"(  (ifKaviiiziik  Jdvfr. 
.K-;./.'/'-m»/ of  8I,.,I-,,  Mainl,  or  ..(;';,,<• 

.^»/.'-m»/of.sntll,.„„■ntatl•o^t(•|ar..nf■o  . 

Vi-"yM>,.„,„(ofC'a,,o  I'rincoof  Wales. 

'"'"ilHtc'I   iu   winter  „nlv    -f  I'   -i  n-w  ^•'"'ff^  villnge  of  thorn, 

---h;::^::,::;':^  ,:;;tr:r"/"'°''^'''° 

.^tro,,,.  n.ntrast    to    tho   rlnru-f .,-  '  f  V  '  '■'"'"'""  ^^^""^  '^ 

.--ai^iy  duo  to  con:e:ir ..;;.. ':;a:;"''^'^^^7  ?""'-^^' "-' '- 

in  vi/«./.«  «.,^  ,7,,  J!c.ourrrs.  ^  '"''"  ''''"  de-soribod 

^  ■)ffiliry,iiiU,  II()lrnl.,.|-. 

<  •'/"///(('((/(ifTililini.'nii'f. 
■  •  •t/'(/(/Hi«r,  Wrani,'cll. 

<  MdlrtjwjndjAiiuiu. 

Local  names : 

■1l't<"»iOt!at\H'\ttoimm  villa.'f.. 

SI„Mo'li,jmC,t  at,  tli,.  SliaktoliU  vTll.,,',.  ' 

hoi,N,j'mf,t  on  the  Koyfik  IJivcr.      '^  " 

liiiiiniujcmul  on  tlic  Kfiiisuk  JJiv.T 

'"•'''"'"'''■.'/"'""""  tl."  Inslnialik  Kivrr. 

'J'lioso  luiuiit  inhaljit  the  neck  of  the  K-.v-;.,!.  P     •       i     .- 

on    tho    south,  oast    to     Aftenn.         .,''""'"'''' ^'"^'^  ^^''^'^^^^^^^ 

iallin^intos'l,^   3         ""''"■;■  ^"""'^'^^^  viHage,  west  to  tho  rivor 

Bay.     The;    r    no        •?     T      '^  '''*  "'"'^  Sound  at  Eschscholt. 

«V-     ^"*>  •"«« 'liivo  a  winter  V    ao-e  at  TTn.-,].^,M;i.      rni 
in  f..n  ,Io..il  i„  .„,„,„  „„„  ,,,  „,„„,„.-;^,  "'  ""■''■'"■''■     Tl.oy  m^o  decibel 


■T? 


17 


rNAIJCMnT 


>  "  Tmhtiai/wiit"  Iliiliiilici;;,  WiiiiiK'H. 
>  I'oi'loliii'nuil,  Iliiliiilii'i^',  WiaiiK"'!'. 
=-.  Azinijmul,  \V()riii:iii  in  riUliinciiicI'. 
;•    Tiihihiyiiiiil,  \VriiIi};rll. 
I.iiial  names: 
I'kxIdHi/'iiiiiI  at  tin'  I'asdi'lik  Htiinnicr  villa^;ii. 
Jiiilikloiciiijiniiil  at  Kijjiklow'i  fik  villa);r. 
I'indnklifi'iiiiiil  at  I'naliiklik'  villa^i'. 
I'ikiniklu'tiij-miit  at  Tikiniktalik  villa;;!'. 


''JIr'si'  ()('ciii)y  tlio  const  from  Piistolik  io  Sliiiktolik,  jiiid  t'listcilv  to  the 
crest  of  tlio  coiist-liills.  'I'licy  ;irc'  soincliiiics  cnllcd  I'uiilcrl  hv  otlicr  iiaiivcs, 
and  the  iiaiiie  Azktf/mfd  lias  hccii  cmiiicdiisly  applied  to  tlieiii.  'riiey  aro 
few  ill  iiiunber,  and  nnicli  altered  by  intercourse  uitli  traders. 


i:K()(i'.Mi"r. 

>  fitdkhpaii'tmiit,  Holiiilieiu. 

>  KwilliliKig'cmut,  I[i>linIi('lK. 
=:=  I'icmoiKki  of  the  liushians,  moaning  "|H>o|iln  Iiy  tin"  nvix" 

>  I'limoKki,  \Vli_viii]n'r,  (Captain  Itaynionil. 

>  .tijiilmiiil,  Woiinan  in  Tiklinicniif,  Wian^ill. 
?  Kitniiilil,  /a^iwkin. 
f  KmiijjiiUI,  Kiinan. 

Local  nanii's : 
Aiujivhag't-miit,    \ 
Tiidteg'miil,  I 

>'hiikchu(ff7n>'it,    I 

Ukfig'nm'il,  inlialiitanis  of  vaiioiiH  villaRcs  widiin  (ifly  or  Hixly  niilcH  of  (lie  Ynkonnionlli. 

Wonhkoifimiil,      ■ 
Iknklan'iiifil, 
Miikny'miil, 

The  Ekn/i'mfd.^  or  Kicilxhjhhj-wi'it,  iiiliahit  the  Yukon  delta  froiii  alxmt 
Kipni'iik  to  l^istolik,  ascendinj^-  the  river  to  a  short  distance  above  the 
mission.  The  former  is  their  own  name,  the  latter  tlu^  name  ap|)lied  to 
them  by  the  Unalipniut  Innuit.  Tliey  exhibit  a  mark^'d  chan<;-e  in  personal 
appearance,  cnstonis,  and  dialect  from  the  whole  <ironp  north  and  east  of 
Norton  Hound.  Their  most  noticeable  personal  ])eculiarily  consists  in  tlieir 
hairy  bodies  and  strouji^  beards.  They  are  more  nearly  allied  to  llus  tribes 
to  the  south  of  them. 
2 


IS 


\l1' 


mA(;'i:mot. 

<  liil.,ililn,,  \V!iiii«c-ll. 

>  .W(i,'/i«iii(,  Wi:iri>,'i'||. 

>  ■Miiijdij'-miil,  lli)li]ilii'if;. 

—  .W<l//''»1"'  Of  .^•.^^,;y',„,,|,,  ,l„.i,.  ,i.,,l,,ii.,l  „.,„„,_ 

>  Miii/midl,  Woiiiiaij  ill  TiKI] i, ,,.(■. 

>  Aiinim/, /»(>;,/.,  Worijiuri  in  ■I'ililiriiciiicf. 

TIm-s..  ,u.n,,l,.  ..all  tl„.,ns:.|v,.s  "inink  ijooplo,"  in  allusion  to  tl.oir  most 
''•'-'iHlan.  In.-ani,nal,  ,h,.  n.iuk,  mar/n.nrn/^ ;  ;„ul  they  oxtoiul  ln..n  the 
vi.'nuty  ot  K,,,nink  sonflnvanl  ah.n-  the  const  to  Cape  IJona.nzofi;  inehul- 
n.-  s,.v..ral  viUa^vs  at  the  uovth  en.I  „f  Xunivak  Island.  The  women  wear 
C-.sha,,e.llalm.ts  on  the  n.aiu-lan.l,  thouj-h  tlu-  younger  ones  at  Nunivak, 
seen  l.y  ,„.■,  w.-.v  .l,.slitute  of  this  onunnent.  I  inurhase.l  there  several 
iHlm-ts  ot  this  ,K.e„liar  tonn,  hut  .li.l  not  see  then,  worn,  though  one  of  the 
oI<Ier  M-on>en  ha.l  five  h.les  tor  the  purpose  in  her  under  lip.  I  had  pre- 
V.  udy  supposed  that  all  the  iuhahitaufs  of  Nunivrdv  belonged  to  the  next 
f_'l-.  In.t  these  deelare.l  themselves  t,.  be  Maj,'eu»Mt.  They  are  a  poor 
idthy,  and  not  modest  people,  but  excel  in  ivory-carvin<.-. 


'-  i  li 
Ml. 

ill 


1! 
If 

\ 


-I 


Kl'SKWOG'MUT. 

liihiliU'ii,  \Viiiii},'cll  in  |)iirt  only.  • 

C.I.'/h/hih/,  Holiiilici^;;   l);ill,  1.  c,  pars. 

>  A'((.v.A-/,H/,-c/iic(i/,-m«f,  Wraii;;cll. 

>  /wM^YWrAnniA- ,.(•  Kirl.anlsoiU.nilrwi;,',  .•M,,l  ,.ll,rr  antlH.i-H. 
;■  /u(»/,oAiriHi/.vi,  Wiiiriiaii  ill 'riUliincnicI'. 

>  hiiihihiriij'-miil,  n(jliiilirT;r. 

^W»vy-m»/,  l.,,U..,Miai,,lMn^ 

= /i«)./,W,in)H;/,r,,  Tunici- ill  1.11,1,. wijr,  Apiv.    Za^'i,.sluii. 
=-  lidnl.okwimii,  Ludewi". 

These  people  inhabit  the  shores  of  Kuskokwim  IJav  and  westward  to 
Cape  Avmolf.  Accordino-  to  Wrano-ell,  the  southern  part  of  Nunivrd.  Island 
IS  also  nd.abited  by  then,,  and  as  1  have  n.entioned  that  we  found  the  people 
••'  ^1'"  ""'••tl.  n.ast  In  1.S74  to  be  Magenu.t,  it  would  seen,  as  if  there  was 
""  '•->"  leit  for  the  Aguhnut  of  Ilolmberg,  of  which  I  have  not  been  able 
to  Inul  any  trace.  On  account  of  shoal  water,  nmch  of  the  coast  between 
Capes  Vancouver  and  AvInolT  is  not  habitable  for  a  maritime  people,  and  we 
may  therefore  asslon  the  boundaries  of  the  present  tribe  as  beln-.  from 


M, 


m 

('.•i]t('  AviiK.lV  ti.  ("ii|ic  \c\V(nli;iiii.  with  |)(.ssilil\  |);iit  i>\'  Niiiiiv;ik  l>l;iiiil 
iiiiil  tlir  li;iiil<s  (if  the  Ku>k(ik\\iiii  K'ixcr  iit  lcn>t  iis  l;ir  iimtli  ;is  l.-itilinlc  (11  . 
Tlic  tradiii^-jiir^dii  in  ii.-c  licluccii  tluiii  iiinl  llic  lii(li;iii>  h.is  ri.iitniiiiiialcd 
.«()iiic  (il  flic  \(ic;ilMiliirics.  'I'licy  (li>  iml  iiiln  iii;iii'\ ,  iiiid  unwr  ol'  tlif  statf- 
iiiciits  ill  rctiard  to  this  ti'ilx'  (jUoIcil  in  I'.ai  r  and  I  icinii  ix  n  hear  tlic  iiiij)rcss 
of  roiiiaiicc. 

'riicy  arc  said  l»y  Wran^dl  to  diticr  more  fidiu  tlic  lollowiii;^  Irihcs 
tliau  I'roiii  tliosc  just  mentioned.  1'licy  arc  said  to  niimhcr  o\cr  fuc  thou- 
sand soids. 

NOSlIAUACI'-MrT. 

>  hijdhiiijmiil,  IIoIiiiIht;;,  Wraii^cll. 
<  .lijl(iii)iiiil,  Wiiliiiun  ill  'riMiiiii'iurr. 

>  liijiiti  II,  Wiiiii;;i'll. 

=ii -Yii/i/i((i/((;/')ii»/,  llicir  iiwii  iKiiiii'  I'nr  Ilirin.sclvi'S.  .     '" 

These  pcophf  inliahit  the  shores  of  liristol  |5av  west  of  the  Xusha<'ak 
U'wx'V  to  Caj)o  Newenham,  and  also  the  hanks  and  In-ad waters  of  that  i-i\cr 
and  the  numei'oiis  lakes  and  water-courses  of  the  tundra  to  the  westward  ol' 
it.  They  ninnl)er  ahout  four  hundred  .souls,  very  wideh  disti-ihiitcd,  with 
theii'  priucipal  settleincut  near  Fort  Constantine  on  the  Nnsha^ak. 


OO'IJLMCT. 

=  Oyhmfil,  Dall  I.  c. 

=  .(f/ZiV/'HiH/,  llciliiilicrj;, 'I'linirr  ill  ]ji(ic\vij;. 

—  .lyo/rywiii/,  \\  r:iii;;rll, 'i'liiin  r  I.  0. 

<  Aijlrijmiiil,  WoniiiiM  ill  TiUliiiiiiiicr,  I'.iiiiiiii. 
=  Snriiofflsi,  or  Xorllnrinrs  oi  tlic  Ku.vsiaiiN. 

<  Ti.hoiikkhi  aimriiuni,  liallii. 

Loc'iil  iKiiiics ; 
VijiiK'hiij-iiuil  (ill  tJK'  l';;ri>liiU  (11-  SiiliiiKi  IJiver. 
X'ljoijog'-mut  on  tlio  UKi'ikfili  Kivcr. 
Kukluii/-mul  on  tlic  ]<\vi(  linlv  Kivcr. 


These  lunfiit  iidiabit  the  north  shore  ol'  Aliaska  Peuinsnla  (whence 
their  Ivussian  name),  north  to  the  mouth  of  the  Xusha^ak  K'ivcr,  southwest 
to  the  valley  of  the  Sulima  or  I'ga.shik  Ivivcr,  and  eastward  to  the  hi;^h 
land  of  the  crest  of  tlie  peninsula,  incluiliny  iIk;  Jliamna  JSasin. 


I 

'I 


;     I 


2(1 
KAiNlAU  MIT. 

<  A<,(/i<i<»/,i  (.('iiwiHl  UiiH^iaii  wiiicm. 
>  /l''"'i(i<i((  iiT  Wipfiiiaii  ill 'I'ilili iiirf. 

<  luniiiiyiKl.  \.:n\\  liiisNiiiii  viijajjirN  in  Ciixr. 

,•    h'(llliil;li,  IIiiIiiiImT;;. 

' //"/i/Ki  (.r  KriijI  Iiiiliaiis,  invaniiiK '■  .sla\c.s  " 
t^  fiitliitiifnint,  Il.'ill   I.  r, 

<  Kixljid:;/,  Kiniaii. 
=^  liuiiiifiifi,  Liidcwi;;. 

'I'll*'  liiiiiic  (if  this  nil,,.,  the  iiist  (.r  the  iv-fm-tod  Iiimiit  stock  met  l»y 
the  Ifii-si.nis  ill  their  ciistcni  cxiihiriitimis,  has  ..ftni  hccii  apiilicl  l,y  IJussiaM 
writ.Ts  to  all  the  wcstcni  Iiuiuif  kimwii  to  tliciii.  It  is  said  that  the  origi- 
nal name  of  Ka.liak  was  K,uii<u/,  from  which  flu'  former  word  has  liecii 
derive,!  |,y  .•oiTui.ti.ii:  l.iit  I  wish  to  call  attention  t(,  the  remarkable  simi- 
hirity  hetween  the  name  of  the  i.eiiinsula  east  of  Cook's  Inlot  (which  does 
not  appear  to  he  an  Indian  word)  and  the  root  of  the  name  of  tli<.  Kadiak 
1""1'1'-.  I'Vom  Kenai  we  wnu\d  have  h'nr(,i-(,f,'.„uU  hy  ordinary  inllection, 
which  I  venture  to  su-est  is  the  original  if  not  the  i.rescnt'and  correct 
torni  of  h'<n/i(ii/' nii/l. 

'I'iK'Se  l-eople  inhal.It  the  island  ,,f  Kadiak.  th.-  southeast  shores  of  the 
Peninsula  of  Aliaska,  from  Cape  Kupriauolf  (or  Ivanhoil')  to  IHanina  Peak 
ill  Cook's  Inlet,  and  the  islands  adjacent  1o  the  shores  (h^scriheil. 

At  one  time,  until  driven  out  l,y  the  Imlians,  they  nmhiuhtedlv  occii- 
jni'd  the  northern  shore  of  K,.,iai  Peninsula  as  well  as  the  southern  shore, 
which  is  still  held  liy  an  allied  coimniinity  of  Ininiit. 

'I'lic  K:ini,i-'mut  nnml.er  s.ime  tifteen  hnndred  people,  and  were  torm- 

'■'■'>    """•' '•^'   'lunierous.      They  have  hecoine  nmch  altered  hy  constant 

iiilc.vourse  with  the  Russians  fur  nearly  eij-hty  years,  and  are  nominally 
Christians.  Thvy  have  l,e,-n  frequently  confoun<lcd  with  the  Aleuts,  even 
in  modern  times,  hy  voyay-ers  and  travelers. 

ciiucjAciriG-^iu'i". 

=  7V';ir,3nMWii(>|]I(iliiilH.|{;,  Wi.iniaii  iMTililiincni,!'  liniuiii. 

■~  r.icliiiiintcliik.  Wiaiij;!'!!. 

^   r/iMfl,i,/ri;/Hiii/,  tliriidwii  aiiiicHatioii  for  tlifiii.selvos.  - 

--  'IWIiiuiiilnihi,  lAulfWig. 
—  'JHoiiyalihi-hoii<i;;a,  Halbi. 

Tliese  ],(.ople  occupy  the  shores  of  Chuoacli  Culf,  or  Prince  William's 


■I 

I 


21 

SdiuhI,  iiiid  the  suiitluTii  .unl  t'iistcrii  .sliorcs  of  Kfiiiii  Pi  iiiiisiila.  Tlios*'  at 
Port  Ktclu's  (A'"(7/r/,)  call  llicnisiK  cs  X  m  liii/'jimt.  'I'litn' arc  sdino  hall  a 
(lo/.oii  small  scttluiuuutsrcnitaiiiiii^  imt  nvii'  six  Imiidnd  |)L-t»|>lc.  and  iindiaMv 
a  less  iiimibcr. 

niAI.AKMfT. 

:_  I'gntinlni'  cifllir  Kiissians,  Tiiriirr  in  A|i|i.  I.nilcvi  i;;. 

i-  I  i/aliHl:c,  lliiliiihn^;,  wnni);ly  pliKi d  iUMnUK  llir  I  liiikilH 

/  /'j/ii/iK/iiii/iWi  (if  i;rtii;iii. 
.=  I'lialiiiHktii,  Worniaii  in  'I'iklinK'iiii'l'. 
:.—  rtfiilJtikiHjiiti  or  r'/(W/<(/./»»i/f/«i  of  aiil Iiots,  Ttirnrr  1.  ('. 
^-  I'lidldk  iiiul,  lliclr  own  tiilial  name  accorilin;;  to  llir  Irailns, 
r=  I'liilkliiik'mul,  lliiii-  own  trilial  nanii'  acroiclMifj  lo  ihr  Nnlclii;;ninl  Iniinit. 

This  people  has  loii^i'  liecii  one  of  llie  stiiinl»liii;^-l)lorks  in  the  elhiiolo^iv 
of  tilt!  northwest  coast.  ( )n  my  \isitto  I'oii  |]iilie>  in  isTI,  |  jcjinicd 
iV(»m  the  natives  delinitely  that  the  ( '^-.ilik'niiit  ot'  the  traders  were,  like 
themselves,  Inmiit,  and  callcil  t!iems»dvcs  CliUkltak-ninl.  and  had  foinicrlv 
occnpied  the  coast  continnously  with  themselves;  hut  the  Ah-trmi  Indians 
.forced  their  way  between  the  two  tribes  and  hold  a  small  part  of  the  coa>t 
near  the  ('oj)per  liiver  mouth.  l^/al'ciit.si  \s  the  Iiii>sian  name  lor  the>e 
people,  and  is  formed  by  addinu'  a  Kussian  t<-nnination  to  the  rnot  of  their 
supposed  tribal  name,  it  follows  that  the  (li>tinctioii  formeilv  ilrawn  b\-  me 
between  the  llgalak-miit  ami  the  I'ualentsi  falls  to  the  ;ironnd.  ihonnh  al 
the  time  it  seemed  warranted  l)y  tlie  vocabularies  furnished  b\-  the  lJus>ians 
to  Mr.  Gibbs.  The  older  errors,  as  to  this  tribe  bein;^-  T'liidvets  oi-  Tiniief:, 
arose  probably  from  a  confusion  of  vocal)ularies,  olitaim-d  either  of  ihe 
Ahtena,  or  some  wanderin<4'  band  of  Yakutats,  who  sometimes  come  iVoni 
IJeriiifi-  Bay  in  canoes  to  trade  at  Port  Mtches. 

The  U^jjalakmut  residt;  on  Kayak  or  Ka\e  l-land  in  winter,  and 
pursue  the  salmon  lishery  at  the  mouth  of  the  Atna  Ki\cr  aial  alon;:-  the 
coast  nearly  to  ley  B;iy  in  sunnner.  Tlie\  compri.-<e  onl\  some  two  hun- 
dred families,  and  an;  the  mo.st  eastern  of  the  Imniit  tribes  now  occu])\in;,' 
territory  on  this  coast.  It  is  probable,  however,  from  shelldieap  ri'Uiains 
obtained  by  Lieutenant  Hin;^-,  V.  S.  A.,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Stikim-  JJixcr 
that  at  om;  period  the  Inmiit  extended  at  le.ist  to  that  |ioiuf,  if  m>t  farther 
east  and  .south. 


r 


■3^ 


22 


Si'iiilill    (iiuilji. 

^  UNl'iNd'CN.     : 

(Mints.) 

=  Aliulann,  I.mlrwijf. 

=  liiii„;i'HH,  tlirir  iiwii  iialionni  iiain.',  tr^h  Kiimiiii  ami  my  own  ni.rahil  .iI.mim  vati<>ip». 

=  Tiiinkhiiiiiii,  I'inart,  Mem.  Scir.  V.\\\n.  Taris,  l-7u',  p,  l.'ii. 

<  .(/ihN  of  till'  liiissiaiis. 

=  K,„i,iUnj„  h,mmi„H,  lliiniliuMi  ,||ir  ,„ii ■.!   name  nf  llii.   KaHl.Tii  .\l.iil«  iii.ii..' I.v  ii|.fli<'<l  I"  Hio 

wlliili'  |iiMi|ili' arnililili;;  to  riliUli). 
I.iiral  iiaiiir.s  (tcslr  I'inart  I.  c): 

l<hi,,i,i„'-l,(,i„.kli„,i'  khiii.  Kaslnii  I |ili.,  till'  inlialiitaiitH  oC  llir  .SlinimiKliiN  ami  AllaHkn. 

Sdlni  hUiihi  iir  \,ii,iiU,-l,i(,i',  UVxti'iii  |M'n|ili<,  tint  inlialiitaiitH  of  llir  Aiiili.  amill   ManiN. 

Khjihli-khuii,  Ndilliiiii  WiMl.iii  |ii'ii|>|<',  of  tlii>  Kiix  LslumlH  ino|i,.r. 

Tlic    iiiiiiic    A/dif,    ;i|)|)ll('il    hy    file     IJiissiiiiis    iiKliscnmiiijitcl \     ti.    the 
K;iiii;i;iHiiii    iiikI   the   iiiliJil.ilniifs  nf  the  ( 'iilliri-inn  or  Ahuliiin  Arcliiuclii<.i. 
liiis  Hi'ii(lii;illy  licciiiiic  ivstriclcd  iiiiKiii^-  wi-itcrs  to  tlic  liittcf  ;'i-(iii|i.  u  liil     ''s 
i'n.M'iiijil  iiic'iiiiiiii'  <"■  "l<'i'iv  *'<'ii,  till    sniircc  nl"  iiiiicli  cdntrdx crsx',  is  now  lost 
ill  olisciiritv. 

Tlic  tci'iii  l'-)i,iii(i',ni,  I  li;i\(.  siitislii'd  niysclt'  hy  rcpcittcrl  iii(|iiir\-,  iit 
t  ii;ilii>likii,  Atls.'i,  Attn,  itiid  I'liiia,  is  it  o'c'iicric  term,  wliicli  ilicsc  iico|ilu 
iilijily  til  tlicmsclvcs,  iiiid  wliidi  incjiiis  siiii|ily  "people"  of  tlieir  nice,  as 
ilistiiin-iiislied  tVoiii  otlieis.  Kniiiiii  sa\  •  i!ie  oriniiial  iiieaiiiiiii- of  if  is  lost, 
l)iit  this  is  not  home  out  hy  my  ine-iiiie^,  Aecofdiiii;'  to  in\-  oliservatioiis, 
Tii/iiU/-/;/nniiii,  o-iven  hy  IMiiart.  means  \\,  ,itian  iiini,  in  contradistinclion  to 
i'liiniii'ini,  which  means  all  Aleutian  i„^,i,h;  without  ilistinction.  The  local 
names  o-ivc-n  from  I'inart  are  doiililless  authentic,  hut  I  have  no  nuans  of 
vcntyin<;-  them.  On  u  previous  occasion  I  (pioted  Ilumholdt's  term,  luiw 
>liown  hy  I'inart  to  Ik;  improperly  extended  in  its  raiioe,  Imt  without  intonil- 
iui;-  to  use  it  as  a  point  in  ariiiimeiit  of  their  eastern  oriii'iu,  as  he  seems  to 
have  unih'rstood  ni(\  These  peofde  liave  lost  almost  entirely  their  trihal 
distinctions  indicated  hy  the  ahove  local  names,  thouLih  small  local  jeah)usies 
;ire  not  entirely  extinct.  'IMiey  have  ])eeu  transported  from  island  to  island, 
and  oven  to  Sitka  and  California,  hy  tradens,  and  are  .so  tliorou^lih-  reclaimed 
trom  l)arhansm  hy  hm},^  contact  with  h'nssian  civilization  that  of  their  orij^inal 
condition  oiil\   traces  exist. 

Tl'uy  'jccupy  the   entire   chain  ol'  the  Aleutian    Islands,  the    I'riltilolf 


2:} 

Isliiiids,  llic  Sliuiiiii;.''ins  iiiiil  ii<ljii('<'iit  isliiiids,  iiiul  viirioiis  |i;irts  ut'  Alia^ka 
IV'iiiiisiilii  west  (if   1<1(»     wot  of  ( li('«"ii\\i(li. 

'riicv  IiiiNc  Imcii,  iiirliiips,  more  tlioioii;;Iilv  iiioiiot:rii|ilir<l  lliaii  jiiiv 
otluT  Ipiaiich  of  ilir  (  )iiiiiiiii  •tock,  cncciiI  till'  ( Jicciilaiiilcrs. 

'To  rccii|iifiiliit(',  till'  ( >i'jiriinis(>f  Aliiska  and  tlic  ailjati  lit  roast  ol  A>ia 
comprise  tlie  followiiiji'  ^^roiips,  ami  approximate  population: 

I— iNNfi  r. 

A. —  IlV^/f///  M(i(l;iti:i('  liDinif. 

a.    Kop;i-'-imit I'OO 

h.  Kaii<''mali<''-mut • 200 

I). Wisti  III     /lUlilif. 

a.  Nu'wiik-jiiut   ()••<• 

h.   Nunat(V->i"'<    •"'"" 

C.    Ko\\a;4-'-iiiiit 100 

(■".  Sciawiii'-imit 1 00 

(/.  (Jlmk'liik-imit    1 

e.  ()ke(M,j.''-miit "00 

(;'•'.  Kiklit.iM'aimit    2r»0 

/    Kavia-'-mut AOO 

//.    .Mah'leimit IJOO 

C — Fhhhig  Innuit. 

a.  Uiiali^iiiut  .    l.OO 

h.   Elo>'mut 1,000 

r.    Ma-''eniat ^00 

(I.  Kii.sk\vo<^''mrit 2,000 

c.   Nuslia<^-.i<j;''-miit '100 

/   Og'ulmut r»00 

(J.  Kaiiiag'mut .'5,000 

1). — Soutlwu'ytcrH  Innuit. 

a.  Chugiicli'lo--mfil GOO 

h.   Ugulak'mut 1500 


24 


]1.— nNUNG'TN. 

Atcittn. 
(I.  FiiLstorii  or  riiiilaslikaiis, 

I).   AVL'stcni  or  Atkans, 

of  wliich  heluii^-t'd  to  tlie  eastern  division 707 

to  tlu;  uiidille  division Jj40 

to  the  ri-ihiloif  Islands ;5.]7 

to  tlio  western  division'^ 470 

in  ail  ahont  2,ir)()  people,  in  1S7I,  nearly  ecpially  divided 

I)'-t\veen  males  and  females.      There  were  in  that  year  44     < 

births,  and  o7  deaths,   mostly  from  asthma  and  pleurisy. 

Total  approximate!  Orarian  pojjulation 14,0.04 

INDIAN  TRIBES. 

Th(!  Indian  trihes  of  Alaska  and  the  adjacent  region  may  be  divided 
into  two  nroni)s,  with  possildy  a  third,  whieh  just  impinges  on  the  southern 
border  of  the  Territory,     'i'hese  gn tups  are: 

I.-TINNKILt 

y/H'Hf/i,  ICc'iMiiccilt,  Iliinlisly,  l;,.ss  and  Cililjs,  Dall  1.  c.  ' 

Tliiiiiiiiit.  lIoliiibiM-;;. 
:-^  Jiiii((i;ri\  nulriilicrf^, 
=  rAi^i/)iiri/((;i.v  (plaiilliors. 
-=  .///i<ih(i«vi»<(  iifanllidis,  I,ii(li-Avi};,  &c.  " 

'  lluiv  ai-..  also  a  m,,,,!,,!  uf  Alriits,  diitlly  AtkauH.Iivinu  «"  tlio  Cou iiulorN  lalaiulH  in  Knm'im 

Iririlorv. 

til'.  Ir*  paper  ill  flio  niilletiiiof  III,.  Parit)  G.M.-rapliioal  S.iri.tv  (nr  S,.pt,.|nlMr,  Is7r,,Fatl„r  IVtitot 
(liscMissrs  111,,  Icnns  .(//,«7,ri.,/,Y,H,,  Chi,,,,,-,,;,,,,,,!^,  Moiilnnmiis,  anil  Tiiuivh  as  appli,,!  I„  tliis  K,„„p  „f  I,„li. 
uiis,  aii.l  Ml  Hovrral  casfs  falls  inl,.  m.i  |„„s  ,.imr,  ap|)ai,iitly  fnmi  want  ,.f  fainiliaiitv  with  lli,.  lil,.ia(nio 
()l  lli,«  8nl..j,Tt,  «l,i,.|,  has  or  lal,.  y,.ais  a^snn„Ml  siuli  iMnvi,.l,ly  pi„p,)iti„iiH.  11,,'ls  in  spr,  ial  ,.|T<.r  In 
iVKanl  (,>  III,.  I, .11,1  ••  li,„i,h  ".  This  li,Tmiii,.on.s|y  tU'rives  Ihini  a  v,.ili,  '■«»/(;«,  /,  Jhh",  and  wiil,.N  „l,iim'. 
It  isin,l,.,.,lslnui-,.|liat  li>' slmnM  n,it  hav,- r,.,-,>^'ni/,,-,l  in  •'/;»«,/(•' a  din  ,■!  .U'livaliim,  .ir,  ni,iiv  piopcriy 

"  '■•"■'■''''-  '"■ -'■■'l''i.v  C'T  llw.  vv,st,.ni  IrilH.s,  at   least),  of  the  w„r,l  In-  ,l„,.s  ailopt,  nanii'lv.  '■Ilu,r\ 

""'■■ «"''""'■""'""' ■'■''•''^'■"•"■"Mu.aihlsiy,  111,. »l.,.inj;ni,.ivly  an  lns,Tl,.,Iriiph„nic.     Ilr  laki's"  l),-n,"! 

"P''n|iif<illli,.,„niiliy-',an,l",lin,lji,.'^(,.onv<.||y,(/,.>,Mli,.  Kiilihin  «„nl  for  •' a  man  ",  ami  ..on, ,l.s 

111'"'  I'll,,  a  I, nil  fur  ihsi-natiiif;  all  tlH'Tinn..|i  trilu.s,  and  llior  «„,.«  ,.iitir..,lv  olfilie  lia,k  to  s,.,.k  a 

d,.nvali,ni  for 'l  inn,li  wlii,l,  is  i,l,.|,ii,...!  with  his /(,h^  as  « vclly  w  ritteli.     llai.listv,   Hoss,  KiMnii,„lt 

an,l(iiM,s  ar,.  sniiici,.,,!  anlhorily  for  lli,.  Irno  lin^aninK  of  Ihc  ^^"ld,  l.^avhiK  my  own  p,  rsoiial  and  pri'lly 

n.mliisiv..  inv,.Mif;alioiisonl  of  ii nnt.     Tli.r,.  can  lie  nomanncrof  ,Uml.t  as  l»  ih,.  u,)ul  -  tinm.h"  anil 

ilHri.pri.s,.|ilaliv,.  I,.rm-Kiil,liin",  m,.anliif;"p,.opU,  nativclo  llio  legion"  r,.spt.,tivt.lv  in.li,' ,|  l,y  jm 

varmiis  pivlix.s,  I  h,.  ,rroii,.oiis  natiii,.  of  H,.m,.  oflh,.  r,.v,ivn,l  faih.rs  slat<.nuiils  In  r,.;;aid  lo  nalin. 
voids  is  siilli,i,.nlly  in,|i,  al,.,l  \iy  l.is  tonfiisioi.  .f  111,.  Kskin.o  .saliilafon,  hymo,  or,  in  llie  wesl,  d,ami,.i, 
«  ith  llio  «di,M,(7i)m,        ,  ii,in;;li  (p.  .J.'iT,  1    ,   ) 


25 


>  A'o/o/iiHO  (if  till' KusMans. 
=  Tlii/n«i\  riiiait. 

>  /'i'«(',  Alil'i' I'ltitiit.      vNol  ()(i)iM.  I'l  lilnl,  1      Not  /'(ii(//i(',  Alilc"' IVtitot  ^  ;  "iiiiiu"  lit'  Kutiliiii  tiiln'«). 
<  Itynai,  KiMiaii. 

>  //'-A«/i/i  of  Nuwiiliiimt  Iiiiiiiit  (ifl'diiit  llariDW. 

>  It-kaJ-;;<i'-iHin  i;!' Nuw  iikiiiiit  Iiilinil  iil'l'iiiiit  liaiidvv. 

>  /ii'-An/-/A' 111' Mall  liiiiiit  ami  riirili;;'iiiiit  liimiit. 

>  /iiy'd/iAi  of  llif  I{ns«ian!t ;  imt  of  \Viaiif;ill. 
=  Tlyiiui,  or  Taniii,  of  Zai;oskiii. 

=  Tiinit',  or  Dtiinic,  I.tiilcwi};. 

This  "iivat  t'liniilv  iiicluilcs  ii  liiri-'i'  iiiiDihcr  of  Aiiicririiii  trilies  cxtcinl- 
iiiir  trom  iK'.ir  the  nioutli  of  tlic  ^larkriizic  soulli  t(»  tlic  honlcrs  of  Mexico. 
TIio  Apachos  and  Navtijos  l)elung  to  it,  and  tlic  family  seems  to  iiiterseit  the 
continent  of  North  America  in  a  iiorthei'ly  and  soutlierly  direction,  ))rinci- 
jiallv  ahuiii'  tlie  ilanks  of  the  IJocky  Mountains.  'Jlie  northern  Irihes  of 
this  stock  extend  westward  nearly  to  the  delta  of  the  Yukon,  and  reach  the 
sea-coast  at  Cook's  Inlet  and  the  mouth  t)f  the  C'oj)})er  JJiver.  Eastward 
they  extend  to  the  divide  hetween  the  watershed  of  Hudson's  Hay  and  that 
of  Athabasca  and  the  Mackenzie  Hiver.  The  (lesi{,niation  proposed  hy 
Messrs.  lioss  and  Gibbs  has  been  accepted  l»y  most  modi-ru  ethnolo<>i.sts. 

The  northern 'i'inneh  form  their  tribal  names  by  alli.xin^' to  an  adjective 
Avord  or  phrase  the  word  liiuicli,  ineaiiin<^-  "peoi)le",  in  its  modilications  of 
tiu'nrli,  f'i'iia,  or  tciia',  or  in  one  yroup  the  word  lad-chin' ,  having-  the  same 
nuaniiif:;'.  The  last  are  known  as  llu^  Ki'drh'in  tribes,  but,  so  far  as  our 
knowledj.;e  yet  extends,  are  not  suiliciently  dillerentiated  from  the  others  to 
refpnre  special  cliissitication  by  themselves. 

Tlie  followiiifi'  are  the  ti'ibes  of  the  Tiiiiieh,  ]ie<rinnin}4-  at  the  westward 
and  asoendiiifi-  the  Yukon  toward  the  iiortii,  east,  and  south: 

KAr-YlTI-KllO-TA'xNA. 

==A'n.'v"/i/i/"i-fi'"'',  Pall  1.  <'. 

^    /i/fl'i(/i/i/ of  Ibd  h'lissians,  WoiiiKiii  ill 'liUliliK'llirf. 

_ /»'-t(i/-i/,- of  llic  Mah'riiiut  liiiiuil. 

C  H'kilikiii, 

I  -f-'  '''''"'/'""'•'•i 

I  -|-"^<'^'y''^''"'"i 

I  -]-liikii!i(lilJiiiili-ii, 

[  -^'riilfiioii'hiiiiiiiii,  \r.,\r.,  of  lioliiilii'ij;,  finiii  ZaKoskiii. 

>  Iiikiilmhliiiilr,  Wraiii;i'll  and  l.mli'wit;,  'I'liilHi.  I'.iti.  (Holt.,  (il.  1,  l^^riH.  ;  . 
=  /n(/((/!(^i,  WliyiiijM-riiiicl  li'ayiiioiiil. 

-    Iiduliti'ii  of  Wiaiim'll  —  i'.l.iiijmiil,  Ar.,  |iailly. 

I.oial  iiaiiK's: 
r/K'AiU/iwdDi'ci  on  till-  t'liik.il;  K'ivci-, 


'I 

.■,l 


m 

Siilit'ln  klio-liin  II  ;i(  iVnlato, 
hKii/iU.'a-hli, i.t„i,',i  i,n  t]ii'K!i]ynU\i\\rr. 
7i(/,(ii'-i/i(*?,i(-/«iH',(  DM  the  SlifiK'rliik  K'ivcr. 
Tui-iiiKjmi'u-hholiin'ii,  \\<\»y  IviibKcikwini  IJivcr. 

'VhQ  name  of  tliis  jrrt-at  tril.c  nicans  Lowhmhrs,  aii.l  as  tluy  <.c,.ui)y 
I'T  tlic  .u(.st  part  fl.o  low  tnndri  on  and  about  the  Yukon  an.l  Kuskokwini 
J^vcrs,  it  is  not  inappn.i.riatc-.  It  coniprises  a  nmit  many  sotflcuu-i^fs. 
(ixt.iHlin- uv..,- a  lai-oo  (•xt..nt  of  country,  and  liavino- cacn  its  local  nan  .; 
-'f  curs,.,  l,ut  presenting  hardly  any  uiarkcl  diano'e  in  the  dialects  spoken 
■•yn^\  the  n,,H,-al  chara<.teristics  of  the  jieople.  All  these  j^eoph,  interniarrv , 
■•"id  d..  not  appear  t..  have  adoi)h-d  a  totemic  system.  1'heir  hiibits  vary 
with  their  ..nviron.nent,  and  those  who  live  l.y  fishing  dilli-r  sonu'what  fnmi 
tiins..  whn  hiuit  tlu,  moose  and  deer,  as  niioht  ho  expected,  while  the  tribes 
most  adja..  nt  t..  the  Kkoon.ut  Iiniuit  have  followed  their  fashion  in  havii.rr 
more  festivals  and  dances  than  those  to  the  northward.  On  the  Ynkmi,  the 
sonthermnost  settlem,-nts  live  principally  by  their  abundant  fisheries,' and 
trade  dry  lish,  wooden  ware,  in  makin-  which  they  are  very  expert,  ami 
stron-  birch  canoes,  with  the  Tpper  Yukon  ami  Sha-ehik  people.  Tho.so 
on  the  Knsk.dvwim  live  more  es])ecially  by  huntin-  ami  those  on  the  Upper 
Yukon  above  the  Sha-vluk  about  equally  by  either  pursuit  according' to 
circumstauces. 

These  p<.,,pleare  most  connnoidy  called  LiiiaUk,  or  Lujahrt  by  tho 
b'ussians,  a  corruption  of  the  Inmiit  word  meaning-  "  hullans". 

ll"liid.er-.  in  his  s.umnary,  was  misled  by  the  untruthful  and  iinao-i- 
iiatixe  Zao,.skin,  many  of  whose  fables  were  exposed  by  the  panics  of  the 
I  'it.Tuational  Tele-raph  Kx])editioii  when  exploring  in  this  region.  Hence, 
his  undue  multiplication  of  tribe.s,  intended  to  eidnince  the  dist'.veries  whicli 
!"■  """1"  I)iincipally,  m.t  by  traveling,  but  by  questioi.ing  the  natives. 

1  feel  ,,uite  coidident,  from  my  own  intercourse  with  these  people,  that, 
nntil  further  knowledg,-  is  attaiiuMl,  no  division  of  this  group  or  tribe  i.s 
n<.cessary  or  even  desirable.  They  e.xteml  from  near  Kolmakoff  lv\-.loubt 
on  th.'  Kusk<.kwim  KMver  to  its  headwaters,  on  the  V.dvon  above  the  liu's- 
.sionon  the  h.ft  und  above  th<- Anvik  K'iver  on  the  rio-h'  bank,  vest  to 
the  .\nvlk  Kiver  and  Iktig'.dik  on  the  Thikak  IJiver,  m.rth  to  Kr.^ai  .,  ,::ud 
east  to  the  mountains  <.r  the  Kuskokwini  Kiver. 


) 


27 


'IIh'V  hiiild  |M  iniiiiiciit  villiij^cs,  tli(iii;ili  tlicy  soiiictiiiu'S  Icmvc  tliriii 
(liinii^'  ihc  siiiiiiiicr,  and  (H'ljiiiialK  wore  the  |;(iiiiti(l  Imiilliiij-sliirts,  wliicli 
;^iivc  iiiiinf'  to  the  ( "liippew  vans,  Imt  wliiili  have  licm,  to  sonic  extent,  juit 
aside!  vtlierc  trade  with  the  whites  oc  Inniiit  i^avc  tlu'ni  o])|)orIinnties  lor 
iirocurinii'  more  dnrahh'  clotliin';-.  'I  he\  are  InlK'  de>ei'il)ed  in  AUisl;ii  and 
its  Itisoinc/s.  The  Nuiato  settUnnent  is  nearlv  extinct,  and  inindiers  have 
died  on  tlie  l,o\ver  ^'nkon  from  asthma,  prochiccd  liy  inhalinj;'  toltacco- 
smoke  into  the  Iniifis,  and  oilier  canses. 

KOVr-KlKH-OTANA. 

i:^  h'oiiul.i'iklii  1(111(1,  Dall  1.  c,  iiic:iiiiiit;  "  Knynlviik  IJivrr  iiioiilo". 

Ljz:  ,lu)i)iiik(i(li(ildnit,  ]\i>]i\\hvvji,  Y.AfidxWin. 

-^  li(lliH-l\('(l(liiii  of  t]]t^  I'lirt  Yukon  Kfitiliin  liidiiiii.x. 

iii /i'«i/iU«».'<,  or  Ai)i,«/.»n»A"i,  of  llic  Aim  rii'iin  anil  lln.-siaii  liatlcis. 

=  roi/""A"""i  ^\  li.vni|»'r,  K'avnionil. 

=  /iHi/i(AdH*'(i,  Wornian  in  TiUhininhf. 

These  ])eoplo  inhabit  tlie  watershed  of  the  Kajinhul;  or  /w(/////'f7,<)/ 
Ixiver,  and  that  oi'  its  tributaries,  the  Knllilul'iio,  h'ah  I'lio,  and  Kftatrlkd'hut. 
Tlioy  are  a  tierce  and  warlike  tribe,  and  princiiially  distin;^iiislied  irom  the 
Kaiyulikhotana  1)V  bein<^  in  a  (dironically  hostile  attitude  toward  llieni.  1 
see  no  stronj>-  ditVerences  in  lan^i'uajic  or  habits;  l)ut  as  a  tribe  they  consider 
and  keej)  themselves  markedly  apart  from  the  others,  and,  as  such,  1  have 
retained  them  se]iarately. 

Misled  by  Zai^oskin  and  bad  vocabularies,  Wran;j^ell  (in  Hai'r)  has 
niinjiled  Iniiuit  and  Indians  in  his  account  of  tliese  people.  His  li/hililcit 
n])pear  to  have  been  considen'(l  by  him  as  an  Inniiit  people,  tlion^h  he 
ineliules  si^veral  sul)tribes  of  the  l^owland  Tiniieh,  and  the  same  appears  to 
have  been  the  case  with  his  Iiihnhiclihidti)/.  The  result  is  that  it  is  not  easy 
to  refer  to  his  nomenclature  of  these  peojile  without  fiivin;;'  occasion  lor 
niisconceptioii.* 

These  people  also  build  houses,  and  occnjiy  more  or  less  perinaiieiit 
villaj^-es.  They  s(ddoin  intermariy  with  the  i.owlaiiders,  and  live  jirinci- 
2)allv  bv  hunting'  the  deer  and  K'ocky  Mountain  sheep,  'i'hey  also  act  as 
midtlle-nieii  in  f-.aile  between  the  M;ilileniut  and  the  Lowland  'i'iinieh. 
'^riiey  do  not  .seem  to  liave  any  systeni  o''  totems. 

"   llii^  ^alll^  is  to  .mhiH'  ixhiil  liiicor  l.i  mail's  pari'i^i  in  ill.'  Zfil.Hclil-.  Iiir  KUiiii)lo;;in. 


28 


I    :| 


1^    I 


UN'A-KIIO-TANA. 

=zU„'dkl,otmm,  Dall  1.  v.,  inri.niiig  "Dis-aut"  or  "  I'ai-oll  poiile",  a  iiaino  a|.i,|i,..l   t.)  tliri.i  l,v  ctlirr 

I'imicli. 
=^.liinmahi)tiniii,  Ili)liiil>irf;,  /   ■;  skin. 
^^  Viil.nu'ihliDliti.a,  aiiiDHK  tin      .,,..' 
<  liikiliki,  Wdriiian  iji  Tikliiiic.,- 
/ /iiAiiVi'/YVi/Hrt/cw,  \>'ranj;ell  in  pail. 

These  people  iiilial)it  tlie  Yukon  iVoiii  the  .Smika'k.it  iJiver  to  the 
iMoutli  of  the  Tananah'  Kiver.  Tlioy  call  themselves  Yukomkliotaii,,,  iir.„ 
of  the  Yukon,  but  so  also  do  some  of  the  Kutehiu  people  livnig  on  the  river 
above  the  Tananah  mouth,  so  I  have  i)refeiTe(l  to  keep  the  original  term, 
which  is  the  name  by  which  the  Lowlanders  call  them,  rather  than  risk 
confusi<.n  by  a  chany-e.  Th-  y  are  few  in  number ;  their  principal  village  i.s 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Xowikakat  Kiver.  Their  houses  are  less  sc.lidly  built 
iiiid  less  permanent  than  tho.so  of  the  Lowlanders.  l^hey  seem  to  acknowl- 
edge* no  totems;  rarely  intermarry  with  the  Lowlanders,  from  whom  their 
dialect  dilfers  sli-.-htly  ;  deposit  their  dead  sometimes  in  an  erect  posture,  the 
sarcopha;,nis  lookinj.-  like  <a  rouyhly-made  cask;  have  n(.  drau<.'ht-<loos  like  the 
tribes  previously  mentioned,  but  have  a  small  breed  for  hunting;  and  meet 
on  the  neutral  M-round  of  Xu-klCik-ah-yet'  every  spring  to  trade  with  the 
Kiitchin  tribes  fnmi  the  Lpper  Yukon  and  Tananah. 

'Hie  three  l)reviously-nientione(l  tribes  diil'er  less  among  themselves 
ihan  they  do  from  those  which  follow,  and  1  have  elsewhere  designated  them 
as  "  West(>rn  Tinneh".  The  bodies  of  the  dead  are  always  i)laced  by  them 
above  ground  iii  a  box  or  wooden  receptacle.  They  have  no  maVriage- 
ceren.ony  ;  take  ami  discard  wives  at  their  pleasure;  have  <;ften  more  than 
"lie,  but  rarely  more  than  three  wives;  practice  shamanism,  but  have  no 
idea  of  any  omnipotent  or  specially-exalted  deity,  though  believing  in  a 
multitiule  of  spirits  good  and  bad;  have  similar  festivals  and  songs,  and  a 
tolerably  uniform  language.  The)-  are  of  tall  and  j-ather  slender  build,  with 
faces  varying  from  scpuire  to  oval ;  their  hue  is  .in  ashy  olive,  \\v\,  r  cop- 
pi-ry;  their  hair  coarse,  straight,  and  black.  Those  near  the  Innuit  have, 
in  some  places,  achipted  ine  fashion  of  wearing  labrets,  and  the  inland  tribes 
very  commonly  wear  a  nose-ornament.  Their  nos.'s  are  small  but  a.|niliue, 
"!■  rairly  Woman.     They  vary   in   hairiness,  but   rarely   have  a  beard,  and 


29 

seldom  any  iUiKUiiit  of  innstaclio.  In  ]ial>ils  and  dress.  tlie]te(i]ilc  oi'|i(ri|iIi- 
eral  settlements  show  usually  some  inllneiiee  of  the  dilVerinji',  hut  adjai'ent, 
jK'Ojde  witli  whom  they  are  hrouuht  in  contact.  Their  nianners  and  dress 
are  now  rai)idly  alterin;^'  hv  interconrs(»  ^vitll  traders.  I  am  iid'ornicd  that 
many  of  the  pecidiarities  noted  )»y  me,  when  the  International  Teleiiraiih 
lOxjiedition  (irst  hroni^lit  its  explorers  into  contact  \vith  these  |)co|ile,  hav(* 
become  obsolete  or  are  rapidly  passinji^  away. 

tknAx-kut-ciiin 

=  Tcii(iii'-I{i:lcltiii,  Dall  1.  ('.,  Ilu'ir  own  tiilml  iiaiiir. 

f  Tnchiiil,(il(  II  1)1' Wniii;;('ll,  liiiiry  Tiicn. 
=-  Kohhaiiia  of  tlic  l(ii».siiin.-(  (iunoiin  oilier  liilics). 
-^  diiisdm  Until n  of  ]'()it  Yukon  IIiuImoii  Itay  iiit'ii. 
=  JUoiinlaiii-mtii  of  .'iiiiliors. 

The  name  ot' this  i)coi>le  slii-niiies  "mountain  men",  as  that  of  their  river, 
the  Tananah',  sij^'nitie.s  the  ri\('rof  mountain;'..  'J'hev  occupy  the  ^vatershed 
of  tlie  Tananah',  which  has  been  visited  V(!ry  recently  for  the  first  time  by 
Ketchum  and  other  wjiite  men,  but  is  not,  ])roj)erly  speaking',  yet  ex])lored. 
When  we  met  them  in  18GG,  this  tribe  was  almost  in  a  state  of  natiu'e.  Once 
a  year,  without  their  women,  they  descended  th(?  'i'ananah'  in  birch  canoes, 
in  full  accoutrement  of  pointed  coats,  beads,  feathers,  and  ochred  liaii',  to 
trade  at  the  neutral  <,'round  of  Nukhikaj-ct ;  or,  fdling  to  be  pleasiul  there, 
ascended  the  Yidvoii  to  Fort  Yukon,  and  there  awaited  tln^  arrival  of  the 
annual  bateaux.  With  the  g(»ods  ])urchased,  they  then  retired  to  tlieir  fast- 
nesses, and  were  sen  no  nion^  until  another  year.  No  white  man  or  Indian 
of  other  tribe  had  penetrated  the  wilds  in  which  they  pursued  the  deer  and 
trapped  the  fox  and  sable.  'J'heir  reserve,  fierce  demeanor,  and  the  mystery 
•which  surronnde  1  their  manner  of  life  had  its  efT'ect  on  the  imagination  of 
the  adjacent  tribes,  v>ho  seemed  to  fear  the  strangers,  and  had  many  tales, 
smacking'  of  the  marvelous,  to  tell  of  them.  This  is  now  changed,  and  the 
account  which  I  have  elsewhere  given  of  them  will  have  a  kind  of  historical 
interest. 

They  appear  to  have  certain  localities  where  they  estaltlish  huts  of  very 
flimsy  construction,  but  move  about  a  larg  ])nvt  of  tlu!  year,  and  cannot  be 
said,  therefon^  to  have  strictly  permanent  villages.     They  live  chiefly  l)y 


■IVMHHIIIICIlii 


80 

Imntinf,'  the  deer,  the  l.n.kcii  imtniv  oftli..  .•..iiiifi\-  m.t  attntctino'  tlic  incosc 
iiitc  tliiit  noi.m.  Tlicy  iil.n  tni.l,-  iVui,,  tlu'  Iicadwiitcrs  of  tlic  'I'iinaiiiili' 
uitl.  the  Iliii,  Kutchin  of  tlic  CpiMT  Viikun.  Tli.y  arc  suppuMMl  t.,  haw 
ii  tot('iiiic  .system  similar  to  tliaf  uf  tlic  Loiicliciix. 

TKXxr'rjr-Kr'r  ciiix'. 

^'(H«(/«   /;«»/,,/iij-,  1)1- /;,ir/i  /»,/,«»»,  of  till'  Hililsoii  lia.v  iriiii.  .       ' 

'I'Im'sc  pcopl,.,  with  thi-  T.,ts.,l,'-KHt('lm,'.  roiiipriscd  n  few  hands  of 
iiidiaiis  alhcd  to  the  Kutcha-Kut-chiii',  who  formerly  waiiih^red  in  the 
iv^noi,  between  the  rapids  of  tho  Yukon  and  the  mouth  of  the  Porcupine 
l.'iver,  haviiin.  thei,-  principal  himtino-nTuund  near  the  Small  Houses.  Ahont 
l.sc;!,  however,  they  were  all  swept  off  l)y  an  epidemic  of  .scarlet  fever, 
iiitro.luced  throun-h  contact  with  the  whites,  and  there  is  now  not  mi  indi- 
vidual li\  inn' of  these  two  trihcs. 

K' ITCH  A'  KIIT-CIIIN'. 

=  A«(r/i,(./wW(/i/»,  Ifiiss,  Kfiii]i<Mitt,  (;ililis.  tlnir  own  iiaiiic. 
= //■/,ii-/i/(/.nii»  ol'llii.  NiiufiK-iiiiil  lMiiMit,.siri,|),soii. 

<  /.(>"i/»Mj- of  llic  lliidsou  Bay  IIICM. 

<  liiiliUikiililii,  Kiulc'wi;;. 

< /io/c/i«iH((  oflli,' i;i.s.siaijs.    Not  /wrirY/,;,,  A„«<Viiii  ofl'ditol.  ■  . 

These  Indians  inhabit  both  lianks  of  the  Yukon  from  tlie  Hirch  Kiver  to 
the  Kotlo  Kiver  (m  the  east  and  the  Porcupine  K'iver  on  tlie  north,  ascend- 
ino-  tlu-  latter  a  short  distance. 

'I'hey  are  nomadic,  polygamous,  and  live  principally  by  lumtin-.- and 
trappino-.  1'hey  formerly  burned  their  dead,  ^fhey  have  a  toteun'c  system 
with  thivc  totem.s— r7//7-c//<'-(J/,  'Jh/fj-rat-si,  and  Nul-.^ahi,  according-  to\stra- 
chan  dones,  es(i.,  late  commander  at  Fort  Yukon.  They  are  described  by 
me  elsewhere.     Their  name  mean.s  "  Powlander.s". 

NAT.Srr-KUT-CIIIN'. 

=  \iil.iil-kiilcliiii,  or  -.  .\i(l>iH-hiiUhiii,  Ilatdisly  mid  IIikIsoii  Itaj-  mcu. 
=  Aa(c/i(!'-AH/(7iiH,  Uos,s,  MSS.  map;  Dill  1.  c. 
=--.  l.oiiihvKr.  or  (Iciiii  de  I.nr(j<\  ol'llu'  voyaj;ciMs. 

These  extend  from  the  Porcui)ine,  near  Fort  Y^ikon,  north  to  the 
Romanzoff  Mountains.  Their  name  means  "  strong  people  ",  and  is  vari- 
ously sjielled  by  difl'(>rcnt  autliorities.     They  are  migratory,  few  in  number, 


31 

ffoncriiUy  rcsciiili!!'  tlic  Inst  trilpc,  iiml  arc  <lii(tl\  imtalilf  Irnin  llicir  Iradr 
with  till'  Kiuiii-nuilifi-iiifil  liiiiiiit.  and  llic  line  stmnii'  lialiii'lic,  or  ^Uin  <\\  Inc, 
wliifli  tlicy  nianiil'actmv. 

VUN'rA'-KircilIN". 

=  ruiild'-kiiUhiii,  Ross,  MSS.  iniip,  Hull  1   ''■ 
= />0M<7((Mj-, (ir  yH(irr(//(r«,  of  tlir  llnilsoii  I!ii\  voyiifjciMH 
=  6'<in  (/i"  Hull  iif  till'  Ciuiiuliiui  voyan<'iiis. 
t  TtViakutlvhiii  of  IVtitot. 

Anoflior  triho  of  Kiitcliin,  <)cc\ii>yin^-  tlic  region  iiorlli  of  the  roicii- 
piiK',  cast  of  tilt'  last  tril)c,  and  south  of  tlu'  Innuit  oil  the  Ai'(  -ic  shores. 
Little  is  known  of  them.  Their  name  si-iiiilies  "  l\at  peonle",  and  is  taUi'U 
from  the  Kiit  or  Porcupine  Kiver,  one  of  their  lioundaries. 

'rrKKi'i'ii'-KCrciiiN'. 

=  TiiH('iili-kiilcliiii,liiisi',\)M].v.  .  ■ 

r=/i'«/  /ii(/(riiis(if  till'  Uildsiiii  )l:i,v  men, 
?  Tdhii-ki'illiliiii  (iflNlitiit. 

These  Indians  inhaliit  the  re^'ion  oast  of  the  headwaters  of  the  I'orcu- 
pino  as  far  as  Fort  lAlel'herson,  and  including!:  the  district  of  Ka  I'ierrc's 
House  and  all  tlie  southern  liea<lwatei-.s  as  far  west  as  the  ne.\t  tribe.  It  is 
unccrtaiu  whether  to  this  or  the  last  trihe  the  appellation  >>{'  l'"aiher  I'etitot 
properly  l)elon;^-s.  1  have  preferred  to  retain  that  of  Mr,  [|o>s,  wiio  is 
excelled  \>\  none  in  his  knowed;;'e  of  this  region.  A  small  rivei'  fallin^i'into 
the  i\[acken/.ie  is  named  Rat  Ki\er  on  I'etitot's  map,  liut  this  should  not  l)e 
confounded  with  the  Porcupine  Uiver,  which  is  most  conunonly  callecl  the 
Kat  River  hy  the  Hudson  liay  jjeople.  The  present  trH)e  is  also  sometinies 
called  Pat  Indians,  but  the  exact  sijiniiication  of  tiu'ir  name  is  not  known 
to  me.  In  all  respects,  as  far  us  known,  this  peop'c  does  not  dilfer  mate- 
rially from  the  other  and  better  known  tribes  of  the  Kulchin  Indians  of  tluj 

Yukon. 

IlAN-KUTClIlN'. 

i_. //(i»-/,iHrAi)i,  Kdss,  llic  II.  H.  Cii.'.s  ti;ul<Ts.  KclilHiiii,  Dull  1.  c.  -  -     , 

=  fi'cii.v  (/(.<  Hiii«  of  Uio  lliulsoii's  liay  voya^i'iir. . 
<  JiolihiiiiKi,  1)1-  h'ol«liiiia,  of  lliii  Ifussiiiiis. 

This  is  a  small  tribe,  inhabitin}^'  both  1)anks  of  the  Yukon  above  the 
Kotlo  Piver  for  over  a  hundred  miles,  tit  the  Deer  P'iver,  and  sometimes 


II 


1 


:v2 


oxtoiKliiif,'-  flu'ir  wiUKlcniips  nnrtli  Id  tlic  1i;nil<.s  of  tlio  rnrcu])ino,  cMst  of  tlio 
Kiitcliii'-kntcliiii'  iuiil  u<'st  of  the  Tukkutir-kutcliiii'.  'I'licir  iiimic  sijiiiifios 
"Wood"  or  "Forest  ])cnj)lc",  mikI  tlic}'  arc  <'onij)!ir!ilivcl\-  l)iit  little  known. 
They  trade  at  Fort  Vnkon. 

Tl"r-(ll()NK-Kn'(MlI\'. 

-  Tiildiiiiii'  Kidrhiii,  Kc'tc'liiiiii,  Dnil  I.  c. 

li:  f.'/».'<  (/(»  y'liHj' of  llir  IIiiiI.hdii'k  ll:i_v  vtijii;;<llis.  ' 

-="  .NV/kihhcc",  t'lirihtiii,  (ir  Muniildiii  Iniliiiiin,  (if  vai  imiK  lliidsini  ]!;iy  nllii  ris,  liiiss  anil  (illicrs. 

h'tilldiniiiH,  (!!■  (!til:uniii,  I.iiclmvi};  (tuirlli  of  Atiiii  l.'ivci ),  \Viiinj;''il. 
•    liolliliaiinkoi,  Wortnaii  iti  'I'iUlniii'iiii'f. 
?  7'i//«i/<i/ (7i//()/.(i/.(i/?)  in'oplc,  (if  Ali-liMNi  liiiliaiiH,  \Vraii;;(ll.  ■ 

Tliis  is  !in  extensive  and  \videl\  -distril)uted  trilx',  wliose  aniiaMe  man- 
ners have  gained  them  the  name  of  <»'(;/.s  (lis  l-'aax  from  tlie  voyaj^'cnrs,  and 
whose  name  sij^nilies  "Ci-ow  people".  'J'hey  occniJV  the  lianks  of  tlie  Yukon 
iVom  the  l)eer  liivcr  nearly  to  the  site  of  Fort  Selkirk  and  the  Avatershed 
of  th<^  small  streams  iiowinii'  into  the  Yukon  from  flu;  north,  esjjeeiall}'  on 
tlie  Stewart  ,'iver  alxiut  Keid  House;  thc^  hasin  of  the  White  IJiver,  headinjr 
in  the  j^laciers  of  the  St.  Flias  Alps;  and  perhaps  the  Ia'wIs  JJiver  to  some 
extent  These  are,  with  little  dnulit,  the  natives  with  whom  the  Ahteiia 
Indians  trade  from  the  headwaters  of  the  Atna  and  Cheehitno  Ixivers,  eal'jd 
KolvlidiiKi  I»y  the  Russians,  who  apply  that  term  to  all  thi'  interior  Indians 
with  vhom  they  are  unfamiliar.  "Titloj^at",  mentioned  by  AVran^ell  as  one 
of  the  settlements  of  the  Kolchaina,  is  ])ossil)ly  some  mutual  tradinj^-- 
•iTound  whieli  lias  an  Indian  name  of  Titlo-kakat  or  somethin<i-  similar. 

We  now  come  to  a  <iTouj)  of  Indians  but  liitle  known,  and  which  can- 
not be  dilTerentiated  with  any  eei'tainty  into  tribes.  The  names  I  {jfive  for 
them  are  on  the  authority  of  Mr.  Ros.s's  manuscri])t  map,  lately  in  tho 
])ossession  of  the  late  (Jeor^^'e  fJibbs,  and  for  an  opportunity  of  examining 
which  1  am  indebti'd  to  his  kindness. 


NEIIAUNKES. 


r=  Xihiiiiiias,  IJdss,  Dall  1.  c. 
t  \an"aiuc  nt  I'ctitiit. 


Including'  the  ft»llowing  ])eopl( 


A. AliHATO-TKNA  . 


=  .Ihbdio-lciid',  Ko.ss.  Pali  1.  c. 
T  J'^xbii-l'ii-o-liinii  (it  I'i'titot. 


A  very   low   gradi'  nf  Indians   inhabiting  the  basin  (tf  the  Pelly  and 


1 


a3 

Macniilliiii  IJivt'is.  'I'lio  voiy  i-nniicoiis  clinrjictci'  ct"  this  juirt  <•!'  Pctitot's 
niii])  rciiders  it  iiii]t(>ssil)K'  to  idi'iitily  his  iinnics  ^•('();,n''''l'hii'iilly  witli  iiuy 
known   trilit'S.      I'lu'y  have  also  been  calhMl  (liiis  dcs  llnis  liy  sonic  ot"  iho 

Hudson's  liay  i)t'o|)l('. 

It. — MAIVAIS    MONUK. 

=  Mniiidin  Motidt;  (ir  Slarl^,  Hush,  Dall  1.  c,  II.  It.  Co.'m  oflictirH. 

Inhabit  the  region  of  Frances  Lake.     Very  few  in  number,  and  little 

known. 

c. — aciiiVto-tin'neii. 

=  Jcllulu-tilllKit  KlIM    1.  C. 

On  the  western  headwaters  t>t'  the  Liard   River,  oceasionally  visitinjr 

Deaso  House  and  Lake. 

I). — daho'-tkna'. 

---  Ihihuliiiii,  l!cih.i  I.  c. 

Below  the  last,  on  the  Liard  LMver.     Sonietinies  called  Sicdiiccs  l»y  the 

triulers;  or  else  there  is  another  tribe  in  the    same  region  to  which  this 

name  has  l)een  ai)plied. 

E. — taii'ko-tin'ni'.h. 

=  Tahko-tiiiinli  of  Hdiuo  of  the  traikTs. 

Inhabit  the  basin  ot"  the  Lewis  River;  are  very  few  in  nuinlter,  and 
scarcely  known  to  the  whites. 

K. — NKIIAI!M;KS   ok    THK    CIIILKAIIT    lilVKK. 
Cliilkahl-tina,  DiiU  1.  <;.,  iioiii.  jirov. 

Indians  of  Tinneh  stock,  inhabiting  the  shores  of  a  river  heading  near 
the  Ohilkaht,  but  flowing  in  an  opposite  direction,  and  falling  into  the  l,ewis 
River  near  l.,ake  Lebarge. 

'Plie.sc^  ])eopl(!  are  bold  and  enterprising,  great  traders,  and  of  great 
intelligence.  They  carry  goods  bought  fnmi  the  ( 'hilki'dit-kwan  (who  do 
not  allow  them  to  descend  the  Chilkaht  ITiver)  to  tluf  Yukon,  where  they 
trade  with  the  Crows  and  Nehaunees.  I  erroneously  applied  the  term 
Chilkaht  to  them,  Avliich  I  have  since  discovere<l  is  a  T'linket  word.  My 
informant  nui.st  have  been  led  into  error  in  assigning  it  to  a  Tinneh  tribe. 

They  appear  to  be  a  numerous  people,  but  have  never  mi.xed  with  the 
whites,  except  on  a  few  occasions  at  Fort  Selkirk,  \vhich  they  are  said  to 
have  had  afterward  a  hand  in  biu-ning. 


i 


u 

Tf  will  1)('  sfcii  fmiii  the  nliovc  tluit  tlic  term  Ncliiuincc  covers  n  Inrj^o 
Tiiiiiihcr  ofhiiiids,  sdiiie  of  wliicli  nn^  prohably  iiKlepcnilciit  tribes,  iuul  the 
only  thiiij,^  which  ciiii  Ix'  siiid  to  Ik;  known  iihout  them  is  that  they  all  hclonj^ 
to  the   Tinnch  stock. 

To  tiic  westward  (.■{'  tin;  Nehauneos  and  Crows  are  the  following  two 
tribes,  which  conipl'.'tc!  the  list  of  Alaskan  Tinni'h. 

AH-TKXA'. 

.l/i-((H(i,  Diill  I.  I'.,  their  iiwii  tiilial  ili't-ij^iiiitidli. 
.-:  Alum  i;  Wiiiii;,'!'!!. 
=: AluUildiiK,  lliiiiiin. 

-— -  AV(»k7«7-ii(|(7' (ici-iiicii)  (if  111!'  KiiN.siaii  tniilcix, //((c  Wiiingell. 
:=■  iViV(/»(i//«/.()i,  Wdiiiiiiii  ill 'riUliiiicniit'. 
^=-.  AtnujlUjiiiUi,  riii;nt,  llcv.  I'liil.  it   Klliii  ,  I.ck  Alnahn. 
=  .)(h(i>i,  l.mli^w  ij;,  in 'i'liiliiK  r  liii).  (Jlott.,  fil.  1, 11.  11,  yil. 
=  YiUoivkii'ifi  or  .\(liau>iic  Indiaiix,  liiias,  MS.S.  iii:i[). 

Not  .l/H(i/i,  l.iidrwi;;,  Fliilliciids  (if  the  I'liizcr  Kivcr. 

Not  VcUuirLiiinK  o(  tlio  Cii|i|)riiiiiiic'  Ivivcr,  II.  H.  Terr. 

Tliese  Indians,  known  principally  by  report,  occnjiy  the  basin  of  the 
Atiia  or  (Joppi'r  jfiver,  and  reach  to  the  sea  at  its  mouth,  ha\'in«^-  jmshed 
theiiisehcs  Ix'tween  the  r^nhdinu'it  Iniuiit  and  their  relations  of  Chugach 
IJay  1  was  fortniiiite  enough  to  be  present  in  1S74  at  their  annual  trade 
at  Port  Mtches,  to  determine  definitely  their  own  name  for  themselves,* 
and  to  n.'co^'iiize  in  tlieir  speech  many  of  the  Tinneh  words  with  which  I 
had  become  familiar  on  the  Yukon.  1  also  obtained  from  them  it  piece, 
w(i<;hiiiji-  about  live  pounds,  of  the  celebrated  native  copjjer,  found  in  the  bed 
of  the  river  on  which  they  live.  They  resembled  strouj^^'ly  the  Koyukuns 
in  ajipeitrance,  tiiid  wore  tlie  original  pointed  coats  trimmed  with  beads, 
such  as  I  had  seen  on  tltt;  jter.soiis  of  the  Tonui-kutrhin.  Their  faces  were 
oval  and  of  ])leasinji'  and  intelligent  expression.  On  a  visit  to  the  vessel  in 
my  chai-ge,  they  showed  unusual  tact  and  discretion  in  their  behavior,  which 
could  hiirdly  have  Iteen  improved,  though  she  wtis  to  thom  an  object  of  the 
greatest  curiosity,  the  only  sea-going  vessel  they  htid  ever  seen. 

*  KiVllu'i- IVtitot,  liy  a  ciulons  inisri'iidiiiK  ol  my  text  \n  Alanka  and  iln  lUmiiiait,lvM  arrived  at 
llie  coiu'liisioii  tliat  I  liavi-  (■oiifoiiiidcd  tlic  Copjier  or  Atiia  Kivcr  w  illi  llie  Coinnriiiiiie  Ii'ivcr  of  Ilcarno 
and  I'rankliii,  lircanse  (on  Ross'h  aulliority)  I  stated  tliat  the  .l/i-(fH((  were  sonietniifs  called  Vellow- 
liiiifeor  N'eliannee  Indians  by  the  Knulihh,  while  the  Yellowluiives  that  lie  Uiiowh  are  re!*ideiits  of  tho 
Copiierniiiie  Kivor.  It  would  apiiear,  ainirt  from  liis  ini.sconeeption,  that  he  lias  forj^ottcii  that  tlio  trad- 
ers fro(nioiitly  apply  the  Kaiiio  name  to  widely  dilVerent  tribes,  and  tliat  in  ipiotii!};  them,  then  as  now,  I 
conld  not  vouch  for  tho  proper  application  of  any  names  except  those  1  have  personally  verilied. 


m 

Tlioy  were  tiill  and  nttlicr  slcMitlcr,  l»ut  of  jruml  ]i1iysi(|iic,  nl'  a  rlcar 
»tliv(!  coniiilcximi,  and  witli  straight  hiack  liair,  arched  cvi'-ltrows,  and  witli- 
ont  Iiair  npon  the  lace.  I  lit'V  appear  to  l»e  nut  very  numerous,  l)nt  rather 
widely  distributed  on  the  river,  trading' with  the  interitir  Indians  at  its  head- 
waters. 'Fhe  si;4nilieation  ot"  their  name  lias  some  rehition  to  the  ^fhieieis 
which  are  found  in  tlieir  territor}-,  l)Ut  1  cnidd  not  make  out  its  exact  I'Ji;^'- 
lish  e(|nivalent.  I  noticed  no  traces  of  '["Hnket  words  in  their  speech,  and  it  is 
a  question  whether  those  note<l  1)\'  I'inart,  in  this  as  in  other  cases,  were  not, 
(hu!  rather  to  tla^  defective  knowledj^c  or  memory  of  his  Iiall-l)reed  inter- 
preter than  to  flieir  actual  existence  as  words  incorporated  in  the  lan^^uaye. 

TKllAMN-KUTClliN'. 

n=  Tiliniiiii-liiitiliiii,  IJipsH  1.  <■.,  as  npiilicd  to  tliiiii  liy  lln'  Viikmi  IiiiIIuiin. 

=  yicimi/irw,  Wruiini'll.  as  ol' till' Kimtsiaiis. 

=^  7'H((iH(i  111'  7'ii((i,  WiiiM^cll,  as  (if  tlirnisflvcK.  . 

=:  A'in(i/H(  ol'tlio  Kauiii^iiiut  liimiit,yii/i- Wiaiij;<'ll. 

==  A'niui/w,  Woniiaii  ill  Tikbmcnii'f, 

= /I'l/mi,  Uiiscliiiiniiii. 

=~  lumii,  h'riiui,  heiiuitif,  'Ih/iitii,  Ijiiilowi;;  in  Tiiibiier. 

rzs:  Oiiijiiiiliakmiiii-liiiitiiii,  AlHdiVxd,  liallii,  Alias  Ktliii. 

=^:  liiiiiii-liini,  Dall  I.  c,  iioiii.  inov.  (iTioiirous). 

=  7V«r  y/iHdii/d,  l!i)liiil)i  Tf;. 

::=  K'liaia-liliulii'iiii,  tbrir  nwii  iiaiiir  iu'iuniliiif;  In  1Im>  .tli-lcini  Iiidiaiis. 

No  satisfactory  vocabulary,  nor  even  a  trustwortliy  statement  of  the 
name  by  which  these  people  call  themselves,  has  yet  Im-i-ii  ]i'il»lished.  ]\y 
some  words  of  Wrangell's  and  liisiansky's  vocal)nlaries,  and  by  the  fact 
that  they  possess  a  totemic  s>  ♦^'•m,  it  may  reasonaljly  Im-  surmised  tliat 
they  are  more  closely  relate.'  '  the  Kntchin  tribes  than  to  tlu;  western 
Tinneh.  The  word  Kciiai  I  have  stroufr  reasons  for  believin;r  is  an  Inmiit 
word,  and  honco  any  ajiplicatioii  of  it  to  them  is  erroneous.  ( )n  tlie  other  hand, 
I.  cannot  recttncile  the  form  Tiki'iiui  with  any  of  the  forms  in  u.se  amon^'  the 
Tinnoli  fur  dcnominatinj^  themselves  as  a  tribe.  I  have  some  doul)ts  of  the 
coiTectness  of  the  m'.me  su])plied  to  me  by  the  Ah-tcud,  and  .so  1  Jiavo  pro- 
visionally adopted  the  name  supplied  by  lioss.  'I'his  is  that  by  which  they 
are  called  by  the  Tenan-Kutehin  of  the  'rananah',  with  whom  they  are  said 
to  occasionally  trade. 

They  are  amon^'  the  least  known  of  the  tribes  which  reach  the  sea- 
coast.  They  are  said  to  o<'cupy  the  Kenai  IVninsula  on  its  northwest  sid(! 
from  Chuti-achik  15ay  to  its  head,  and  the  shoies  oj)posite  a.s  far  soutli  as  the 


hiiy  iK'iir  Iliiiiiiiiii  \'<ilciiii(>,  (lie  bii^iii  (ii"*lu'  Knik  iiml  Sin'liitno  IJivcrs,  jiiul 
their  Iiciidwiitcrs.  'I'licy  bury  llioir  (lead  in  boxes  above  {^toiiikI,  on  uiiit  li 
tli(;y  |»il(!  ii|)  .stones.  'I'liey  are  ^aid  to  l)e  more  intelll^i-nt  than  tlie  adjacent 
Inniiit,  t'roni  whom  they  |»in(diase  kyaksand  other  articles.  'I'hey  kill  lar}:;^ 
nnndiers  ot'tlu^  li(.cky  .Mountain  ;^dat  and  use  the  skins  I'oi  clothin;;'. 

This  complet^'s  the  list  of  the  'I'inneh  tribes  of  Alaska  and  the  adjacent 
teiritory,  and  we  now  come  to  tlh' stock  or  family  of 

2.-T' LIN  Kins. 

=  niinkits  (if  iiiOHt  IiiiNHiftii  1111(1  (Icrinnii  iuUIkiim. 

=  A'i)/(i»/i(  1  or  luiliiHliiiiiin,  l.iiilcwifj,  and  most.  IOiihIIkIi  uihI  I'li'iicli  iiuUKirs. 

z^  KoliilKhiH,  ri;illii, 

=-:  A'u/()i/i('«,  riiiuit,  Hull.  Sue.  (I'Aiitlir.  IST;!,  Ki man. 

=  Tlhikil,  llicii'  (iwii  iiiiMic  lor  |i(!(i|)l('  (if  tlii'ir  ntdck. 

>  .si/A/ii/intu;,  Wdniiiiii  'i  Tikliiiu'uicf. 

'i'hese  people  as  a  whole  are  remarkably  well  ditl'erentiated  Irom  the 
Tiiij'.eh,  and  have  been  \ery  fully  described  by  N'eniaminoll",  \Vran<"ell, 
Ui'iidci,  I'inart,  and  tlu;  writer.  Of  the  tribes  on  Norfolk  Sound  especiallx', 
the  mater'al,  vocabularies,  Sic.  ai'c  remarkaldy  complete.  There  are  several 
oiitlyin;^-  tribe.s,  however,  of  whii'h  the  allinities  are  not  i)o.sitively  deter- 
mined. The  principal  of  these  is  the  Kygani  or  llaida  tribe,  which  has 
been  very  jfeuerally  united  with  the  T'linkets,  but  which  1  am  disposed  to 
so  refer  only  provisionally  ;  and  the  Chimsyans  or  Xasse  Indians,  who 
ver\  probably  belon^^'  to  a  distinct  family.  The  IJillecoola  are  Selish;  the 
liailtzuh  belong'  to  the  Vancouver  Island  family,  though  both  have  been 
referred  to  the  Nas.ses.  The  languayo  of  the  latter  is,  according-  to  Ciibl)s, 
quite  distinct  fr'  in  that  of  the  Tucullies  or  Carriers,  to  which  Ludewiy  com- 
pared it. 

Tlu;  Vakutats  in  many  respects,  also,  are  dilTerentiated  from  the  other 
T'linkets,  though  they  belong,  without  doubt,  to  the  same  stock.  The 
T'linkets  may  be  divided  as  follows,  into  iive  group.s: 

"YAKTTATS." 

~  Yuk'ulalu,  Dull  1.  c,  I'iiuirt,  .iikI  iiuist  iiiilliors. 
=  l'(iAii'a(«Aoi,W(irnmii  ill  Tikliinenicf. 
=  Ytitiiutiiln,  Kniian. 

These  Indians    inhabit  th.o  vemon  between  the   eoa.st-mountains  and 


m 

tlic  sen,  tioiii  Hcriii;^  llav  In  l,iliiy;i  l>ii\  ,  (>fc;isiuiiiill\  tiiix  tliii^>^  in  ciiiiors 
iiirllicr  west  or  siiiillicjist  tcH'  |iur|Mi>cs  of  tniilf.  ()ii  in}'  visit  to  licriii^' 
Uiiy  ill  1K74,  I  ciKlc.ivdiiil  to  <|(t  tlicir  own  iiiiiiu'  lor  lluiiischcs,  Inil  liiitl 
no  intcr|»i('fci',  iind  nt  itii(  r  the  njitivts  nor  niyscll'  s|)oJ\c  mucli  ('liinook,  so 
lli;if  I  do  not  tec!  sine  tliiit  tli(  y  nndcrstood  my  inqnirics.  At  id!  events,  I 
could  ^i't  no  otlicr  nnswcr  tlmn  '•^nkiitjit",  wliidi  is  ex  idcntiy  tiic  name  tliey 
;ii\c  to  tlic  conntry  tlicy  inlialiit,  hut  nnisf,  in  nil  |»roliid>ilil\-,  liavc  sonic 
otluT  suilix  or  tcrniinjition  wlu-n  jipjilicd  as  a  tril)al  naiiic.  Tlicir  princiiial 
scttlcnuMit  is  on  a  lar^^c  stream,  ahoundin;,'  with  salmon,  and  eni|it\  inj^  info 
]{(Min;,'-  jJay  or  ^  akiitat.  They  fish  and  <rade  at  I'ort  Miiljiiave  in  the 
sprinj,'' hi'tbre  the  salmon  arrive,  and  Inint  seal  near  the  ^^laciers  of  |)isen- 
c'hantnieiit  Hay.  The  women  do  not  wear  the  kalushka,  or  liii-ornanient 
^J'hey  an;  said  not  to  atlopf  the  toteiiiir  system,  so  much  in  voi^iie  amon;^'  the 
other  T'linkets,  and  eat  the  hliihlier  and  ilcsli  oi'the  whale,  which  the  other 
tribes  of  tlieir  stock  rej^aid  as  unclean. 

CIIlUvAIIT'-KWAN. 

Tho  ChUhxlil'-lwan  inlial)it  the  valley  of  the  Chilkaht  Kiver,  which  is 
of  moderat(*  size,  and  falls  into  the  head  of  I^Aiin  Canal.  Tliey  are  inti- 
mately related  to  the  inhahitants  of  Norfolk  iSouiul,  and  some  of  them  may 
almost  always  be  found  sdjoiirnin^'  at  Sitka.  '1  hey  consider  themselvi's, 
however,  ii  distinct  tribe,  and  have  on  sonu;  occasions  been  involved  in  hos- 
tilities with  the  Sitkii  peojile.  They  arc  a  wild  and  untamable  peojile,  and 
said  to  ]je  very  numerous.  They  trade  with  the  whiti-s  on  the  .sea-coast, 
and  Avitli  the  Timieli  of  the  interior,  by  means  of  numerous  small  laics  and 
•streams  near  the  head  of  the  Chilkaht  Kiver.  Jn  all  essentials,  lliey  do  not 
seem  to  diifer  from  the  tSitkans. 


! 


tti'J'KA-KWAN. 


-Silliiliiaii,  (Iii'ir  owii  ii|i|i<llati(iii  .'il  Silkii. 

-  .Iiildii-hudii.  Jidv  I'iiKiit,  lor  the  Irilic  in  {ji^rii'ial. 
:  Ai/A((-/ »■«;(,  I'iiiiii't. 

-  <'hiunuiiiii(«,  SiiiHliloit. yiffc  I'innrt. 
-Tihiiil,iltiiiii iiK  i\(  MiiRliiiiid. 
-iS(//.((ii,s  <il  Kiinan. 


;i8 


Lrx'iil  iiiiiiit'H: 
llii(lniiiiii  M  llcMiiri  l!ay  iiiiil  lldoi  lie  Mil  Kii|)iilH. 
.!/(/.  mi  I'lci!)  rirk  Smiiiil. 
hilili  111!  ricdriirU  SiMiiid. 
/'.'A/iA/i>>7i»,  ('lialliiiiii  Sli'iiit. 

liii'iii  iiriir  ('ii|ir  l)i'(  i.sioii,  ' 

llitiiimiii  III!  I'liiicc  (if  Willi's  I>l;ii)(l. 
/'(iHK/d.fn  iirar  I'liil  'roiii;4iisH  111- 'rmij^iisH. 
iM//i«-Air«/i  at,  .Si'ka  nil  N'liifnlU  Siiiiiiil. 

'I'lliHr  iiiiliirH  iiiaj;  Iii|iiin'  miiiir  iivisliiii  lien  nrirr,  cxfclit  flii-  lanl. 


Those;  people  iiiliiil)it  IJaraiiort"  Island  and  its  vicinity,  ('liiclia;x<*il, 
Admiralty,  Kuiu,  KnprianofV,  and  Prince  nt'  Wales  Islands  (flie  latter  only 
in  part),  and  tlu;  arc]iIpela<i'o,  of  which  these  form  a  i)art.  'I'hey  are  anioiiff 
the  hest  known  of  the  Noithwest  American  tribes,  and  information  in  rela- 
tion lo  them  may  he  foun<l  in  the  works  referred  to  tnider  the  head  of 
'l"linkets.  The  inckname  of  Koloshes,  which  has  been  extensivel}' aj)plied 
lo  them,  arises,  according  to  some  authorities,  from  a  Russian  word  meaning 
to  ))ierce,  in  allusion  to  the  perforations  made  for  Uibrets  in  the  lijjs  of  the 
women,  and  is  asserted  l)y  others  to  be  derived  from  "knlushka",  a  Russian 
WO"  !,  meaning  a  little  trough,  in  allusion  to  the  trough-like  shape  of  the 
lalaets  themselves.  The  latter  ^vould  seeui  to  be  the  more  probable  deriva- 
tion, MS  the  custom  of  piercing  the  lip  was  connnon  among  tribes  familiarly 
known  to  the  liussians  bei'ore  they  met  the  T'linkets;  whih*  no  North 
American  tribe  in  historic  times  has  worn  any  labi<'t  at  all  comparable,  in 
sixe  and  grotesque  appearance,  t<i  the  kalushk.i.  The  latter  would  have 
struck  the  observer  at  oiice  as  a  remarkable  ornament,  and  was  therefore 
iiiore  likely  to  l)e  remend)ered  and  spoken  frequently  of  in  referring  to  these 
people.  The  Sitka-kwan  have  numerous  large  villages  with  large  houses, 
often  (  rnanu'iited  Avith  carvings,  and  capable  of  standing  quite  a  siege. 
They  are  a  tierce  and  indepcn<lent  people,  and  of  late  years  nnich  demor- 
alised from  the  use  of  alcoholic  stinndants,  which  they  have  oven  learned 
to  distil  from  molasses  for  themselves. 

STAKIIIN'-KWAN. 

These  are  a.  '{"linket  tribe,  little  ditlerentiated  from  the  last,  occui)yiug 
the  mainland  near  the  moulh  of  tlu'  Stikine  Kiver  (a  corruption  of  Stakltiii). 
They  consider  themselves  distinct  from  the  Sitkans,  and  the  two  tribes  have 


J 


!       ! 


wa 


.1 


■ 


8» 

IrccjiU'iitly  hccii  iiivdlvrd  in  hustilitics.  'liny  iln  iml  |MMi('(r:ifc  (.\r  into  t\n\ 
iiitcriur,  hut  I'xlciid  mIoiii;'  tlic  coast  I'roin  tin*  l.yiiii  to  tlic  I'ortlaiid  Ciiiial. 
Uviv  tlicy  arc  bounded  on  the  sontli  and  cast  li\  tlic  Niinm's  and  tlic  Cliini- 
syjins.     Wo  now  conic  to  tlm  last  j^fon]!  of'  Alaskan  Indians,  tlic — 

KYdAIlNI. 

=  liygah'iii,  tlioir  own  :i|iiioll:ilinii. 

:—  luiiiliiiiKkoi,  Wininan  In  'riUliiiuiiicI'. 

-—  hiiiijiiiin,  lOiiiiaii. 

<  h'liiiiniiis,  nr  /i'i(/((mi(«,  Liidcw i;;. 

-■^  Ilaiiliilm,  l.iiilrwi^,  iiiid  iiiilliiil's. 

=:  Hi/dnhx  of  ;nitlioiH. 

— -  liijijii'ui,  Dall  1.  c. 

Those  people,  wliicli  I  refer  with  doiilit  to  tlic  T'linkct  stock,  liavc 
thoir  lioad(pnii'tcrs  on  the  islands  of  (^)neen  ( "hailotte's  Arcliipclap\  Kiit 
then!  arc  a  few  villa<j,-cs  on  the  islands  forming-  the  sonthernniost  portion  of 
Alaska  Territory,  sonth  of  I'rince  of  Wales  Island.  Tliey  are  a  tall,  hand- 
sonic,  liercc,  and  treacherous  race,  not  improved   hv  the  rinn  sidd  them  liy 

the   Undson    Hay  Company,  and  iiote<i  for  their  skill   in  carviii;;- w 1  and 

slate,  and  their  chasing-  and  otiier  work  on  silver  which  they  obtain  from 
the  whites.      In  Alaska,  they  are  \i'ry  U'W  in  minihc!-. 

The  iS^asses  and  adjacent  Chimsyan  and  othe.-  tribes  are  in  so  mnch 
confusion,  from  an  ethnoloo-ical  ],oint  of  vi<'W,  that  I  am  i^lad  tr,  a\ail  myself 
of  the  fact  that  th(iy  do  not,  strictly  speaking-,  come  within  the  limits  of  this 
paper. 

'I'Ik^  follownKj^  Irt  n  recapitulation  of  the  difVerent  Indian  tribes  of  Alaska, 
with  an  ajipn  mate  estimate  of  their  mimbers.  1  omit  the  ]iopiiliitioii  for 
those  e.Ktcrioi'  io  the  Territory. 

IMiNNKH. 

(wi;sTi:i;.\.) 

Kaiyulikhotaiia 2,  OOO 

Koyuknkhotana r,()() 

lliiakhotaiia ;5()() 

(K  Orel  I  IN.) 

Tenau-kiitchin tOU 

'J'oiiiiiith-kritcliin,  extinct. 

Tatsah-kutchin,  extinct. 

Kiitcha-kiitchin 'JfiO 


1 

i 


f 


I     1 


'.  40 

Niilsif-kiifcliiii Ij.« 

Vimtii-kiiU.'Iiiii. 

'riikkiitli-kiilcliiii. 

11,111-kutcliiii. 

'rutclioiie-kutcliiii. 

Tc'liuiiin-kutcliin j  QQr. 

(kastekn.) 
Al)I)at(»-t('nri.  . 

Jluiivjiis  Moiido  (Ni-liaiUK'C'.s). 

Aclioto-tliuieh. 

Dalio-toiia.  • 

'Liliho-thnwh. 

"("hilkalit-k'im." 

'^'"^^'"^ --■--.:..-.......... ...        1,500 

T'LINKE'1\S. 

(VAKfTAT.S.) 

"  Vakutuls" 250 

(kwan.) 
Cliilkalit-kwan -,    <.,>,> 

cvi  -  1  ' '  ' 

bitka-kwaii 4,  ,^^,. 

otaklmi-kwan j   rnn 

(KYtlAHNI.) 

^y^^^^ -.--: 300 

(nasses.) 
Niisse  liuliim.s. 

Cliinis}'an.s. 

'J\ttal  Alaska  Tiuliaiis TJTiijSO 

Total  Akvska  (Jrarians 54  Q_r,,j 

'i'otal  iiati\t'  ])opulati()ii 25~7()4 

Add   liussiaiis  ....    _r,() 

Adil  liall'-brcc'd.s  or  Croolos j  599 

Add  citizens  (iiu'ludiiiji'  lOO  military) 250 

1,800 

'i'otal  i)o])u]atioii  of  tlio  Territory 2'r504 

This  estimate  is  j.rohal.ly  over  rather  than  under  the  real  number, 
e.xeept  for  white  eitizeiis,  whose  nuudjer  fluctuates,  and  who,  during  the 
uriniuy-seasou,  may  number  as  many  as  fifteen  hundred. 


J 


II. 

ON   SUCCESSION    IN   THE  SHELL-HEAPS  OF   THE  ALEUTIAN 

ISLANDS 


UY  ^v.  II.  UjVll. 


T\ni  uott'M  (if  wliidi  this  piipcr  is  tliu  result  wore  nmdc  while  eiiniij^ed 
in  a  hydro;^ rapine  aiul  g'eo«jru[)hi('al  reconnaissance  of  the  Aleutian  Islands, 
luider  the  ausjtices  <tf  the  United  States  Coast  Survey.  They  were  made 
at  enforced  intervals  fit'  leisure,  occasioned  l)y  \veather  whirli  ■would  not 
permit  the  ordinary  surveying  operiitl'iis  of  the  party  to  be  ciinied  <iir,  a 
circumstance  which  will  explain  the  limitations  by  which  our  (ibservatioiis 
were  necessarily  curtailed.  NotwitlistamliiiLC  this  limitation,  however,  it  is 
believed  results  of  value  have  been  obtaineil. 

The  character  of  the  islands  is  tolerably  well  known,  and  a  sketch  of 
them,  which  gives  all  the  details  necessarv  for  a  comprehension  of  this 
paj)cr,  will  be  found  accompanyin;^-  tin  pajjcr  on  tlie  distrlljution  of  the 
Indian  tribes  on  the  general  map  of  Alaska  Territory. 

Their  topograjjhy,  with  few  exceptions,  is  high  and  rugged  ;  their 
shore-lines  very  irregular,  and  mostly  rockx  ;  their  vegetation  jicli  and 
abundant,  but  confined  to  herbaceous  plants  and  small  species  of  Vaccbiium 
and  Salix,  none  as  a  rule  attaining  to  a  greater  heig-ht  than  four  feet,  and 
often  creeping  along  the  surface  of  the  soil.  The  climate  is  moist  and  not 
cold,  but  iiu'lement  from  the  abundance  of  cloudy  w'eather,  fog,  rain,  and 
at  certain  seasons  the  i)revalenco  of  severe  gales.  Tlie  harbors  are  rarely 
closed  by  ice,  and  then  only  for  a  few  days  or  until  the  first  fn.'sh  breeze. 

4t 


42 


'I  lie  iiivcrfchnitc;  i'auiiii  of'tlu;  .shores  is  iiliimdaiit  in  iii.lividiials,  hut  sparse 
ill  littoral  siiccics.  Fisli  are  ahuiulant  to  the  eastward,  l»ut  Jiiore  and  inuro 
sraiity  west  Iroiii  Atka  Island.  Sea-I)ir(ls  are  everywhere  tuiind  in  nivriad.s. 
Tlu!  sea-li(.n,  tlie  .sea-otter,  fiir-.seal,  and  varieties  of  hair-seal,  oiict;  very 
uhundaiit,  are  n(»w  scarce  or  even  entirely  extinct  in  s(Mne  h.calities. 
There  is  yet  an  abundance  of  small  whales;  sonio  land-birds,  includin'r  the 
ptarniiji-an  (La(iojm.s  albus);  the  blue  fox  lias  been  introduced  into  many  of 
the  islands,  and  ilonrislu-s  ;  lennnin},^s  of  small  size  are  .said  to  exist  on 
Krecsa  or  l{at  Island  to  tlie  we.stward,  and,  from  Unalashka  eastward, 
are,  with  S/icniiop/iilu.s  I'anyi,  abundant.  This  comprises  the  indigenous 
vertebrate  fauna  of  the  present  day. 

\Vood  is  not  abun(hint  on  the  beaches,  but  is  more  plenty  to  the 
eastward,  where  the  westerly  current  throws  it  on  the  eastern  and  northern 
shores  of  the  islands.  From  an  examination  of  the  drift-stnlf,  it  is  evident 
that  the  lar<-er  portion  of  it  comes  from  the  east  and  south.  The  Sitka 
spruce,  cedar  and  iir,  Ihinax  horridu.n,  cocoa-nut  shells,  and  acacia-nuts 
ai'o  all  from  the  western  shores  of  America,  either  indigenous  or  as  refuse 
thrown  overboard  by  the  merchantmen.  The  Yukon  spruce,  will(»w,  birch, 
and  poplar  are  nuich  less  common  and  rarely  occur. 

The  islands  are  washed  by  two  seas,  both  notoriously  stormy  and  foggy. 
'I'here  are  no  currents,  on  their  north  shores,  proper  to  Uering  Sea.  In  the 
Pacific,  the  great  easterly  current  pa.sses  entirely  to  the  southward  of  the 
islands,  not  grazing  them,  and  not  affecting  the  water  north  of  latitude  50'^. 
It  strikes  the  northwest  coast  of  America  at  or  near  Dixon's  I'Jitrance,  and 
liere  a  strong  but  narrow  branch  is  doliected  to  the  northward,  and,  folh.w- 
ing  the  trend  of  the  coast,  finally  to  the  westward;  passhig  south  of  the 
islands,  and  being  evident  as  a  current  as  far  west  as  Atka,  when  it  gradu- 
ally spends  its  force,  and  is  not  perceptible  in  the  extreme  western  islands. 
The  tide  in  this  region  rises  in  the  east  and  sets  toward  the  west,  adding  to 
the  force  of  the  current  during  the  march  of  the  tich'.  It  rushes  into  Ber- 
ing Sea  through  the  numerous  passes  and  .strait.s,  currying  its  l)urden  of 
drift-wood,  and  generally  forming  a  severe  rip  or  tide-bon;  during  its  pas- 
sage ;  this,  with  the  set  of  the  Ueriiig  Sea  tide,  tends  to  form  an  occasi(.nal 
westerly  drift  ov  set,  north  of  the  ishind.s.     The  northerlv  branch  of  the 


r 


Kiiro  Siwo  piisscs  t'iir  to  tlic  westward  ol'  \\iv  wrstcnunost  isliiiul,  and 
bt'twccn  it  and  tlic  warm  '■tirri'nt  a  hrnad  stripot'  water,  with  a  tciiipcratiiif 
(»f  30°  Falncidicit,  intervenes.  'Tliis  is  stfikinj:ly  exident  in  tlie  lanna  of 
slioal  water  al»ont  Attn,  wliere  Arctic  I'ornis  |irevail  almost  exclusively.  'I'lie 
.stviiit  between  Kaiiu'liatka  and  tlie  Connnander's  Islands  is,  at  its  narrowest 
part,  oiicj  Iniiidred  and  twenty  nautical  miles  wide;  and,  between  tliem  and 
Attn,  it  is  two  hundred  and  twenty  miles  wide.  Hetweeii  the  Commander's 
Islands  and  the  end  of  the  Aleutian  chain  is  u  •••reat  <>-ulf  of  four  tlio\isand 
fathoms  in  dejith,  euttinf;-otr  the  fauna  of  Asia  from  that  of  America,  exceiit 
such  portion  as  has  spread  from  the  Arctic  alon;;-  the  shores  southward 
on  both  sides  of  Bering  Sea.  1  have  been  thus  explicit  in  stating-  the. 
physical  features  of  the  region,  because  they  have  a  very  im|)ortant  bear- 
in<f  on  the  subject  of  mi^-ration,  and  are  usually  wholly  ij^nored  in  ethno- 
logical ]iapers  which  treat  of  that  topic. 

Shell-heaps  are  found  on  nearly  all  the  islands  of  the  Aleutian  group. 
They  are  most  abundant  and  extensive  in  the  islands  east  of  llnalashka, 
and  on  the  few  islands  from  Amchitka  eastward,  which  arc;  less  high  and 
rugged  than  the  others;  or  on  those  where  the  greater  amoinit  of  hsvel  land 
is  to  be  found.  The  two  necessaries  for  a  settlement  appear  to  have  been 
a  stream  of  water  or  a  spring,  and  a  ])lace  where  canoes  coidd  land  with 
safety  in  rough  weather.  Where  these  are  both  wanting,  shell-heaps  are 
never  found,  and  rarely  when  either  is  al)sent.  The  favorite  spots  appciar 
to  have  been  on  narrow  necks  of  land,  across  which  an  easy  portage  could 
be  made  from  one  l)ody  of  water  to  another.  Safety  from  hostih^  attacks 
also  governed  the  selection  of  village-sites,  and  henc*;  tlu;  mouths  of  strcsams 
abounding  with  salmon,  Init  offering  no  protection,  were  seldom  made  a 
phico  of  settlement.  The  earliest  inhabitants,  however,  appear  to  have 
been  less  particular  in  this  resjjcct  than  their  more  modern  successors. 

On  the  islands  west  of  Amchitka,  shell-heaps  are  less  abundant,  the 
shores  being  less  fully  provided  with  food  and  drift-wood,  and  less  acces- 
sible for  canoes. 

We  observed  shell-hea})s  in  the  following  localities: 

Attn  Island. —  1.  At  the  head  of  ( 'hichagoff  Harbor,  east  of  the  present 
village;   extent  aliout  three  acn.'S  and  a   half;   the  shell-heaps  covered  with 


an  aiickiiit  viIIii;ro-.sit„  „f  suhscinicnt  <ic(iii);iti(>ii.  2.  On  tlu;  we^itmi  shorus 
of  Siiramiii  JJiiy.  W(;  ueiv  intunncil  <.f  siniilnr  deposits  on  Jlassacre  Bay, 
antl  two  oilier  localities  on  the  wi'stei'n  and  sontliern  shores  ol'  Attn. 

JfjallH  y,^/««r/.— We  were  inlonned  that  some  old  vilhi,',''C-sites  exist  on 
this  island,  which  was  inhal^ited  at  the  time  of  its  discovery. 

Ki/sim  Island.— On  the  scjuth  shore  of  Kyska  Harbor,  near  a  .small 
porta^rc,  is  a  rather  modern  shell-heai).  A  modern  village-site  exists  at  the 
west  end  of  tlie  harbor,  and  one,  (juito  extensive,  on  the  bay  on  tlio  west 
side  of  the  island,  o])i»(»site  the  harboi\ 

Little  Kyska  /.s/««f/.— Afforded  no  evidences  of  shell-heaps. 
Amchitim  Island.— \  tint  and  low  island  abounding  with  binls.  Hhell- 
heaps  excessively  abundant  wherever  a  convenient  cove  presented  a  good 
>site.  A  large  settlement  at  the  head  of  Constantino  IIarb<.r;  another, 
smaller  and  apparently  more  modern,  on  tlie  eastern  shore  of  the  harbor. 
Numerous  large  village-sites  <»n  the  north  shores  of  the  island,  west  to 
Kirilotr  settlement,  the  latter  being  quite  modern,  and  abandoned  in  184'J. 
On  the  south  shore,  very  extensive  evidences  of  settlement,  and  a  large 
resident  luipulation. 

Adakh  /«/««(/.— Near  the  Bi\y  of  Islands  were  several  small  village- 
sites  on  shell-heaps,  and  this  island  is  said  at  one  time  to  have  been  very 
populous. 

Atlm  Island.— At  Nazan  IJay,  only  ccnnparatively  modern  l)urial-i)laces, 
rock-shelters,  and  a  village-site  were  noticed.  On  Korovin  I'.ay,  there  are 
several  village-sites,  but  no  old  shell-heaps  were  seen. 

Amlia  Island. — Said  to  have  numerous  old  village-sites. 

Islands  of  the  Four  Craters.— ^y^>r^i  in  comi)aratively  modern  times 
occupied  by  a  considerable  population,  especially  on  Kaganul,  but  no  shell- 
heaps  are  reported,  and  the  former  activity  of  the  volcanoes,  not  yet  (luiet, 
would  hardly  have  invited  early  settlement. 

Unina/c  Island.— Kxteimya  evidences  of  early  .-yttlements  and  munerous 
village-sites  rejjoi'ted.  ^ 

Unalashka  Island.— On  this  and  tlie  adjoining  islets,  on  every  practi- 
cable site,  shell-heaps  or  village-sites  are  to  be  found,  with  numerous  more 


15 


mndoni   rock-slicltc  rs  tifilized   for   Ixirial-placos.     Tlu'ro  aw  iiiiu'  vill;i;4'(>- 
sites  on  Captiiin's  Hay  alone. 

CliH.a  liocliS,  AkuUm  Puss. — lIiToaro  roinaiiis  of  a  small,  hut  populous, 
st'tdonieut,  but  no  sliell-lR'aps. 

On  tliG  islands  to  the  eastward  ot'  Unalashka  these;  remains  are  so 
numerous  as  not  to  lie  praeticablo  to  enumerate,  except  sueh  as  we  aetnally 
visited  or  have  been  speeially  reported  to  us,  namely:  Samiakh  Islands, 
village-sites  very  numerous;  False  Pass,  two  localities  for  villa <4(;-sit(!s;  Port 
]\lr11er,  Aliaska  Peninsula,  shell-heaps  extending  over  twenty  acres,  village- 
sites  much  less  extensive.  Unga  Island,  at  Delarolf  Harbor;  Korovin 
IsLiud,  Nagai  Island  and  Simeoiu)!!'  Island,  among  the  Shumagius.  (Jliiachi 
Islands;  Chignik  Bay,  Aliaska  Peninsula,  extensive  village-sites;  Chirikoll' 
Island;  and  so  on  to  Kadiak  Island  an-'  Cook's  Inlet. 

The  poi)ulatiou  of  the  islands  wis  estimated  at  (ifty  thousand  by 
Shelikoft",  and,  in  view  of  the  evidences  of  habitation,  the  estimate  could 
not  have  been  excessive  at  one  time,  though  perhaps  too  great  at  the  time 
he  visited  ti. .  islands.     The  present  population  is  about  two  thousand. 

The  village-sites  or  .shell-heaps  are  indicated,  as  far  as  the  eye  can 
distinguish  vegetation,  by  flu'ir  brilliant  green  coverijig  of  herbage,  which 
is  oidy  dimmed  when  covered  by  snow,  and  even  in  the  height  of  s])ring  is 
brighter  and  more  verdant  than  the  adjoining  slopes. 

This  is  the  result  of  the  fact  that  the  shell-heaps  i,re  great  mounds  of 
the  most  fertile  material,  which  thousands  of  years  woidd  not  sulliec;  to 
exhaust  by  the  ordinary  draughts  of  nature.  Bc^  cs,  shells,  and  all  varieties 
of  rejecta-ienta  having  been  dej)osited  here  for  centuries,  the  covering  of 
s(H  v'  oh  has  accumulated  over  them  is  incomparably  rich,  and  it  has  even 
been  suggested  that  the  solid  beds  of  compacted  fish-bones,  which  are  to  be 
found  in  some  localities,  might  bo  quarried  and  exported  as  a  fertilizer. 

Nothing  is  to  be  got  from  these  deposit?  without  ext(.'nsive  excavation 
.•end  patient  search. 

Our  usual  metliod  in  investigating  these  accunudations  was  as  follows: 
The  shell-heaps,  especially  those  surmounted  by  village-sites,  usually  pre- 
sent ui  undalating  appearance,  which  from  some  neighboring  elQvation  is 
at  once  seen  to  result  from  tin;  following  causct :  The  method  of  house- 


m 


t 


Idiilfliii;.';  in  vofsuc  ;niifinjr  llic  nncuoit  liili;il)it;tntH  wan  to  oxcavato  slij^litlj', 
«<»  l)iiil(l  a  Willi  (if  Hat  stones  or  of  Itoncs  of  flic  lar-i-cr  wlialcs,  and  1)aiik  this 
uj)  on  the  ontsidt-  witli  turf  and  stones.  In  tlieso  ancient  liouscs,  tlicro  was 
usually  a  door  at  one  .side,  as  in  most  Inniiit  houses,  and  as  many  of  tho 
Aleuts  jjiactice  oven  now.  'i'lu;  ononnous  yourts,  entered  oidy  by  a  liolc 
in  the  to]»  and  acconmiodatinfr  a  nund)er  of  families,  were  of  more  modern 
invention,  and  are  rarely  found  anion}>:  the  ruined  villages.  From  throwing 
out  ilcbris,  and  tljc  f^ra(hial  accumulation  of  material  in  the  course  of  years, 
th(!  house  1)einj.^  more  or  less  resodded  every  autumn,  tho  outside  embank- 
m(!nt  in  the  course  of  time  ))ecamo  ehnated  from  four  to  six  feet  above  the 
level  i>f  the  iloor.  The  roof  was  formed  of  whales'  ribs  in  default  of  wood, 
covered  with  wisj)s  of  hay  tied  tofjfether  and  laid  on  {frass-mats  across  the 
rafters;  and  all  this  was  turfed  over.  Hence,  when  the  house  was  aljan- 
doned  the  straw  and  mats  decayed,  the  earth  and  finally  the  rafters  fell 
in  (the  latter  ])eing  often  removed  ii.  ,ise  in  some  ncAV  house),  the  rain  and 
storms  diminished  the  angles  of  the  embankment,  and,  finally,  the  only 
evidence  remaining  would  be  a  ronndly  rectangular  pit,  with  steep  sides, 
sonu;what  raised  above  the  surface  of  the  external  soil.  This  might  endure 
for  generations  without  any  practical  alteration,  as  the  stone  walls  within 
would  prevent  caving  in  at  the  sides,  and  the  filling-up  of  the  pit  by  the 
acciunulatio)!  an<l  decay  of  subaerial  d(>posits  would  progress  very  slowly. 
As  the  ancient  Aleuts  built  their  houses  as  close  together  as  possible,  the 
surface  which  is  left  b}-  the  disapjjearance  of  the  structures  above  described 
is  irregularly  pitted  all  over  with  depressions  from  four  to  six  feet  in  depth, 
and  varying  from  ten  feet  square  to  dimensions  of  forty  by  twenty  feet,  or 
even  much  larger.  'J'liere  is  usually,  on  the  highest  point  of  tho  bank  or 
knoll  where  the  village  stood,  a  ])it  much  larger  than  the  others,  which  was 
l>robably  the  workslutp  or  lashiin'  of  the  settlement.  Around  this  we  usiudly 
found  tools  and  implements  more  abundantly  than  about  tlie  smaller  pits 
or  remains  of  houses.  We  also  found  that  the  floors  of  the  pits  hardly 
alVorded  anything  imtil  we  reached  the  strata  of  the  shell-heap  upon  Avhich 
the  houses  had  been  erected ;  while  the  outer  embankment,  containing 
everything  which  had  been  thrown  away,  was  correspoiulingly  rich. 

We  therefore  adopted   two  methods  of   procedure.      When    stormy 


J 


»l 


47 

woatlicr  prcvoiitcd  siirvcyinn'  work,  we  would  muster  six  or  vh^hi  nicii  with 
picks  iiiid  shovels,  eliid  in  stonii-proot'  nililxT-eoats,  hoots,  iiiid  soii'westers, 
and  attack  a  sliell-heap.  I  laviii^;-,  it'  possihh',  th'teeted  the  kashiiii,  one  party 
would  enter  the  pit  which  represonted  it,  and  d\<j!;  away  the  (Muhaidunents 
iVom  the  iusi(h',  having'  iirst  clearcil  uwuy  tiu*  superlicial  covering  <(t  vege- 
tahlo  mold,  ot'ten  a  foot  deep,  and  the  rank  luirhago  upon  it.  This  gave 
them  a  good  "face"  to  work  on,  and  was  the  easier  j)art  of  the*  work.  The 
others  would  start  near  tlu'  edge  of  the  shell-heap,  if  jjossible  taking  a  steep 
bank  bordering  on  the  sea  or  on  sonuf  adjacent  rivulet,  and  run  aditch  into 
the  deposit,  going  down  until  the  jjrimeval  tlay  or  stony  soil  was  reached, 
and  this  was  steadily  pushed,  even  when  (puti;  barren  of  results  in  tlu^  shape 
of  implements,  until  the  (hiy's  work  was  done.  This  latter  gave  us  a  clear 
idea  of  the  formation  and  constitution  of  the  shell-heaps;  enabled  nu^  to 
distinguish  between  the  difl'orent  strata  and  their  contents;  to  make  the 
observations  re])eatedly;  to  fully  confirm  them  by  experience  in  many 
localities;  and  thus  to  1  iv  the  foundation  for  the  nencralizatiims  sutrirested 
in  this  paper.  While  t  lis  work  was  l)arren  in  "liuds"  comj)ared  witli  the 
excavations  in  the  superior  and  more  modern  accumulations,  implements  and 
utensils  were  by  no  means  entirely  wanting,  on  the  contrary,  several  hun- 
dreds were  collected  in  the  period  from  1871  to  1H74,  though  I  do  not  doubt 
tiiat  we  moved  half  a  ton  of  dchrls  for  every  specimen  found.  Thirty 
specinu'us  from  all  souices  wo  considt^red  a  good  day's  work,  though  wo 
fre([uently  obtained  a  larger  munber  and  often  fewer.  Wo  excavated  in  this 
manner  in  Attn,  Amchitka,  Adakh,  Atka,  many  h)ta'iities  in  Unalashka, 
Amaknak  Ishnul,  and  the  Slu'uiaL'iiis,  and  made  casual  examinations  or  slij-ht 
excavations  in  mimerous  other  localities. 

In  order  to  give  a  clearer  idea  of  the  arrangements  of  the  village-sites, 
I  subjoin  a  sketch,  not  representing  with  exactness  any  special  site,  but 
not  dissimilar  to  one  examined  at  Constantino  Harbor,  Amchitka.  Th- . 
represents  the  outlines  of  the  hou.ses  as  more  distinct  than  they  are  in  rea'.ry. 
I'ho  village  had  been  built  at  the  to])  of  a  steej)  bank,  ove;l.H„vingthe  broad 
sandy  beach  of  the  harl^or,  and  a  small  stream  divided  the  base  of  the  bank 
from  a  marsh  to  the  north  of  it. 

The  absence  of  any  differentiation  into  stone,  iron,  and  Ijronze  ages  in 


•48 


i  I 


■fc  uii  -e>  s9^   •*  ii^ 
»".  Jit;,  jau.^ 


Siitih  (if  i-illiii/c-niU:. 
K,  kit)  Iiitii,     il,  b(  lull. 


i  I 

n 


flic  nrcIi.Tolofry  of  Anicrica  is  wcU  known,  iis  is  ll.r  fiut  fliiit  tlio  conditions 
of  \\\c  stone  ji^c  iin<l  tlic   most   iulviinccd  cix  iliziition   oxist  siruiiltiMU'ously 

in   tilt'  sociiil   state  of  living''  inliahitaiits  of 
tlio  Nortli  Aincricau  continent  in  diiTerent 
"  ■  '"vfS%,l,,'*'w?^     re^i'ions.    1  Ii-nce  it  folUiws,  in  onr  arclitvoloL''v 
as  well  as  in  our  paloontolo^ry,  that  we  nmst 
'"O -f  ii  i*?')!    '         break  away  from  received  ideas  and  nomon- 
C-^ili~|  ^%'%  dature,  winch  fnlfill  their  pnrijoso  in  accel- 

oratin;,f  the  stndy  of  tlie  successive  epoclis 
in  Europe,  l)nt  whicli,  wlien  applied  to  the 
diiferinj^'  conditions  of  America,  to  a  certain 
extent  at  least,  fetter  and  I'onfuse.  Kven 
in  America,  the  conditions  are  by  no  means 
so  nnilorm  as  to  authorize  a  sinj^h;  system 
of  nomenclature  in  archaology.  For  intel- 
li<^'ent  study  we  nuist  separate  at  least  three  reg'ions,  the  JMississijjpi  A'alley, 
the  I'acilic  Slope,  and  the  Mexican  Keyion,  and  perhaps  to  these  should  be 
added  an  Atlantic  Region,  extendinp^  from  the  Chesajjeake  to  Labrador. 

Tlu!  generalizations  in  this  paper,  however,  cannot  claim  even  so 
extended  a  range  as  might  be  implied  by  one  of  these  regions.  They  refer 
only  to  the  past  conditions  of  life,  as  the  facts  in  evidence  show  to  have 
existed  in  the  Aleutian  Lslands  and  the  immediately  adjacent  shores  of  the 
continent.  It  is  probable  that  the  insulated  condition  and  the  nar-ow  range 
of  subsisteiu'e  within  which  the  ancient  islanders  were  contined  had  nnich 
to  (h)  with  the  sharpness  of  the  contrast  l)etween  the  successive  stages  which 
the  strata  of  the  shell-heaps  reveal. 

From  the  observations  and  c(dlections  about  to  be  enumerated,  it  appears 
to  nie  j)robable  that  the  following  generalizations  arc  well  founded: 

I.  That  the  islands  were  populated  at  a  very  distant  period. 

II.  That  the  ixirulation  entered  the  chain  from  the  eastward. 

III.  That  they  were,  when  they  first  settled  on  the  islands,  in  a.  very 
diflerent  condition  from  that  in  which  they  were  found  by  the  first  civilized 
travel(>rs. 


♦ 


I 


t 


I 


11) 

l\'.  'riiiit  It  is  ])ossilil('  tliiit  llic  liiti  r  iMijiiiliitioii  wjis  j,;irtly  a  (li<tlnct 
wave  of  ciiiiiir.itidii  from  tlic  iir.-t ;  tlial  is,  tlmt  tlio  ciiiij.Tatiou  tliti  iml  t;iKc 
place  <;Ta(lually  and  with  a  steady  i)ro;;ress,  lait  tint  a  later  influx  nia\  !iav(> 
taken  i)laee,  of  people  wlio  (wiiile  related  to  the  lirsleoiiiers )  nia\  have 
liad  some  opportunities  for  de\  elitpnient  in  manners  and  arts  uliile  teni|iora 
lily  resident  on  the  adjacent  (Hjnliaent,  while  at  the  same  time  tlie  iirsfcomers 
had  heeii  developin;^'  uiiihr  dill'erent  and  more  rcNtrietetl  conditions  on  the 
islands. 

V.  'I  hat  the  peojile  \\  ho  llrst  populatid  the  inlands  wen- more  sluiilar 
to  the  lowest  <j;'rades  of  Inmiit  (so-calh-il  liskimo)  tlinn  to  the  Aleuts  o''  the 
historic  period;  and  that  whih'  the  development  of  the  otiier  Immit  went 
on  in  the  direction  in  which  they  fu'st  start.d,  that  of  i!ic  Aleuts  was 
(lilVereiiti;ite(l  and  chanp-ed  by  tlie  limitations  of  their  (  nviroument. 

^'I.  Tiiat  a  {gradual  pro;^ression  from  th'-  low  Innuit  sta;^!'  to  the 
])resent  Aleut  condition,  Avithont  serious  interruption,  !,-  plainly  indicated 
by  tlie  succession  of  the  mateiials  of,  and  uten-ils  in,  the  ^hell-heaps  ot 
the  islands. 

Vn.  That  the  didieulties  liy  which  thi\  were  surnunideil  and  tlm 
necessity  of  coping-  with  natmal  limItatioii>,  hy  whie'li  the  contineutid 
Innnit  were  not  restricted,  led  to  a  moro  rajiid  and  a  ;:reater  intellectual 
development  on  the  part  of  the  Aleuts  in  eertai  .  directions:  and  that  this 
pvogress  is  shown,  among  other  ways,  in  the  "greater  development  of  the 
possibilities  of  their  lanL!iifiu:e,  in  its  more  ))erfect  ^frannnatical  structure, 
and  in  a  nuich  nioi'(^  tliorou;j;h  system  f)f  nun  eration,  as  compared  with 
that  of  the  continental  Innuit. 

VI IT.    That    the    stratilic;ition    of   the    shell-heaps   shows   a  tolerably 

imiform  division  into  ihi'ee  stapes,  characterized  by  the  food  which  formed 

their  staple  of  subsistence  and  by  the  weapons  for  obtaininf;,  and  utensils 

for  preparing  this  food,  as  found  in  the  se])arate  strata;  these  stages  being — 

I.  ^i'he  Littoral  Period,  rei)resented  by  the  lOchinus  J^ayer. 

II.  The  Fishing  Period,  represented  by  the  Fishbone  Layer. 

III.  The  Hunting  Period,  represented  by  the  ^Mammalian  Layer. 

IX.  That  these  strata  correspond  a])proxiinatel}'  to  actual  stages  in 
the  development    of  the   population  which    fonned    them;    .so    that    their 


.)() 


toiitciits 
coiiditidii 
being  (l<j 


^^^i'^* 


limy  ;i|.|)niiiiiiitcly,  williiii  limits,  lie  tiikcu  iis  iiKliciitivc  of  llic 
of  ihiit  |)0|iiil!ition  lit  till-  fillies  when  llif  resiicctivo  htriitii  were 
)o>iti(l. 

To  iniikc  clciir  llic  .siicccssidii 

of  flic  sfnitii  ill  the  sli(.'ll-licii]is,  I 

siilijoiii  ;iii  iilcjil  section  of  one  of 

lliciii,  Avitli  one  of  the  liouse-pits 

ms^-^^vKsrr.-: ^r:ffiP^^7c^^^^^-^ ■,  "'' "^  suhsctinent  villii}>o  sm-nionnt- 

Sectlono/Milop.  '"-     '^''    ^^'^    ''*';''*'""    ^l'«'^vin-    tll(^ 

A.  ()iii;imiiii.itci|,uii.  stone-walls  of  the  hitter  still    in 

II.    ICrliirillH  l;ivt  I.  1111  •  i' 

c.  ri«iiiinn.i.i,Mi.  iiliicc    henciitli    tlie    covenii"^-    ol 

II.  Mi.iiiiiiMliiiu  liiMT.  ,  ,  ,  ,  1     I  -;     ■ 

j;.  Muiliiii.l,.|,uMllsnficl  v.jjoliililiMiKil.l,  M.'getiUJlO  lUOlU  UllU  W  UflS, 


A.— TIIK  LITTOKAI.  PKiaoi). 

In  mn.st  of  oiir  excinations,  especinlly  in  Attn,  Anichitka,  and  Adakh, 
wo  found  the  lii>.t  stratnin  of  the  sliell-lieaiis,  aliovc  the  primeval  soil  or 
liardpan,  to  be  composed  almost  exclusively  of  the  broken  test  and  spine.s 
of  Krhhnis  {Slronfiyhnviitiotn.s)  J)r(jba(hicu.^is,  (Miill.)  Agassiz,  recently 
described  by  E.  Terrier  under  the  name  of  Lojcchiiiiis  riolarcits.  This 
is  at  present  the  coninion  and  only  sjiecies  of  the  family  foinid  livino- 
in  the  Aleutians.  With  it  were  found  sparin^ily  the  shells  (»f  the  f(!llov>'in<>- 
odilile  mollusks,  all  found  li\  inji;  in  the  adjacent  waters  at  the  present  time: 

Jlfod/ola  riilf/ayis;  Fleming. 

MijIUks  aliilis,  Lin. 

I'liipKia  liiiKi,  ]\Iartyii. 

Purpura  dcccmcoshda,  Wn\. 

I/dorbm  sitlana,  Phil.,  and  vars. 

Tapes  stam'mca,  Conr. 

Sa.ridomus  fifjualidus,  lli^^ih. 

Miicnma  iia.sufa,  CV.nr. 

Arnura  patina  iind  A.  pclla,  llfivh. 

The  list  is  given  in  the  order  of  the  frc(|ncncy  of  their  occiu-rence,  but 
they  do  nut  form  altogether  more  thixn  one-tenth  of  one  per  centum  of  the 


i 


n 


) 


I 


sfnitiiui.  I'xiiics  dl'  nil  vcrfi'lit'ilfrs,  cNccpt  vcix'  ViircU'  tluwr  ol'  Hsli,  si'tiiifil 
tot;illy  iilisciit  ill  this  >triitiiiii. 

Sliclls  \vt  re  nut  siilliciciitly  :i1iiiii<liiiil  to  iiiixlilv  tlit-  ii|i|M;ir,iiirr  nl'  llir 
l.iycr,  wliicli  \v;ts  tot.'illy  iVcf  IVdiii  ;iii\-  iiiliiiixliiri'  ol  c'litli  or  lAiniiiroiis 
iiiiittci',  iiiiil  |ir(sciitc(l  tile  ;is|ic(t,  until  rIo>cl\'  fxiiniiiicil,  of  line,  ixiic,  nni- 

iorin,  ^rr(ni>li-\vliit('  siiml.      'I'liis  lied  viiiicd  in  tliirkncss  IV a  tot;il  of  two 

i'l'ct  to  tlinc  I'i'ct  ill  ii  \crlic;il  iliicriion.  'I'lic  (ir|)o>il  cnIiikIciI  cvcin  w  iiiro 
uiulcfiu'atli  tlic  slicll-liciips,  cdvcfin^i'  <'">  iH'cii  of  tliicc  ncrcs  iiml  m  li.ill'  iit 
Attn,  iiliont  i'oiir  jukI  tlirci'-'|iiiiftcis  iicns  nt  one  of  liic  Amcliitlvii  vil- 
lajiX's,  and  at  Adakli  lialf  an  acre  or  more,  liy  iiicasiirfiiicnl.  'rraccs  of  it 
n-cfc  found  in  all  the  .sliclldica|i>  ixaniincd,  tlioiijili  its  dcplli  and  cxtt'iit 
•wvvv   less   fully  dctcnniiicd  at   oilni-   puiiits   tliaii   lliosc  ahoNc  niciitioiicd. 

Till'  (•(•liiniis,  tlioii;;li  posscssin^i'  no  «'(lilil(;  tissues  of  its  ou  ii,  is  fiirnislied 
uitli  oxarics  on  the  inner  side  ol  the  dome  of  the  lest,  radiatin;^'  from  the 
ccntef.  These,  when  in  full  condition,  whit  h  occurs  in  some  individuals  nt 
all  seasons  of  the  year,  olfer  two  or  tliiv<'  talilespooiifiils  of  reallv  palafaMe 
liiinuto  i"^'^!^,  tasting'  liUc  an  oyster,  and  of  a  liri^iht-vellow  color,  it  woidd 
V('(|iiire  forty  or  iifty  adnlt  iiidividii.-ds  to  all'ord  a  n'(Mid  meal  for  a  man. 
Thev  are  eaten  to  this  dav  in  a  raw  state  liv  the  Aleuts.  We  ma\  arrive  at 
some  slifrlit  idea  of  the  leii^'tli  of  tina;  it  must  have  taken  to  have  formed 
such  enormous  deposits  of  this  materiiil,  hv  a  simple  calculation.  It  is  not 
at  all  lik(dy  that  a,  ('niiniuiiiity  of  iiati\cs  could  constantly  ohtaiii  a  sullici  nt 
siiiPith'  of  this  kind  of  food  at  an\  one  localit\'  for  aiiv  <!Teat  leimtli  of  time 
continuously.  It  is  probalde  that  they  mi^irated  from  place  to  place  wiliiiii 
a  certain  area,  suhsistin*;'  at  one  place  until  the  sii|i])l\-  hecanu!  short,  and 
then  ji'oin;^'  to  another,  and  so  on  until  the  original  locality  had  become 
re.stocked,  which  mii;ht  readily  occur,  such  is  the  abundance  of  this  animal, 
ill  two  or  three  month.s.  Jt  is  also  probable  that  at  .some  seasons  other  kinds 
of  Ibod  nii;^lit  lie  resorted  to,  such  as  birds'  CfTfi's  in  tlu^  s])riiif>-,  etc.  Wo 
may  siipjiose  that  one  locality  mifilit  siip])ly  them  with  ecliini  for  three 
months  of  the  year,  at  ditl'erent  jieriods  (biriiij^'  the  year.  It  is  probable, 
also,  that  at  that  time,  with  the  limited  amount  of  food  to  lie  obtained,  the 
eommunities  would  be  small,  probably  not  exceediiif^  twenty  persons  each 
on  the  averatre. 


52 


1 1 1  P 


Upon  llici-o  tlicnrctical  considoratioiis  as  a  basis,  w(!  may  i)roceed  to 
mako  a  calculation.-*  Takinfr  tiic  least  tliickncss  of  tlio  Ijcds  at  two  feet, 
Aviiicli  I  consider  a,  fair  averai^c;  lur  the  ordinary  shell-heaps,  the  amount 
r((piired  to  cover  an  acre  two  feet  deep  wnuld  he  S7,r20  cubic  feet,  usinj^- 
the  I  Iiuted  Hhites  statute  acre  (—  43,5G0  square  feet)  as  a  basi:3.  Admitting 
that  each  person  consumed  one  hundred  echini  ])er  day,  a  community  of 
twenly  persons  woidd  consume  two  thousand  per  day,  or,  in  three  months, 
J.s.l,()0()  echini,  llavin-,^  taken  an  echinus  of  the  largest  size,  dried,  and 
reduced  it  to  coarse  grains,  such  as  those  of  the  layer  in  qtiestion,  I  lind 
that  it  occupies  a  cnliical  cajjacity  of  one  and  three-cpiartcrs  cubic  inches, 
'i'i")  specimen  was  umisually  large,  not  one  in  fifty,  as  seen  oil  the  shores, 
attainiug  its  size.  Furthermore,  it  was  not  practicahlo  for  me,  without 
reducing  it  to  dust,  to  uiake  the  dry  fragments  as  compact  as  they  are  in  the 
Mchinus  layer;  so,  if  tliere  be  any  error  in  ihis  part  of  the  calculation,  it 
will  ))<"  on  the  sith'  of  jirmleiice.  At  this  rate,  it  would  take  988  echini  to 
make  one  cubic  foot  of  the  layer,  and  for  the  sake  of  convenience,  it  not 
being  likely  that  an  estimate  of  1,000  to  the  cubic  foot  will  bo  excessive,  1 
shall  adopt  that  nund)er.  Tins  would  give  over  eighty-seven  millions  of 
echini  to  a  siratum  two  feet  deep  and  covering  an  aero.  Under  the  circum- 
stances previously  assumed,  this  would  be  formed  by  a  connnunity  of  twenty 
persons  visiting  one  locality  for  three  months  in  each  year  and  eating  ono 
hundred  echini  ibur  inches  in  diameter  per  diem  per  bead  in  a  little  more 
than  four  hundred  and  seventy-three  years. 

To  form  a  di'posit  like  that  at  Amchitka  mulcr  the  same  circumstances 
would  require  over  twenty-two  hundred  years. 

It  would  matter  i)ractically  little  whether  one  hundred  largo  echini  or 
eight  hundred  of  half  the  diameter  were  eaten,  the  contents,  either  of  nutri- 
ment or  of  solid  material,  in  each  case  being  about  the  same.  The  individuals 
not  containing  ova  are  rarely  found  exce2)t  at  a  depth  of  several  fathoms, 
'iliey  seem  to  enter  tlie  sliallower  Avater  when  gravid  and  to  retire  to  the 
deeper  water  after  discharging  their  eggs.     This  has  probably  some  connec- 

"I  must  ilisavow  any  iiitoiition  of  iiroviiip  nnythiiift  absolutely  by  tliis  calciilnlion.  It  h  merely 
iiitoiKlctl  to  jjivo  a  cl.'aivi'  idea  than  coiiUl  ollicrwisi'  ..o  convcycil  of  the  IciiKt'i  of  tiiuo  wliUli  would  bo 
occiiiiicil  ill  foniiin).j  siii'li  a  (Icpnsil  iiinlor  ('irf?mii:  i,i:  '  i  not  in  tliemst'lvca  iinpi'obabli-,  ami  which  may 
not  niati'iiall.v  (lillVr  from  thosr  undor  which  the  pariRiilar  di'iRisit  iiientionctl  was  actually  foriucd. 


.),) 


lliiii  witli  the  mode  of  icciiiulMtion.     llciiot'  tin.-  tests  of  baiTcii  ("cliiiii  \v<nil(l 
not  loiiii  an  iniportinit  liutdv  in  tin-  iiccniintliitioii  i<{'  drlris.     .hidiiiii^;-  l)y  tlio 
iibinidani'L-  oi"  echini,  as  they  exist  to-da}-,  it   is  nut  |ir<ilialile  tliat  uiovt:  tlian 
twenty  j)eo})le  could  llnd  sust(^nanco  from  tliat  source  at  any  one  place,  not 
at  that  jdace  tor  more  than  a  (juarter  of  a  year,  and  then  only  at  intervals 
The  siiU'dt'the  specimen!  selected  was  i'onr  inches  in  diameter;   the  average 
sizi-  will  not   exceed  two  and   a  half  inches.     Then  birds'  e;^<:;s,  occasional 
stranded  seals   and  whales   (whose   hones  would   be  leit    on  the  beach  and 
iinallv   washed  away  or   destroyed),  youn^-   liirds,  and   the  \arious  edible 
orchidaceous  roots, the  frUillaihtnu^t,  and  that  of  the  AirlittiKiiTnn, — all  these 
would  1)0  consumed  and  h  ine  \w  trace.     The  various  mollusks,  api)arently 
scarce  at  that  period,  would  leave  a  nnuh  smaller  cubical  waste  material  in 
proportion  to  the  nutriment  they  afforded  than  the  ecliini.      Indeed,  of  \\w 
Miid'wla  and  MjjtUux,  hardly  anythinf^  but   the  hoiny  epidermis   I'cmains  in 
these  beds,  and  these  are  the  most  nutritious  and  abundant  mollu^ks  of  the 
re'don.     1  account  for  the  al)S(dute   absence;  of  bones  of  any  kind,  except 
those  of  iish,  from  the  JCchinus  layer,  by  some  superstition   like  that  which 
necessary  economy  lias  forced  upon   tlie  nuiids  of  the  present   Iminit   ol 
Norton  Hound.     These  people,  believinf,^  that  the  jj;iiardian  spirits  of  the 
l)elu<;-a  and  salmon  will  be  an;4ry  if  any  [)artof  their  pits  is  wasted,  carefully 
preserve  all  the  l)ones  in  a  store-house,  and  at  times  take  the  accunmlatiou 
of  years  awav  and  secrete  it  in  some  seciu'e  [)lace  where  the  do^s  and  wild 
animals  canmtt  reach  it.     The  Indians  have  a  similar  notion  on  the  Vidvon. 
It  would  seem  impossible  to  doubt  that  dead  carcasses  at  least  of  some  sea- 
animals  must,  have  been  obtained  and  utilized  for  food  l)ythe  littoral  peoph*, 
and  their  bones  may  have   Ijeen  similarly  treated.     Food  from  all  of  these 
sources  would  have  diminished  the  iiu'rease  in  depth  of  the  Kchimis  layer  in 
proportion  to  the  amount  of  initriment  they  aflbi'ded,  and  the  time  represeiiteil 
by^  it  would  be  thus   increased.     On   tlu;  whole,  1   am  disposed  to  a.ssi;.fn  a 
time  of  not  less  than  one  thousand  years  I'or  the  accumulatimi  of  this  stratum. 
When  wo  retleot  how  Ion;;  the  sav.apes  of  Tierra  del  Fiie;ro,  livin;;-  in  a  very 
similar  climate  and  i)i  a  not  dissimilar  maimer,  have  been  known  to  exist 
V.  ithout  any  perceptible  change  in  their  mode  of  life,  litis  does  not  seem  an 
excessive!  estimate.     That  these  savages  were  anthropophagi  I  do  not  doubt, 
though  there  are  no  eviileiices  ol' it  in  the  sheiidnaps. 


:>i 


Mi 


\t 


h  ■* 


No  liiiiiiati  rciiiiiiiis  distiiictK'  rctc^'iiblc  fn  tliis  pcvitxl  have  bcrii  (lis- 
(■((\(  red  ii\-  us.  'I'licir  iinxlc  ot'  (lis|i()sin;i'  ni'  their  deail  reinains  in  ilmil)!. 
It  is  init  iiiiiiii>.-il)lc  that  tlii'v  cxpdscd  them  <iii  the  suii'ace.  Tlieii-  Ikiuscs, 
if  llicN-  hail  aii\-,  must  haM'  hccii  tcui]((irar_\'  structures  of  (h-ii't-wood,  straw, 
and  n.'.ts;  lit  all  events,  they  have  utterly  disappeared  and  lei't  no  si<^-n. 
'I'he  iittoi:il  seltli  nieiits  appear  to  li.ive  almost  al\v;iys  lieen  situated  upon 
seme  I)anl<  or  hillock  near  the  ht'aeh,  1)Ut  heyond  the  reach  of  storms  or 
tile  hijihest  tides,  d'lure  are  no  evidences  oi'  any  changes  of  the  level  of  the 
land  since  the  stiaiiun  was  fornieil.  1  Ik-  westeiMi  islands,  Avhcrc  it  is  most 
>tron;il\'  laarked.,  are  nietamoi-phic.  not  volcanic  or  eruptive  like  many  of 
the  nioi'.-  eastern  islands. 

We  find  in  the  Mcdiinus  layer  no  evidences  of  lire  in  the  shape  of  char- 
coal (one  of  the  most  indestructihle  of  suhstiiiiccs  when  burled);  and  wo 
kiiow  that  the  Aleuts  of  the  historic  period  were  accu.stomed  to  eat  lish 
and  most  ot'  their  other  Ibod  I'aw.  Indeed,  such  is,  and  probaldy  always  has 
lieeii,  the  scarcity  of  drift-wood  on  the  western  islamls  and  its  value  for 
other  |)urpos{  s,  that  little  of  it  has  vwv  been  used  for  makin;^'  lires.  No 
lamps  have  been  Ibund  in  the  Mclunus  layer,  nor  any  baking--stones  or 
hearthstones,  so  we  mav  reasonably  conclude  that  these  ancient  ])eoi>le 
were  not  in  tlie  liabit  of  nsiuLT  lire  for  domestic  purposes,  even  if  they  wen> 
ac(|uainled  with  its  use.  The  cliinati',  thou;^li  inclement  from  a  (Caucasian 
point  of  view,  is  no  more  so  than  that  of  Maficllan  Strait,  where  tlu;  natives 
still  >j.(>  neai-l\-  n.dved.  The  total  absenco  of  awls,  bodkins,  knives,  needles, 
or  buttons,  in  fact  of  anv  bonc!  utensil  whatever  whi(di  mij^ht  be  used  in 
iiiakin;^'  clothes,  and  of  anv  liom^  or  stone  im])lements  I'or  dre.ssin;^'  skins, 
leads  to  the  comdusion  that  these  ]ieo|)le  did  not  weai'  nuudi  (dothiuii';  and 
what  thev  niii:iit  have  worn  was  |iroliabl\-  of  a  xvvy  simple  characti-r,  such 
as  a  rude  mantle  of  skin,  softened  by  rubbiiif;-  between  the  hands  or  with 
an  ordiiiar\  pebble  from  the  beach,  like  that  of  the  Fuefj-ians,  It  is  not 
unlikelv  that  they  minht  have  made  some  coarse  fabi'ic  of  straw  or  ^rass 
wliicli  would  reipiire  no  implements  to  sew,  and  would,  if  cast  oil,  decay 
and  lease  no  ti'ace. 

No  Weapons  ot'  an\'   kind    wei'e   round    in    the  tons  of  this   pul\eri/.ed 
l]chinus->liell    which  we  examined,      'i'here   is   no  evidence   that    thev  were 


ac(jUi\infc(l  with  tlir  use  i.l'  tlic  li;m«l-limc<'  or  spcnr,  tlidiipli  tlicy  iiiny  li;i\o 
liad  slinks  and  wisiixuis  rcsciiililiiii;'  a  "sliiii<>-sli(it ".  lidw  low  in  tlic  stale 
of  liiuiianitv  must  tlicsc  creatures  have  heeu  wlio  wvvc  nrnteut  to  i)ick  up 
■sou-oji-<fs  for  a  hviuj>'! 

It  niav  he  askeih  "What  is  fouml   in    this  layer  to  di^tinniiish  it  from  an 
accuninlated   wash  from   tlH>  sea.'      1    may   answer  as  follows:    It    mn-t   lie 
noted    that   the    Echinus  layer  always  (.ccurs  under   later  deposits   full   nt 
implements,  and  unmistakahly   human   in   their  origin.      It   usually  is  situ- 
ated on  some  small  knoll  or  other  natural  elevation  of  the  ori;;inal  soil,      ii 
extends   usuully  over  a  h'ss  area  than   the  suhseiiueiit   shelMieaps,  and   n 
thickest  where  they  are  thickest,  /.  c,  in   the  most   central   portion  ..f  tin; 
remains  of  the  .settlement.     These  facts  appear  to  prove  conchisisely  that 
no  other  a;xencies  than  those  referred  to  ahove  could   have  heen  coiucrned 
in  the  formation  of  this  layer,  even  if  implements  liad  lii'c  n  entirely  ahsmt. 
Ihit  we  do  fmd  hanimer-stoues,  round  pehhles  fr(un  the  heacli  with  an  in- 
dentation formed  on  either  side  f  >r  the  Ww^vv  and  tlnnnh,  and  hruises  on  tho 
peiiphery,  wheri^  the  ancient  had  cracked   his  sea-(-;i-^s  ami  shell  iisli.     ^\  (! 
lind  heavy  .sea-shells  broken,  evidently   for  extractinj;- 
the  animal;  and  toward  tlie  top  of  the  hiyer  we  he,L;in 
to  lind  net-sinkers  of  very  rmhi  i»atteriis.     These,  how- 
ever, occur  only  near  the  up])erniost  surface,  where  the 
Echinus  layer  joins  the  stratum  which  I  have  termi'd 
the  Fishbone  hiyer. 

And  now  avc;  mark  a  sudden,  sharj),  and  extraordi- 
nar\- change  in  the  v\  hole  character  of  the  >sit.  We 
lia\-e  seen  that  a  peojile  hav<' e.visted  here,  w       h,  so  tar     .^.^^    iii^Tl-'ni.-ii.innmi 

,.         .      ..  •,]       ,,A     kIc.ih'   rniiii    Kiliinim    In.vi  r.   at 

asdiscovervot  vestiges  or  rt'lics  informs  us,  were  witiioui  ,„„„,,„,,„,,  n,,,!,,,,,  Aimhiiua 
houses,  clothing,  lh-e,himps,  ornaments,  Aveapons( unless 
of  the  nio.st  primitive  kind),  implements  of  tlie  chase,  for  fishing,  or  even 
for  cooking  what  they  might  have  found  upon  the  shore.  If  any  of  tliese 
things  were  possessed  by  them,  they  must  have  been  formed  of  such  ru.Io 
,,r   perishalde  material  as   to  have  entirely  passed   away,      it  wonl.l  appear 

Stales  Nali..nal  M.ii-r.iin,  llu'  Mi.nllor  nniiit.cl'  to  my  ..^^  ii  tirl.l-(atal..nii.',  ai»l  llm  liacliulia  U>  tlu.  nlativo 
liiifur  .si.'.tMil'tlic  li;;Mii'  to  tlii'  hin'ciiiuMi. 


5(i 


i  *  !i 


sif; 


tliiit  tlioy  must  have  had  rafts  or  riuh;  canoes  of  some  kind,  hut  no  Irace  of 
them  is  left.  On  tl>e  Avlioh-,  it  is  eminently  probaltle  that  they  were  sunk 
in  tiie  lowest  depths  of  barbarism.  Are  wo  to  ascribe  the  sudden  change 
in  their  food,  and  the  sudden  increase  in  the  kind  and  number  of  imple- 
ments found  in  the  deposit,  to  the  stinndating  example  of  some  genius  who 
had  invented  a  seine,  or  is  it  to  a  new  int'ursiou  of  people  who  had  devel- 
oped in  a  less  restricted  field  the  ingenuity  which  led  to  the  invention  and 
manufacvure  of  new  and  varied  implements?  Probability  would  seem  to 
point  to  the  latter  explanation. 

B.— TlIK  FISHING  PERIOD. 

On  the  uppermost  surface  of  the  Hchinus  layer  are  found  a  few  rude 
net-sinkers,  indicating  that  to  the  primitive  hand-m-ts  or  scoop-nets,  with 
which  the  echinus-eaters  might  have  secured  their  food,  had  been  added 
the  larjicr,  more  elaborate,  and  more  effective  seine. 


Nil.  l:il(17.— liiliU'  iM  t.iiihUir  tVoiii  lioltniii  «t' 
I'lslilioiii'IiiMT,  Aliiakli:ik('uvc,  AlimKuiiK  r.^l^ilicl, 
l'ii;ilii»l]kii,  j  liiu'iir. 


N(i.  IWOI  ( i',i(;)  — lli'iluii   iH't-siiikir.  villuHO- 
Bill',  CliiiikiiU'lslaml,  J  liiirur. 


^Vhile  the  rude  character  of  the  early  sinkers,  and  the  better-formed 
:ind  iiKire  cari'fuUy-fmi.shed  character  of  modern  ones,  would  be  evidence 
of  progress  in  one  direction,  yet  it  nuist  be  noted  that  rude  sinkers  occiu'  in 
all,  even  the  must  modern,  deposits.  Yet  the  fact  that  all  the  more  ancient 
ones  are  rnilel\-  fasliioned,  and  it  is  only  among  the  modern  ones  that 
\\v  find  ;ni\-  alh  nipt  at  tinisli  or  syinmctry,  indicati's  thai  there  was  a 
progression,  even  if  this  was  not  attested  in  tlher  ways. 


It  may  bo  rciiiurlunl  also  that  the  use  «>t'  the  seine  woiihl  tend  tt>  knit 
tlie  interests  of  tlie  connuuiiity  toj-'ether,  as  in<livi(hials  conhl  use  liaiid-nets 
or  gather  eehini,  but  the  united  labor  of  several  would  bi^  reijuired  not  oidy 
to  use,  l)ut  to  make,  the  seine.  Uetter  material  than  the  twisted  {ijrass,  wliieh 
might  serve  for  hand-nets,  woidd  also  be  recjuired  to  m.dve  a  seine  ellicient. 
If  this  were  supplied  by  sinew  or  raw-hide  line,  it  would  recpiire  the  culti- 
vation of  a  new  industry  to  utilizo  the  raw  material.  Tlie  sinew  from 
stranded  whales  was  the  [)rol)able  source  of  sup])ly. 

Whatever  might  have  been  the  cause  of  the  change,  it  is  a  fact  that 
we  find  iuuuediately  surmounting  the  Echinus  layer,  in  all  cases,  a  be<l 
composi'd  of  lish-bones,  intermi.xed  with  nxdluscau  shells,  uiul  rarely  the 
])oues  of  birds.  Traces  of  ICchinus  test  or  spines  may  be  occasionally  seen, 
but  these  and  the  other  materials  mentioned  form  so  snudl  a  ])ro])ortion  of 
the  whole  mass  that  to  casual  inspection  it  presents  the  ajipearance  of  a 
solid  bed  of  lish-bones  compacted  and  forced  together  by  tinu!,  the  tnad  of 
those  ancient  feet,  and  the  weight  of  the  accunndations  above.  Here, 
as  in  the  Echinus  layer,  we  find  a  remarkable  absence  of  earth,  decayed 
vegetable  material,  or  carbonized  wood.  The  bones  are  clean  and  fn^e  from 
detritus.  Had  the  people  built  houses,  at  least  like  those  of  the  modern 
Aleuts,  depressions  in  the  strata  of  iish-bones,  masses  of  earth  from  their 
turfy  walls,  or  stones,  would  somewhere  present  themselves.  There  is 
no  doubt  that  the  lish  were  eaten  raw,  as  that  has  been  the  custom  until 
very  recently  among  the  historic  Aleuts,  and  has  not  entirely  died  out  lo 
this  day.  But  had  tire  been  connnoidy  used,  we  should  anticipate  sonu) 
remains  of  charcoal  in  the  deposits,  or  lamps,  if  lish-oil  had  been  their  fuel. 
These,  however,  have  not  occurred  in  all  our  researches.  It  is  probable 
that  these  people  lived  in  temporary  huts  of  mats  or  skins,  retiring  and 
rising  with  the  sun. 

The  iish-bone.s  comj)osing  the  layer  are  thos(Mif  sjiccies  still  commoidy 
found  in  that  region.  They  are  chielly  the  bones  of  the  head  and  vertebraa 
of  two  kinds  of  salmon  (hoikoh'  of  the  Russians,  and  another,  Salino  sp.), 
and  similar  parts  of  the  cod  {(Smlns  macroccphalus,  Tilesius),  the  halibut 
(IfippoilhtsHus  nilfidiis.'',  (*uvier),  and  several  species  of  herring,  sculpins,  and 
ilouiulers,  which  1  cannol,iit  the  date  of  writing,  specifically  idciitii'y.     'I'he 


58 


i 


Kl 


layer  is  solianl  that  a  l)ar  and  pick-ax  are  required  to  disinteg-rate  it.  'I'lie 
beds  vary  in  tliickness,  being-  in  difi'erent  jdaces  from  one  to  tln-ee  feet  in 
deptli,  and  at  least  two  feet  being-  al)oiit  an  average.  This  layer  is  well 
developed  at  Attn,  Ky.ska,  Ainehitka,  Adakli,  most  plaees  examined  on 
Amaknak  Island,  anTl  in  the  various  shell-heai)s  examined  on  the  ishmd  of 
Uiialashka.  To  this  jjeriod  I  refer  also  the  lowest  stratum  excavated  in  a 
remarkable  cave  situated  on  Amaknak  Island,  Captain's  15ay,  Unala.shka. 
A  short  account  fif  our  excavations  in  this  cave  (which  wo  entirely  cleaned 
out  In  the  seasons  of  187l>  and  187.'i)  has  been  published  in  the  J'r.u'eed- 
ings  of  the  Califoniia  Academy  of  Sciences,  from  which  the  subjoined 
section  and  tfipog-raphical  sketch  have  Ixen  reproduced. 

This  cave  is  situated  under  a  large  isolated  mass  of  i)orphyi-ite,  which 

stands  uj)  like  a  low  tower  on  a  ilat, 
comp  isi'd  of  old  shingle-beaches,  raised 
a  few  feet  above  the  present  sea-k'\el. 
This  fk.t  unites  hig'her  areas  of  Amaknak 
Island  to  the  north  and  south.  The 
Cav(3  liock  stands  close  to  the  beach, 
and  is  probably  a  portion  of  an  old  reef, 
an  obstruction  tow':'cli  is  probably  due 
^    the  ibrmation  of  the  flat.     The  rock  is 


M  ■ 


about  twentv-five  feet    hioli   from    the 


l!.(!iiml  .Imit  of  llic  loc.ility  of  tlir  rnvp,  s1i.>wiiij;llii.     h'Vel  of  tllO  flat  tO  itS  SUmilUt.        ItS    sideS 
low  i»llin;iK4  lii'twcin  the  liiylu'i-  jKirliuiiH  oT  tho  isliiml  •■  i    -i    •  i         •   i 

».,r(iia.Mi«,i,ii,.  are  abrupt,  and  it  is  covered  with  grass 

2:.  iV'ci. 


.-.mm!: 


s»v 


Vtiliciil  Rpi'tionof  tho  Amaknak  Cavp,  flhowing  tlie  rock,  the  lieach  houthwiat  nl"  ii,  aul  (lu'  ll;it  isthniiiH  runniUHin 
iwiitiu'Jist  of  it.  A,  upper  stratum  of  limwii  incM.  must  iiHuhTii  dt  posit.  11,  layer  ol' 8li!ii;;lo  or  boai-h-worn  stom'H.  C, 
Ktratnni  of  "kitilii'ii  ri(fum)",  shclln,  Ac.  (Xliimmaliaii  laj(i).  D,  luwir  stratum  of  orfiaiiic  mold  with  Hki'lotoim  (l''i«h- 
■Jionc  layrr). 

;il)t>v(.\     '^I'lic  urcalcst  Iioiylit  of  the  cavu   inside  is   jierliaps   ten   foot.     Tho 


18!18r)  (<jrr*).— <'lii|i|if(l  HtiiiH  Unili   lii'Mi  lj(.ltini   I'isliluiiii'  lii.viT, 
('iiMMtii|j(!>ii'  M:iil>iir.  AnicI  ilkii  Isliniil   i 


!'::i,-ii  (4-'M.— Sli'iii-  kiliU',  with  liiiuiU'  indientiil  by  iloltiMl  liuc,  ocljjc  ({nmiui, 
u»nl  liolc  ffir  In.sliiiijx  ( Iiipped  tlir<iu^h  ;  Fishliono  layer,  Amiikiiak  Cavo,  Auiak- 
nnk  Islaiiil,  ru]jtniir»  liny,  TTimlitRlikii,  |. 


11 


KfOM  (fJO).— Umli'  tliilispciir  (if  Rin.y  porplijrlto,  nppor  Fisbbone  Inyi'i ,  Cliichugoff  Harbur, 
Attn  Waiiil,  \ 


."ill 


ontvimre  is  not  more  tlinii  four  I'cct  in  Iici^lit  t'roiii  rock  to  rock,  Mini  is  on  tlio 
side  opposite  to  the  beiicli.  It  Avns  ori;^iii;illv  \v;ille(l  up,  iiiiil  tlu'  upper  Itonler 
W!is,  when  lirst  exiuuiued,  only  a  loot  or  two  iihove  the  levi'l  of  the  outsiih' 
Hoik  Wo  eiilarji'cd  it  l)y  cxciivatiny;  to  its  full  dinu'iisious  lor  coMveuitiico 
in  workiii;;'  iuid  to  lij^lit  tlu;  interior.  Disrefi'iU'din;^'  the  order  of  excavation, 
it  may  he  hrielly  stated  that  we  found  the  iloor  ot'  the  cave  to  he  an  irre;^'- 
ular  couca\i'  be(l  of  solt  porphyritic  rock,  coxcied  lirst  hy  a  layer  ol 
orjjfanic  niohl,  two  lei't  iu  tliickiit's^s  in  its  f^'reatest  depth,  aiul  inclesinji'  skel- 
etons and  some  stone  ini|)leineuts.  'I'his  hiAcr  I  refer  to  the  Fishiuy' I'eiiod. 
Abov<!  tills  was  a  kiyer,  six  or  eii^lit  inches  thick,  of  kitchen  refuse,  imiicat- 
ing  that  the  cave  had  been  used  as  a  temporary  cami)in<4-shelter  l)y  <M'ca- 
sional  huntin<j;--parties,  rather  than  as  a  dwelling-placo.  This  la^'cr,  evidi-utly 
of  nuicli  hiter  date,  1  refer  to  tlie  early  part  of  the  Iliiutiuj;-  Period.  Above 
it  was  a  layer  of  beach-worn  shin;.;le,  aj)parently  dei)Osited  by  water,  '["heii 
canui  another  la\'er,  from  IS  to  20  inches  thick,  of  line  or;4anic  mold,  con- 
taininii'  many  implements  and  human  remains,  apparently  referable  to  the 
IK-riod  ixtendinn^^  from  the  later  part  of  the  lluntin;^'  Period  to  the  time 
iunnediately  preceding-  the  (lisct)Vi'ry  of  the  islands  by  civilized  people. 
Proljably  durinj>-  this  later  ])eriod,  while  used  as  a  burial-jdace,  tla;  roof  of 
the  cave  had  received  a  coat  of  red  ochre  or  clayey  ore  of  iron,  and,  pei'- 
liaps  to  avoid  dosecratiou  by  the  Ivussians,  the  (h)or  had  been  walled  up 
with  stones,  iu  which  condition  it  remained  until  a  few  years  befori^  tlut 
time  of  our  investigations.  I'he  details  of  each  layer  will  be  mentioned 
under  the  period  to  Avhich  I  iiave  referred  them.  I  will  only  remark  hero 
that  no  evidences  of  civilized  influence  of  any  kind  wen;  discoverable  in 
any  of  the  articles  found  in  the  cave,  and  it  unquestionably  in  its  latest 
contents  antedates  the  Pussian  occupation  of  the  islamls. 

The  invention  or  introduction  of  the  seine,  judging  by  the  remains 
found,  worked  a  revolution  in  the  economy  of  these  savages.  Pish,  wiien 
raw,  is  a  substance  which  cannot  be  conveniently  dismembered  Ijy  teeth 
and  nails  The  use  of  sharp  chips  of  stone  as  knives,  doubtless  of  great 
antiquity,  was  soon  superseded  by  the'  introduction  of  miu'h  more  artistic 
iniploments  of  rhond)oid  or  semi-lunar  form.  These  at  first  had  merely  the 
edges  ground  instead  of  chii)i)ed;   but  later  the  entire  sui'face  was  ground 


m 

siiHKilli,  iiiid  sniiictimcs  liolcs  were  deftly  loriiicd  liv  cliippliiir,  in  order  tliat 
llie  hisliiii^'  ol'tlie  knife,  to  ii  wooden  liinidle  like  tiiat  of  ii  lunier's  or  clio))- 
|.in;;-  knife,  ini;4lit  Ite  niiule  more  secnre. 

'J'iie  linest-<^roMnd  knive.s  of  the  niu.st  iirtistic  .sliiijics  do  not,  however, 
appciU'  in  this  sfrjituni,  l)iitiibovo  it. 

'VUa  iirsf  iii(h'  and  rouf-li  lance-heads,  snch  as  nii^ht  be  useful  in  secin-- 
in;4  sidiuoii  in  shallow  water,  now  I)e<iin  to  ajjpear;  and  toward  the  upper 
suriaco  of  the  lish-hone  layer,  l)on(!  implements  hej^in  to  ])v.  introduced. 
This  applitation  of  an  easily-obtained  snbstanco,  namely,  the  bone  and 
ivory  oi'  the  sea-animals,  which  then  ircfpientcd  these  shores  in  the  greatest 
abinidaiice,  seems  to  have  stinndated  the  abori;,niial  mind  nuich  as  in  later 
days  the  invention  of  th(4irintinj;--[)ress  and  telcf^-raph  have  afl'ected  modern 
races.  The  first  forms  were  notably  rnde  and  roii^hl}- .shaped,  as  the  stone 
tools  with  which  they  were  made  nnist  liave  been  of  the  most  ))rimitive 
charactei',  and  the  art  was  a  new  one.  Still  the.se  rude  objects  havt;  their 
countei'parts,  of  more  artistic  shape  and  smoother  and  more  delicate  iinisli, 
in  the  weapons  of  the  continental   liimiit  of  to-duy. 

As  may  be  seen  )>y  Ii;;-.  i;{, ()()(),  at  the  termination  of  the  Fishin;^- 
IVriod,  the  mamd'acture  had  already  much  ])rogres,sed  be\-ond  the  rude 
forms  li<ii,i'ed  with  it;  though  this  is  indicated  rather  by  the  sharpness  of 
the  fini.sh  than  by  tlu^  shajjc.  'I'lie  latter  is  variable  for  different  uses, 
thouj-h  the  form  l.'5,0()()  does  not  appear  in  the  stratum  nntil  lon^'  after  the 
others. 

When  the  skin-canoe  first  came  into  use,  or  how  the  present  indis- 
pensable and  artistic  hUlarha  waa  gradually  elaborated  from  the  first  cnule 
conception  of  a  Ijoat,  we  have  no  means  of  knowinf,'',  as  the  materials  of 
which  the  earlier  canoes  nuist  have  been  composed  are  liable  to  decay. 
It  is  not  improbal)le,  however,  that  this  improvement  was  coeval  with  the 
Fishing-  Period.  The  canoes  of  this  epoch,  however,  were  probably  less 
highly  ornamented  and  less  i)erfect  than  those  of  the  Hunting-  Period,  as 
we  find  none  of  the  little  ivory  paddle-rests  and  other  ornaments  which  are 
now  in  use,  and  which  are  not  uncommon  in  the  Mammalian  layer. 

Hut,  with  the  invention  of  the  hand-lance  of  stone  and  the  application 
ol  bone  to  the  same  use,  a  multitude  of  new  wants  and  appliances  sprang^ 


.^iJ 


I.niill  (1-j.ii  -  Wic.li    .^1 liiiiiil-himc  limiil 

I'liiin  iippn-  1'ii.IiIh.ii.  lii\.i,  Clilrlm^iia  H:ir- 
iMir.  Adii  Ixlanil,  |. 


V^'*- 


^^'    >^ 


l:llil)ll  {l:|-JI.— IImIji'  I.iim.I  .liill  li.ati,  Inwrcl  Mallilli:! 
liilli  Iu.\.  I,  .\Minl.iii(k  l'H\c,  Auiiil.  ik  U\M\<\.  ('ji|ilaili> 
Uliy,  I'lilllaHlika,  ). 


(Mi;).— Jiiiric  iMiji'c'bead,  upper  Fialibunr  lajcr,  8lit!lMii'a|m,  Uualaaliki 
Ji.laud,  ). 


laiWI  ( I3:i)  — r.oii(>  hand  rliirt  licail,  iipi'iir 

FIhIiI I;i,vi'i',  Aiiiiikiink  ricvc.  Ainnkiialc 

Island,  (':ipl;iin's  ll;iv,  I'ljnliiwlika,  1 . 


I:  i 


i  ■■ 


|- 


i 


:ii  r 


ut 


into  liclii;^.  'I'Ik'  sjn.ii:!'  iiiiiid  \v;is  invMkciM'il  and  stiimil;il((l  l>y  iniiny  new 
!)|)|iliciitl<tns  I'nr  llicir  rmlr  \V('ii|iniis  or  I'nr  tin-  rt'siilts  i>\'  tlu'  liiisc  I  iillkr 
siilisistiii;;'  nii  ccliiiii,  wliicli  ciiniiof  lie  kept  lur  i'lifin'i'  use,  Imi  niii-t  lie  r;itiii 
the  (lily  tlifV  Jirc  scfurcil.  flic  |nissiliility  of  liiyiii;^'  up  :i  store  ot'  ilr\  li>li 
would  ("iiso  tlic  fi'niiwiujz's  ot'  ncci'ssity,  ^nvc  time  lor  luccliiniiijd  work  nml 
iuvciition,  Mud  would  ol'icu  preserve  life,  wliicli  uuist,  under  similin-  e\i;^t'U- 
cies  in  the  precedlii;^'  epocli,  liavc  lieen  lost  liy  I'iuuiue  or  siU'rilieed  to 
avert  tlw  starvation  ol'otlier  individuals.  A  store  oi'  pi-ovisions  iie<'essilales 
a  store-liouse,  a  jirotcction  a;^'ainst  the  ravens  and  the  weather.  Here  we 
liave  the  iirst  intimations  of  that  cnt'orccd  prof;Tt's.s  wliieh  is  the  result  of 
l)rei-e<lin;j:  pro;^ress,  and  which,  in  the  present  instance,  may  have  been  the 
compelling'  cause  which  fmally  led  to  the  construction  of  permanent  winter- 
(hvellinj^'sand  villages.  Ihit  the  alisenceof  means  for  li;,ditin;4'su<'li  (hvelllujis, 
drift-wood  beln;,' too  valuahle  and  scarce  to  use  tor  iires,  and  lamps  not  liein^^ 
invented,  would  retard  the  savai^i'es'  pro;;'ress  in  that  dircH-tion.  The  holdest 
of  them  would  hesitate  to  innnure  himself  in  unnecessary  darkness,  which 
luH  animism  would  not  have  failed  t(»  peoph^  with  innumerahle  evil  or  mis- 
chievous spirits.  At  that  time,  and  before  the  hluhlter  of  the  .sea-animals 
was  utilized  for  oil,  it  would  doubtless  liavi' seemed  tlio  extremest  extra va- 
fi'ance  to  devote  to  burnin<r,  tlus  (ish-oil  which  was  their  p-eatest  luxury. 

Tho  rigiit  of  the  strong-est  l)ein<,f  then  in  all  probability  tlui  oidy  law, 
and  their  stores  beiu^^  a  coveted  prize,  the  necessity  of  watchfulness  and 
self-defense  or  ready  escape  woidd  tend  to  determine  the  sava^^c  a-iainst 
IHitting  himself  in  an  underjiTound  house,  where  he  mi^ht  be  killed 
"like  a  rat  in  a  hole"  without  hope  of  defense  or  escape,  or  in  which  he 
mi<^ht  sleep  midisturbed  while  his  hard-earned  stores — necessarily  kept  for 
dryness  above  ground — were  carried  off  by  a  thief  in  the  night.  Add  to  this 
the  probability  that  it  was  only  about  this  time  tl-.at  tln^  opportunities  for 
subsistence  would  have  rendered  it  possible  to  congregate  large  connnunities 
in  one  locality  for  mutual  protectitm,  a  work  of  time,  slowly-growing  conli- 
dence,  and  mutual  trust,  and  it  may  readily  l)e  seen  that  tho  fi.shennen  were 
only  approaching  the  social  state  which  made  fixed  \illages  possible.  At 
the  same  time,  the  increasing  moans  of-siibsistence  with  the  iniprov(!d  methods 
of  capture  would  obviate  the  cruel  necessity  of  cannibalism,  if  it  had  pre- 


^>2 


!    h\ 


TM 


n 


'fi 


vIom.In  ..Nist..,|,  an.i  i,,  ,1;,.  ,.,.a,s,.|.-ss  .stni--l..  I.y  wliirli  the  i,.,rtli,.n.  l,,nlKU-i:..> 
wn-sts  his  >.i>f..imnr,.  Irniii  ;,  i,io.r;,:i!ly  .inir.-imici.t,;.  Mir|ilii>  >tuiv  nt  tun,] 
^^.Mll.|    -i\<.    I,i,„    ^u,^^   mi,. I    tlin,    a    Ixvailiiiiir   sp.-ll.      This  wmiM    ivn.l.r    it 

I"'^"'''''-  '"'■  ■ ''^'-I'-iml  inv.ntiv..  ..r  a  >lh.tic  i.l,  a  f.  -vnninatc  and  -i,,w. 

TIk-  sharp  hue  ol  ih'liiiitlnii  1mI\m.,.ii  tlic  lahimis  lay- r  nui\  the  |-"i<h- 
liniir  iay.T.  which  Mi-i/csicd  all  iiiMii>iuii  (,r  lishcniicii  upon  the  chino- 
plm-i.  Is  lint  paiaHrhd  in  thr  Hn-  hctw.cn  this  and  ihr  .M;iinn,;dlaii  stniliini. 
The  (li-,lin(tinii  is  readily  iiiiirkcd  in  an  artiiul  section  ot'  ii  shell-heap.  Imt 
''"■    'M'!"''""'     I'oi-ti'in    or'    tile    l''i>nlion.'    hr-d    contains    s.  me    niainninlian 

'' •S'liid  the  .Mainniallan  hed  tlironelioiit,  l.iit  piirticiiliirlv  at  it  ~  hjise,  <-on- 

lains  a   lair  pioporii ,f  llsh-hoiics.      In  fact,  the  chiinjr,.  is  what  wv  ini;.ht 

cNpe.t  in  liie  prue-ress  ot'  a  race  stiumlaled  hy  new  invention  or  application 
oi'  means  which  pla.cd  new.  valiial/h',  i.nd  ea-crly-accepted  powers  within 
their  reach. 

I  n'^I.e  ih.'  previous  strainni,  the  ilmitati.ms  ,,i'  population  and  con- 
■""'M"i-"''  "f  'l''>nand  an.l  Mippiy.  are  s..  va-u..  ih.at  even  the  most  lax 
li\l.ot]iesis  will  not  permit  us  to  attempt  any  cempntatioii  of  the  len-lii  ,,f 
time  which  it  mi.d.t  tahe  to  form  a  lay.r  like  the  Fishl.oiie  layer.  I  )„  lievc 
it  to  have  l.een  nearly  as  loiin.  as  the  time  re(piire.l  i;,r  the  Kchiniis  i.iver, 
bul  this  is  onl\-  an  a->iniiption. 

'I'll''  .'arliest  remains  of  man  f.mn,l  in  .\laska  nji  to  rhe  dato  oi'  wntin;,'- 
1  refer  to  till,  epoch.  'I'he.e  are  some  crania  found  by  .is  in  the  lowvniiost 
1)1111  »{■  the  ,\maknak  Cave,  and  u  eraiiiiim  id)taiiied  at  Adaldi  near  the 
aiichorau-e  in  the  !ia\- oi' Islands. 

'1  liese  were  de]iosiied  in  a  ivmarkahle  manlier,  precisely  similar  to  that 
adopted  and  still  practiced  liy  most  of  the  continental  Inmiit,  l)iit  efiually 
dilfereiit  from  the  modern  .\leiit  I'asliioii. 

At  the  Amaknak  ("ave  w(>  found  what  at  first  appeared  to  be  a  wooden 
inclosure,  but  which  proved  to  be  made  of  the  very  niiieli  decayed  snpra- 
iiiaxillary  bones  oi'  some  larue  cetacean.  Tliese  wt-re  arranized  so  as  to 
lorm  a  rude  rectaii;4ular  inclosure  covered  over  with  similar  pieces  of  Ixme. 
'I  his  was  soiiu'whai  less  than  four  i'-et  loii.i;-,  two  wide,  and  eiylmeii  inches 
deep,      'i'he   bottom   was   t'onm  d  of  Hat   pieces  of  stone.     Three  such  were 


I 


m 

1(11111(1  cldsc  ti<;:i'tlu  r.  (ovt  n  <1  wiili  ami  lllh d  Iiv  ;iii  Mccuimil.cioii  nt  liiu' 
vc'j;'ctiil)lc  and  or^aiiif  iiinld.  In  i  ac  h  \\a>  tin-  riiii;iiii>  ot  a  >k(  litnn  in  ilu- 
last  >tii;:«  -  't'(I(ia\.  It  !,ail  cx  iilc  ntl\  Ixiii  ticil  u|'  in  tlic  liinuil  ra>iru'ii  l<» 
LTct  i!  iiild  its  iiariow  Ikhisc;  lnit  all  llic  Imiics,  wiili  tin'  i  \(('|ilit>ii  ul'  ilic 
skull,  well'  r<(liii('(l  to  a  suit  |ia>ti',  t>v  cncii  tiitinlv  ^^muc  At  Ailakli,  a 
I'aiii'N'  |iriiiii|itcil  iiic  In  ili^'  iiiid  a  Miiall  kiiull  near  tlir  am  it  iil  >li(ll  !ica|i; 
aihl  lici'c  \\c  luiiiid,  ill  a  jin-cix-h  similar  ^aic((|iltai;iis,  the  remains  ot  a 
d\(l(  loll,  of  which  also  miU  the  ciauiiiiii  rciaimd  Millicitiil  <iiiisistcm\  to 
admit  oi  jircsi  r\atioii.  'ihis  iiK  InMirc,  hii\\(\cr,  \\as  lillcd  witli  a  dense 
peatv  iii.iss  not  reduced  to  iivdd,  the  roiilt  ot'  centuries  ot'  ^|ilia;^lioUS 
lii'owtli,  \\liicli  had  i(  ached  a  thiid^iiess  of  iiearK  i  ,mi  leet  aiio\c  the  reiiiains. 
When  we  retlect  u|)(tn  the  wcdhkiiow  ii  slnw  mss  of  this  kiml  ot  ;^io\\tli  in 
these  northern  re:;ioiis,  attested  li\'  mniier<uis  Arctic  tia\(lers,  the  aiitii|iiity 
of  the   remains  hecimies   esideiit.      A    lii^iire   nt'  this   (a'aniiim   i>  a|i|ien(l(!(l. 

In  lioth  localities,  the  ske.lls  were  iiimdi  >ot'teiied  and  ii.arilally  deticieiit, 
re([uiriiif»'  the  e-reatol  care  to  jireser\t'  them.  <  )ne  of  the  Aiuakiiak  skulls 
is  now  111  the  eidlectioii  of  the  ( 'alifornia  Acadeiiix'  ol  Sciences,  the  olhern 
ai'c  in  the  !'iiite<l  States  Army  .Medical  .Museum  at  Washington.  JJr. 
Oeorj^c  A.  (Mis,  1'.  S.  A,  curator  of  this  in\ahialile  collection,  wlioso 
ix.searelies  into  this  branch  oi'  ethiioloiiA  are  well  known,  has  kindly  fiir- 
iiished  me  with  the  ineasiiremeiits  (iii;*.de  at  the  iimseiim  under  his  direction) 
of  iiearU'  all  the  crania  collected  liy  iinseli'  or  liv  the  |iarties  under  my 
elii'U'ffe  irom  lsi;."i  to  1S7I  inclusive.  'I'hese  crania  now  I'orm  |iart  of  the 
Army  Medical  Museum,  and  c'im|irise  a  much  lariicr  niimher  of  imdoiilited 
Aleut  crania  than  exist  alto^^cther  in  all  the  other  museums  of  the  world. 
TIk;  table  comprises  ineasiiremeiits  of  crauiu  datinjr  from  lh((  earli(ist  dejiosits 
afVordiii"'  snch  r(iiiains,  as  above,  and  .suecessivelv  lowti  to  those  of  natives 
who  nm.st  liav(i  lieeii  living  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  years  a^n.  l'"or 
the  use  (>f  the  four  lij.>ures  of  Aleut  crania  which  are  liwo  y;iveii,  i  uni  ul»o 
indebted  to  the  liberality  and  courtesy  of  ])r.  i  )tis. 

I  have  made  use  of  some;  measureiiieiits  of  crania,  from  the  iiortiieiii 
part  of  Hcrinf^-  8ea,  examined  hy  the  late  lameiiteil  Jcllrles  Wyiiian,  Init 
which  were  by  accidental  circumstances  (over  which  he  had  no  control) 
erroneously  named  or  taken  to  be  what  they  were  imt.      in  his  pamphlet 


Ji 


I 


04 

(<»!,..  ,,i,  r,-;„ii,.,  llnMoii,  lS(;s,,  liv,-  .nii.ia  arc  .IcscrilM-.l  as  TMiLi.ln, 
^vlli^|,  ,,.v  all  Asiati.-  iM.iniu;  aii^l  ..f  (iv..  in, in  the  '•  Vuk.m  h'ivn-".  ,,m!v  on,' 

;7.j;{(t)    is   ail    Iiniiaii    ciaiaiiiiu  tl ilicrs  l.ci!,-  iv-kini..  trnin  St.  .Mi.lia.-l's, 

^'"■'""  '"^"iii"!-  1  li.ivo  also  use!  111.,  in.aiis  nf  Hi',  l],  I'm-»-.Is's  m.aMin- 
ni<'Mfs..r  .Tauia  of  <;n..-n!an.i  lumiit.  -i^(•)l  ii,  a  pap.!'  (  Kii.i-v  Woitc  JIImt 
'ii<'  Imini;  .hw  Siniil,  Sim.l.s)  n  tli..  Anli.  T.  Aiitlin.iuluoi,.  r,.,-  Is?:,.  [,, 
tins  jiaj.ri-  ,,f  I  )r.  i),.sMls  aiv  als,,  nivcii  lurasiuvincnts  nf  snin,.  (,f  tj,,.  .laiiia 
ubtaiiMwl  i,y  iiic  ill  the  Al.'iiiiaii  l>laii.!s. 

Tin-  inllnuiiiu  |,,1,1,,,  ,„;,y  ,i|,,,u-  soiiir  li-ht  oil  th..  sulijcct  (iiscussc.l  ill 
tlio  s.run.l  ,,a,t  ..f  tj.i,-,  |mi>..r,  uliilc  i,.,ssc,s.siii-  a  -cncral  iiiturost  IV»rtl;e 
(•l'aiii((|o<ri.st: 


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Tlic  iiMiiIa  n|  (  trarlau  tillics  dt' Niirtli\\<>t  Aiiuiica  ami  l.aNtirii  Siluiia, 
when  r(p|ii|iarril  willi  llicisc  III'  ( irtriilaiul.  >liii\\  a  i;1'<mI<1'  riil'ital  iMiiacitv  ; 
ii  licail  III  aliiiiit  llic  .-ainr  ltii;jtli,  liiit  |iriijiiiitiiiiiat(l\  iiiiicli  lnuailri'  in  il-. 
liruailf,-!  |iarl  and  with  a  limaili  r  rmcluail.  'I'lic  -kiill  i>  aKu  |iiii|Miiliiiu 
iitflv  lint  Ml  IiIliIi.  Tlif  ciiriiiial  lid^c,  (t\|)i(altii  a  ciilalii  lAlriil  dI  all 
(>rari,iii  craiiiii,  ami  tViuii  ulilrli  it  ii((iir>  that  tlir  terms  "  innt' sliaiicd  "  ami 
"  sca])li((-ct'|)lialniis "  lia\c  luiii  a|i|iliiil  In  tlinu,  |  wliiili  i>  \{-r\  >triii'L;l\' 
iiKiiki'd  ill  sniiic  (iirciilaml  .-Uiill>.  i>  li~-  a]i|iar(iil  in  the  iiiaiuill  \  ni'  ilic 
Ni'itliwcstiTii  t  >iariaii>,  ami  the  ili  i  n  a>r  in  (raiila!  caiiacitx  iMriiniii;^  riniii 
:i  ilimiiiiitioH  in  this  r  ,rtinilai-  is  madf  ii|i  lur  li\  a  liiuadininj^  ut  llir 
ciaiiiiiin. 

'I'lic  lulliiw  iiiL;-  laldc  slmws  lln'  i'acts  alluded  to.  'I'lir  iiiiinlirr  ut' ciaiiia 
frdiii  tlic  N(irtli\\cst  allnrdiiii;'  llir  imans  iisril  iaii;;('  triuii  .'111  Ik  11',  liciii;^- 
tiiki  II  lioiii  tlic  ]trct'cdiiiM'  t;il»lrs,  and  (•oiiiiiand  wllli  a  siiics  of  niraiis  linni 
!i:i  to  101   (incidaml  skulls  incasmcd  l.\    I  »i-.  I'.osols. 


I..Kulil\. 


I  ;||>.M  il>  I.I  liulli.  llMM'llh 


ni'tiiiiiii  ui 


NcMlll»l«ll' 

liri-cnlaiiil 


iioi  r,ii 

I'j.ii)      1        r. . 


ui  in 

I.',  hi; 


I  :u 
1 1- 


AinoiiL;'  the  iiortliwcstcrn  |ito|ilc,  the  crania  ot  tlic  Alciits  collcctivclw 
coni|iai"cd  wiili  the  Nortln\c^t  American  and  Kast  Siheriaii  Inniiit  crania, 
.show  (lill'L'n'iice.s  pi'ocistdy  similar  to.  hut  less  in  ile;^ree  tli.iii,  Iliisc  which 
hiivo  heeli  poiiitoil  out  iis  distin^^iiishiiii;-  the  uoi'thwesteni  people  iVoui  the 
( Jreeiilaiiders;  the  Aleuts,  as  iiii<;ht  1k'  expected,  shouin^i'  the  ^reiitcr  spccial- 
iziitioii,  while  the  coiitiiicuta!  jieople  tend  more  towiird  tin-  ( Jrei'iilaud  l\pe. 


' ,,                 I    .         .       ■    .  Ilirn.llliiif      ..  .  , 

Ciipacily.        I jjlli.    1    I'.i.  Mill..         ||,„(.,|.     I     ll''i:;lit. 


All'lltK  . 

Liiiiuit. . 


HO'J 

i:)c8 


II' 


I. 'I  IJIl 

lIM         •  III 


III  ul)tfiiiiiiiii'  these  means,  ai.  averaj^c  of"  t went  \ -live  Ah-ut  crania  liav(! 
1)0011  oinph>yod,  and  an  a\cra;^e  of  iifteeii  of  Asiatic  ami  Northwestern 
Aiiioi-icau  Iiiiiiiit. 

I'he  people  ot'  the  ,\leutiaii  Islands  were  fonnerl\  divided  into  two 
piincipul  gfoiips  or   tribos  uocordiny  to  sonu!   authoritii.s   o:i   the  .subject. 


70 

ii;iiinl\  ,  tin-  .\tK:iii>  ;iii(l  (  I'!;i.-lirii  <>r )  I 'iiiilii-likiiii-.  A  ((iiii|i:ii  I^«iii  lMt\\"i'ii 
iilinlll  tln'  -lillir  lllllllliir  III  All  lit  Clillliil,  llnlii  lllc  r;i>t  ilinl  llcilll  tlic  iVf^f, 
hlmws  the-  (lltl'i  irii((  -  I.I  III-  \  (IN  ti  i\  i.ii.  It',  iiiilicil,  tlii\  iiir  I  ml  -I  nil  ;i>  wmild 
ili^;i|i|ii;ir  ciiiiri'ly  willi  the  fXiiiiiiiialii>ii  ot  !;ii';iii'  imiuiIk  is  cit' >|M(iiiiiii-.  nr 
uudur  iiiciisiiiiitinii  liy  il  iliD'crriit  iki'suii. 


t'a|>iiiily. 

1114 
1400 

length. 
1T7 

no 

nnii.llli. 

I.',0 
j             149 

Itri'nillti  (It 
lic.nliil. 

ii:> 

115 

ll<'l;:ht. 

WH 
131 

Wemcrn 

'riic  cniiiia  Mipjiosfd  to  liilnii^i'  Id  tlic  era  ol'  I'islhriiun  lia\c  iint  liccii 
iticliiiliil  aliMNc.  Indccil,  tli(\'  arc  .-«'  iiiijK  rl'ict.  tor  tlii'  nio>i  pail,  lliat  it 
would  ill'  worse  than  ra.slnicss  to  attfiii|it  any  <^ciK'rali/,atioiis  ii|iou  tluni. 
( 'oiiiiiarrd  with  the  twciit\  -two  more  uiodcni  crania  referred  to  the  eporli  of 
Jliiiilc'r.s,  they  staiiil  a.s  I'ollow.s: 


Unprnlty. 

i:iJU 
I4IH 

Li'nutli. 

no 

ItrciiiUli. 

HS 
148 

Ilrciiiltli  or 
friintnl. 

m 

115 

Ih'iKlit. 

VM 
130 

KiMlicriUi'ii .    . 

Ihiiitor* 

A  slij^litly  .suKiller  cajiaritv  iiiiL;lit  have  lieeii  expected  of  the  aiicieiit 
l"'i.slieriiieii,  liiit  it  may  not  lia\i'  existcil,  and,  excejit  tor  the  few  indi\idiifdH 
coiu'ci'iied,  the  .ihosc  coui|)arison  does  not  pro\"e  it.  Tlie  other  ditferciices 
are  of  the  most  trivial  (U'scription. 

Tile  averago  facial  anjile  aiiioii;^'  thu  Aleut.s  ai)peurs  to  have  heeu 
ahont  72''. 

Ill  iliis  connection,  I  may  vc^ntiire  to  remark  that,  while  not  a  [irofessed 
craiiioloi^ist,  I  ha\c  had  the  oppoiliiiilix'  of  e.\aminin<;'  a  ver\'  laru'c  iiumher 
ol  alioilLiiiial  crania,  and  have  become  impressed  with  the  "Teat  raii;^'e  of 
vai'iatioii  which  occurs  in  cases  where  no  li\l)ildity  can  be  rea.sonably 
asserted.  Il  has  appeared  to  me  that  while  certain  features,  hardly  defina- 
ble, are  to  be  reco<4iiized  in  crania  from  a  sinsile  localit\',  ^■et  when  a  coiii- 
pn'lieiisive  si'ries  of  crania  of  any  race  to  the  numlxr  of  several  hundred  are 
examined,  if  the  ]ieo[iIe  be  widcdy  distributed  in  area,  and  subjectiMl  to  vr.ri- 
oiis  conditions  ot'  diet  and  surroundings,  it  will  iii\  ari  (bl\-  be  tbmid  that 
nearly  all  the  ,so-callei|  characteristic  types  of  crania  ma_\  lie  rec"^iii/,ed,  and 


i 


ii 


I 


71 

lli;ii   iVoiii  (Iiil"(  liuci  |i!i;il\    ti'  liiJH  li\  ci'iiliiih   M  >cric>.  nt'  iiiill\  iilii.il  \  ;ii  ijili^ni-* 

»\i'l     111'   rnllllil   rld-ili;;    l||i  ;l|  i|  i;lli  III   Lf;"]'-^.        I     aill     I'ar    11(1111   (Ifmili;;  tllilt    Ih'II- 

rliyc<'|ili;ilic  or  iliilirliiici|ili;ilif  ciiiuiM  iiia\  lie  ImhihI  Im  lie  rliarartfristif  of 
races  ri'stTiftcil  tu  a  liiiiitfil  ai'ca  i>\-  iiiiirniiii  cniiiHtioii-.  Iml  tliat  t'raiiiiilii;;\ , 
aii\  iiii>rc'  tliaii  i"ilii;j\,  i-^  an  t\ail  .scicnci',  sr(iM>  \il  t"  Ix-  |iiii\((|  Tliat 
a  iMci'  can    lie    iijintiticil    li\   cranial    cliaractcii-iic-.  lli4iii:;li   i>\\ri\   a>>imictl, 

lias  niNcr  Itccii  satistactiiiiK   (■>talili>liiil.  ami  llir  piaclii I   cliaiactcii/iii;^ 

a  |Miiji|i'  tiiiiii  ilic  cNaiuinatii'ii  nt  liall  a  ilu/rii  >KiilU,  a--  lias  occasiniiaiU' 
licrii  ijiinf,  xciiis  liiilc  ^limt  (if  ali-iinlil  \ .  I  caniM"!  retrain  tVniii  -nMn,.^!- 
Iiiu'  tiiat  niiicli  III'  till'  a|i|iai'<'ni  cmit'ii- imi  in  ('citaiii  ilc|iarliiii'nt'>  ul  Aiiiniraii 
ar<'liaiiliijiy  ]■>  likrl\  In  lir  cleared  ii|i  w  lien  its  In  11  nieaMire  i>  a  I  In  wed  in  i  lie 
t'aclKi-  ol'  iiidisidiial  \ariatii>ii.  Wlieii  siicli  eMnnies  in  ditl'er<iice  .if  forin, 
I'nr  instance,  as  lli:t"""and  Kl.")""",  w  illi  re>|iecti\  ■■  lucaililis  nf  I.;?"""  and 
111""",  are  nil  record  anioim  l]-kiinu  crania,  and  li\  no  means  \er\  e\ce|t- 
tional,  a  little  liesitatioii  in  acce|itiiin  world  wide  theories,  liased  o:i  a  lew 
narrow  or  Inoad  >kiills  of  a  ;^i\cii  peojile,  seems  not  iinreasonaMe. 


i> 


C— 'I'lIK   lirNriNd    I'KK'KH), 

Willi  tlie  aliility  to  kill,  1)\'  meansof  lioiie  \\ea|>on^,  and  aiiled  li\  somo 
kind  of  sjdii  canoes,  not  oiilv  tisli  iroin  the  shores,  Init  sea-animals,  and 
e\cii  hird.--,  inan\  new  instruments  were  "eiiiiired.  .Manx  new  wants  and 
aijplications  ot'  material  sjii-an;^-  into  heiiiu-.  do  utilize  the  results  ol'  tin- 
cliase,  man\'  new  coiitri\aiices  were  necessarx.  With  this  e\|iaiisioii  in 
their  ])oxvers,  and  this  cliaiiLi'e  in  the  lialiits  of  the  aliori;^ines,  the  stratum 
xvhich  1  have  tei-ined  the  .Mammalian  laxci'  lieiian  to  he  deposited.  'I'lii.s 
was  omlnenth'  .'in  e|ioch  of  hunters. 

7'lie  Mammalian  hi\  er  has  heeii  reco;4nized  wheri'Scr  we  lia\e  mad(! 
excavations.  It  attains  a  \aried  tlii('l<lie.''is  in  dillennl  localities,  due  to 
dilTerciu'es  in  |)opiiLiti(Hi  and  abuiidanco  or  scarcit\'  of  the  animals  Ininteil. 
^lanv  rofiiso  or  kitchen  heaps  were  eiitinh-  di'posited  diii'iiiL;'  this  ejioidi. 
It  is  evident  that  the  population,  whose  inci'ease  had  lieLiim  dniiiiLi'  the  last 
period,  now  that  the  means  of  sustenance  wei'e  so  a'r<';itl\'  enlarged,  mi^i'lit 
expand   until   the  food  snp|ily  and  consumption  were  a^^ain    in  eipiillliiinm. 


^Mii^^i 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


'"         1 40 


1.4 


|25 

IIM 

1.6 


^S 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER.  NY    I4S80 

(716j  872-4S03 


4. 


%^^ 

^v 


\ 


\ 


% 


.V 


<>. 


v^^ 


^ 


6^ 


r>  - 


<>^<^*' 


I? 


k 


\n 


i 


k 


72 


! 


Tliat   it  <li(l  iiiriyjisi!  \cry  I;ir;>»'ly,  tlicrt'  is  Imrdly  jiiiy  inoin   tn.loulit.     'I'm 
«li<)W  this,  the  increased  iiiiiniier  uf  sliell-liefi|is  di"  this  period  i:   siiirieieiit. 

Thi-y  extend  nver  idl  the  islands,  the  Peninsida  of  Ahaska.  and  we 
have  in  th<-  National  Museum  hone  implements  of  pattern  similar  to  those  of 
the  Manunalian  layer,  (ditained  near  tlie  mouth  of  the  Stakhin  or  Stikim- 
Iiiver.  'I  hese  hist  are  dissimilar  to  Indian  weapons,  and  the  modern 
Indians  of  that  r<';^ion  never  use  hone  for  arrow-points.  !  am  toleraliK' 
Well  satisfied  that  the  ileposii  whence  these  Were  olitaiued  is  also  an  Innuit 
shell-heap.  Where  we  have  made  e.xcavatious  wu  have  found  the  .Maumia- 
lian  layer  varyin;;-  from  two  or  three  feet  to  eiirht  or  ten  feet  in  thickness. 
Tile  comliiiu'd  tliickiu's.s  of  the  shell-heaps  (ineludin;:  the  dep(.sits  of  the 
Fi.shin;;- and  lluntin^r  Periods),  on  Iliidiuk  Spit,  I'nalashka,  is  ahoiit  fifteen 
feet.  The  dilference  is  ehielly  due  to  the  dill'erences  in  population  and 
h-ii;;tli  of  (M'fupation  of  the  various  localities.  We  ha\c  no  means  of  e.sti- 
matin^r  th<'  length  of  time  retpiireil  to  prodme  these  ac(  unndatious,  hut  we 
may  ohtain  hints  of  it  from  the  facts  relatin^r  to  the  .Vmaknak  Cavi-.  Mere 
wf  hav«'  the  three  skeletons  depositeil  some  tinu-  durin;;'  the  l-'isliin;.''  I'eiiod. 
These  were  then  jiiadmdly  covered  hy  an  accunndation  of  niohl.  lesiiliin^- 
from  tlie  decay  of  \ei;vta)de  matters  and  or^iauic  refuse,  po>sihl\  hrou<:ht 
in  hy  toxfs  who  mii;ht  have  had  their  nests  in  the  caxc  or  partly  fr(»m 
material  which  mii^hi  ha\c  ;.;iadually  worked  its  way  in  irom  (he  exti-rior 
hy  the  aitl  of  the  w<-ather.  This  would  have  heeu  a  verv  slow  process, 
when  we  note  that  the  cave  is  so  protected  hy  its  coutractetl  iipenure  that 
hardly  anytliin;r  could  h.-  carried  in  hy  the  wind;  the  Itottom  not  hein^'' 
I'ch.w  the  natural  surface  of  the  outer  soil,  it  would  rec.-ive  litth-  or  no 
wash  from  the  Hat  oulsi.h-.  ( 'onsideriu;--  the  -reat  anti|iathy,  exhil.ited  hv 
the  luniiit  ^i'enerally,  to  approachin-r  a  hurial-place  >,(  this  kind,  to  .say 
iiothin;:  of  camping;  ,,11  it,  the  covering-  of  tin  remains  huried  there  umst 
have  heeu  complete,  and  the  ori^^inal  use  f.U'^fotten,  liefore  the  depo.sition  of 
tile  ue.vt  layer  could  have  Iteen  couuuenced.  I'he  Cave  Ifock,  as  siumii  in 
the  sketcli,  stands  on  a  narrow  isthmus,  and,  heiiijj  11  damp  place,  presents 
no  .pialillcations  lor  a  dwellin;,r-  'i'he  hiyer  C  is  compos.  .1  of  kitchen 
reliise,  Imiuos,  hroken  arrow-heads,  odds  and  ends  of  carvings  lialf  linished, 
i^c,  iV:c.      It  seems  evident  to  me  that    if  was  made  hy  occa>ioiial  parties  of 


! 


t 


73 

iiativi-s  f(iiTc«l  to  st't'k  slu'ltcr  tVoiii  storms  tiiitil  llic  surf  siilisidcd,  si«  tliiit 
they  iiii;;lit  liiuiit-li  tlicir  hidiirkiis  iVoiii  tlic  sloiiy  Ix'iirli  Iicm.imI.  Tim 
iiintcriiil,  iis  ii  wIioK',  is  ilmt  nl"  ;i  f('Hi|i(ii;ir\  ciiiiiii  uf  tijncliii;^-  liiinicrs 
nitluT  tliiiii  that  of  a  (Iwclliiiii-,  aii<i  llu'tavc  is  sitiiatcil  close  |o  a  fi-('(jiiciiilv- 
us»m1  |)orta;x»'  <•>•  fUf-olV.  'I'hc  six  iiiclics  c.f  id  hri.s  fidiii  tin-  repasts  of  occa- 
sional visit.iis  (who  uin|iiestioiial»ly  were  iiieii  of  the  lliiiitiii<4'  I'eriod)  uuist 
have  aecimuihit«Ml  very  sh.wiy.  'I'heii  it  woiiM  seem  ;is  il'  some  tidal  or 
earthquake  \va\c  was  iiistnimeiital  in  forcing'  a  la\er  (  U)  of  heav\-  shiii-rle- 
stones  from  the  adjacent  sea-heach  into  the  cave.  Aftei  this  had  lieeii 
accomiilished,  the  nse  of  the  cave  was  a^ain  chan;;ed,  and  it  hec.ime  ii 
second  time  a  refii;i('  for  the  dead,  'i'lie  uiipei-  layer  (A)  was  exchi.-ivelv 
compo.scd  of  decayed  or^^anic  matter,  from  whi(  h  refnse  was  exchnled, 
appaiH-ntly  oidy  the  liodies  of  the  dead,  and  articles  placed  with  them, 
I'ontrihntiiij-'  to  its  formation,  'i'his  material  is  free  from  aii\  taint  of 
civilized  iiiHnenci's,  iind.  as  I  have  previously  mentioned,  mH|nestionahly 
antedates  the  atlvent  of  the  K'nssians.  'I'he  hiiMth  of  time  taken  to  form 
the  I;iyer  of  eighteen  or  twenty  inches  of  this  m<dd  cannot  have  lieen  small. 
Ahoiit  the  time  of  the  Russian  advent  (in  all  proltaliility )  the  month  of  the 
(•av(;  was  walled  np.  perhaps  to  avoid  its  desecration  hy  the  liin(,tcd  (ireek 
missionaries.  In  this  condition  it  remained  until  1H7<>,  or  thereahouts, 
prohahly  al)  lUt  a  century  after  its  l»ein<,>-  clo.sed.  While  estimates  may 
dirter  largely  as  to  the  actual  time  occupied  in  all  this,  lew  will  lie  inclined 
tit  dispute  its  lieiii;;-  very  cousidcrahle.  If  \\v  allow  a  thousand  years  for 
the  duration  of  the  Littoral  Period,  <ir  deposition  of  the  Mchiuus  layer  (and 
I  am  disposed  to  do  so),  then  I  think  that  lifteen  hundred  or  two  thousand 
years  is  not  an  excessive  estimate  for  the  duration  of  the  I-'ishiiig  and 
Ilnntinj,^  I'triods.  It  must  he  recollected  that  the  proportion  of  the  refusu 
to  the  food-supplyiu;r  material  in  fish,  and  ('specially  in  mammals,  is  unich 
less  than  in  the  case  of  the  echini;  conse(|ueutly,  the  population  hein;;- 
.similar,  the  thnv  recjuired  to  form  a  layer  of  lish-honcs  or  manuualiaii 
boiioH  woidd  he  ^^reater  than  that  re(juired  to  form  an  ecjually  deep  la\(r 
of  echinus  shells.  Ihit  the  population  uudoni)tetUy  increused  coiisideralily, 
which  would  vitiate  the  proportion  if  it  were  iu»t  that  the  area  of  the  shell- 
heaps  also  im-reased  very  greatly  in   the  latt-r  ejiochs.     On  the  whole,  I  jim 


74 


t. 


i 


iiK-liiicI  to  ihink  that  thivc  tl.oiisinid  yciirs   is  n  in.Mlcratc  fsliiiiiifi'  for  tlio 
time  r<'(|iiinMl  tu  |'..nii  these  ihuiiikIs  of  refuse. 

'I'Ik'  (•.)iistitiifi,.)i  of  tli(!  .Mainiiialiuii  la}  er  is.  as  would  iiatiiially  Le 
(•xiKTted.  iimcli  more  hoton.freiieous  than  tliat  of  eitlier  stiatnni  |.iv\  i..u.s|y 
(l<'|iosite(l. 

'I'll.'  cuiiteiits.  JM.si.les  till-  remains  of  shells,  fish,  and  oecasionally  ..f 
cchmi,  uhi.'h  have  I.een  previously  enumerated,  are  princii.ally  as  follows: 

I.OWKIt    MAMMAI-IAN    LAYKU. 

{{ones  of  the  followin;^-  mammals: 

('(il'ii/iiiNis  losiiiKs,  fnr-st'al. 

h'lniicfnpiiis  Stfflni,  sca-Hon. 

/'Iiiicd,  or  hair-seals,  two  species. 

Itosnmnts  ohr.siis,  walrus;  rarel\-  in  tho  eastern  islands. 

J'li(i<irii(i  ronin/itd,  pnllin^j'-pio-. 

On  II  iitit;  the  killer  whale. 

M1I>DIJ';    MAMMALIAN    l,AVi:i{. 

The  ahove,  and  liie  f<iIlowinf>;  manmials  and  hirds  : 

Mii/djitnii  irmihilis,  the  liiim|i-l)acked  whale. 

JHomnlia  hidiliifiuv,  the  mottled  albatross. 

MurDiiiii  (oniicii/iitiis,  the  lu  rned  pullin. 

Minimu  (in/i(ifiis,  the  tufted  puflin. 

I'riii  sp.,  several  of  the  divers. 

J'liiildis  sp.,  .several  of  tin,'  smaller  anks. 

Jmi/djuis  iilhiis,  the  ptarmi^ijin. 

l.ains  /niinptnii.s  in-  i/hiini'.saiis,  the  larj;cr  fri\]h. 

Jk'issii  ti-iiliiili/lii,  the  kittiwako. 

And  bones  of  several  species  of  eidi'rs  and  other  ducks. 

II'I'KK    MAMMALIAN    LAVKU. 

All  the  precedinji-,  mid  also  the  bones  of — 
IMiniii  Sichnhdi,  i'acilic  ri;ihl  whale. 
Jhilnmi  iiii/filkcliis,  bowluad  or  IVdar  whale. 


ImW    (fX?l).-S|..lH       iIjII    ll.M.I     1 I, ..Ml     MlllllllMlllJIl     IllJlT     (C), 

Aliiaklliik  CiiM'.  I'liiilii-lika   i  lil|.|.iil  i|ii:irt/il<'.  |. 


IIUH.-.V— <llmiilLiii     .tjiMliij.l,    ii).|.i  r    MiiiiiiiiaHitll 
lllM'la.     hIi,  II  |irii|i..    poll    Miill.  I.    Ali.l^kll    I'.  Hill 

Hiila,  I 


l*.i;i:.    (■>;!     (^niin.n,-     ilnrt 

jioiht  fiir  li ■  liiiiiil  iiiiH'i.  ii|.|.i  I 

MMininiillim  kiv.riAl,  Aiiiakliiik 
Ciivi',  riialllMllk:!.  '. 


I 


I4*>1H  (|:i'.)'— Ill  i>l  "I  v\  !,,i!ii^  !,nH  .  ,.  I'li'in  nppt  t  MiUniiiilliAn 
ItivtT  (A),  Aiiuikuak  ('j(\i>,  I'lialaMlikH  (liii-tt  Hliitf,  ^ikuihI  Hliitrp  iiu 
both  rtlurh,  Itif  i>lh'>r  niilr  tilt. 


75 

lihdchimiirtis  iihiiK  u<i,  the  < ';ili('iinii;i   ;.rr.'iv  wliiilc. 

S'lliliitliliiis  sulfurnis,  tlic  Mil|)Iiiir-li(iftniii  wluilr. 

JldliiHttjilrru  rdijf ni,  the  liii-liiicl;  wlialc. 

I'hjiscfn-  iiuicron /iIkiIhs,  flic  .sjicnn  wlinlc. 

AikI  \;iri(Mis  spi'cics  ut'  liinls  iint  iihiitilicd. 

Also  ill  tlic  iiKPst  ciistcni  islands,  anil  ranlv  even  tin  re,  tlir  I'olluwiny 
introdiiccd  species  : 

Milprs  Idf/iijiiis,  i\it' AiT\'u-  U)\  (afterward  introduced  li\  ilu-  IJussians 
into  many  otlier  islands). 

C'aiiisjiiiiiilidris  var.  hurcaVis,  the  llskinio  doj^-. 

All  these  remains  are  larjifly  mixed  with  (irjriiiiic  matter  in  a  perfect 
state  of  decay,  such  as  would  result  from  the  decomposition  of  orass  and 
other  ve^'etahle  fillers,  turf,  drift-wood,  and  all  the  soft  rejectamenta  of  a 
savaj^'e  jieoplc. 

liemains  of  h<tuses  of  the  lialf-ni;fler<rround  type,  afterwanl  so  univer- 
sal, apMear  only  in  the  middle  stratim  ,  showinj;  that  not  iiniil  then  liad  the 
population  so  midtijilied  and  mutual  ceidideneo  suflicienlly  matured,  for  the 
more  ancient,  temporary,  aI»ove-<rround  houses  to  ItcMin  to  he  supplanted 
hy  more  siihstantial  and  comfortahle  stiuctures. 

With  th(f  new  resources  at  their  command,  the  invention  of  new  forms 
of  implements  and  entirely  new  fo(ds  ;:reat!y  multiplied,  reiideiin^^  it  nec- 
essary to  attempt  a  sort  of  classification  in  cousiderinj^'  them, 

WEAPONS. 

Those  were  greatly  improved,  and  forms  mnltijilied,  and  were  made 
often  in  more  artistic  fashion,  with  some  attempts  at  ornamentation.  'I'liey 
consist  of  hand-Ianc((  heads  of  stone,  ohsidian,  and  lione,  or  lioth  coinhined. 
The  later  forms  for  seal-huntin;.'-  had  hone  harhs  and  ohsidian  tips,  comhiniujr 
thus  sharpni'ss  for  incision  and  tou;ihness  for  retention.  The  later  whale 
harpoons  were  always  .slate-tipped,  the  miHhni  Aleuts  a.scrihin;;- .some  i»oison- 
ous  quality  to  that  stone,  which  they  ii.ssert  will  iuvariahly  kill  the  whajc  in 
a  few  days,  iirovidiny-  the  slate-ti'>  remains  in  the  wound,  even  If  the  dart 
has  penetrated  luit  s'-^htly.  It  would  he  impossible,  without  fi;rin-injr 
hundri'ds   of  the.si-  w     .pons,  to   show   the   yratlual   progress   in    finish  and 


SI- 
S' 


ill 


7() 

adapliitioiiM  of  Innii  wlii.li,  ns  ii  whole,  clninicti  ri.;t'.s  the  weapons  of  flio 
miecessive  portions  of  ||„.  sliell-lieaps.  I  Imve  llieivfoie  contented  n.\>e!f 
willi  :i  .selection  of  the  nioi'e  cliiiiiicteristic  tv|i(;,s. 

'I  liese  seeni    to  .show  not '  only  a   <>Ta(ln:il    pionrcss.  i.nt    a  reniaikal.le 

siiMiliM'ity  in  type  of  the  eiiiJi.r  weapon.^  of  the  .Ment.s  to  the  i ieni  types 

ni  M.se  iinion;i'  the  Kskinio  of  the  adjacent  renion.  'I'iie.se  Kskinio  types  are 
\<  ly  ancient  and  have  Keen  handed  down,  with  some  iuijirnvcineiits  Imt 
not  nnich  alti-ration  ol  form,  from  a  period  prol.ahly  contemporaneons  with 

ihe.se  Ahiit  weapons.     The  stone  dart  soon  ran  its  coinse  j \n;  the  Aleuts, 

•""'   '"■•••■ •  \\'ll'  '•"•I"  merely  an  appendage  of  the   l)one  dart-head.      'I'his 

was  owin-  to  the   loser  facilities  which  it  alVords  {\>v  retention  in   a  wound 

"'""  < !""■<■<'  ^^i"''  >'"'  • •■  I'arl.s.      When   hone  was  lirsl   applied  to  tins 

pnipoNc.  the  weap.nis  were  of  a  most  primitive  cliaracti-r.  N(..  I  (KiS.l  exhil.its 
"lie  of  these  rude  and  clumsy  forms.     At   fu'st,  all   the  weapons  sceme.l  to 

have  lieeii  l.ari.ed •  side  only,  and  this  type  persists  to  the  present  day; 

lint  points  l.ari.ed  on  l.otii  sides  were  introduced  at  a  very  eariv  sta;^e,  and 
als..  still  persist,  e:u-ii  type  i.ein;^-  in  some  respects  i.etter  fitted  for  .s(.mo 
special  purpose.  'Ilie  hone  points  were  iirsf  made  to  i.e  pennanentiv 
attached  to  the  shaft  of  tlie  dart.  Ihit  an  impr.>venient  wa>  soon  intn.- 
diiced,  l.y  whidi  it  was  detaciad,  i.iit  not  lost,  heiii^'-  still  made  fast  to  a 
cord  attached  to  the  .sli.ifi.  wlieii  a  woumle.l  animal  had  worked  it  out  ..fits 
s«.cliet.  'I'his  .saved  tile  siiaft  I'rom  i.reakin^-,  an  important  c(.nsiderati(»ii 
witii  the  Aleuts,  from  the  .scarcity  of  wood  suited  to  the  purpose,  jhit  the 
eldest  form  still  persisted,  and  is  now  in  n.se  amon;r  tlie  lOskimo,  hut  chietiv 
as  ciiildren's  toys  lor  shooting'  at  a  mark  or  at  small  i.ir.ls.  ^■ari..us  inodiii- 
cations  of  the  type  repre.seiiti'd  i.y  No.  l(i()7!l  were  found  in  vari..ns  parts 
•I'tiie  shelldieaps  ahove  tin-  lower  Mammalian  layer,  ..n  tlie  wiiole  im].ruv- 
in;^-  much  in  finish  as  we  pass  to  tiie  specimens  i'rom  the  upper  strata.  Nunc 
ol  llieiii.  however,  carried  tills  forii  to  the  perfection  wliicli  lias  l)een  reached 
i.y  llie  modern  Kskinio.  a  specimen  of  wlio,s(»  work  is  shown  in  X...  1(141.'}. 
N\  hen  tile  doiii.le  i.arl.in^r  \vas  introduced,  we  have  iw.  means  ..f  decidin-r; 
i.nt  iioiH  of  (.ur  specimens  are  from  a  jrroater  dejitli  than  the  middle  Mamma- 
lian straliim.  At  first,  the  i.arbs  of  one  side  were  h.n-er  than  tho.se  of  the 
other,  and  a  tendency  to  this  may  he  noted  in  most  modern  Kskinio  dart- 


ic«t 

IrilriK' 


rinkiii*  Spit,  till, iMkk,  j  '"■'  '^■ 


IdiKl  (rtp;,  -|,„tt..r  ManininliJiii  Us,,.   I  l.ikliiu    .S|.ii. 
rn^lnahlin,  luinn  dan  luml,  J. 


IW!lc;;,in._.|u,iii-ilnilh.n.l,|..ncrMMihiM„li.,iil;n.i    r,.ii  .M„i;.  i   .Mi.,» 
kii  I'l'iiinmila  I     inrfKivi'iI  f.ir  iiiiifoii  t) 


l:i(KH  (:i5H)._lk.ii..  .lanh.-u.l.   ),„v.t   MarmnnlMi.,    : „t    r.i.l 

nlioItiT,  Alka  I«liinil,  J. 


,  J^^^^IWIPCm*  ^^^■I||Mp'^*^  ' 


lc«ipai)  («i:i  -rriniltlvi-  lii.iioilaillii.nl.  !,.«.  1-  MniTiiiKiliiiii  l;iyiT 
ninklila  Spll.  ITnnlanhkB,  I 


■iiiirrr7[finirtiriinrnr"ir^       |- 


I(;«1.'i-.M.k1iiii  n^iinclioiiiiliitllirail,  CaiHiKti.liii,  Nijiiivuk  IkI.iii.I.  ll.liiiK  So*,  4. 
IrilnHlilcoil  III  dlioiv  Kliiiilalily  nr  lypo  riiinlilni'il  Willi  nrli'ilir  tiiiixli  in  llic  iihmIi'Iii 
Enkimn  wi*a|Hiii. 


li 


l:l(Nl|.I.Mi-Al.iil  I •  .Urll,.,..!   ii.M.II.   M.u„n,,l,.Ml.„.r,  N..«n 

IU>,  Alkri  IhIuimI    t 


lMri\  a:>;  -  AI.Hl    I" lail  l,i;i.l.   Iniilll.'   M.iii'i   uli.in    hi>..i 

»..i»kli  U'4li.l.  |.     'lliiKiiil  m.liunnr'lttlilllfl .■«rthl\  I"  "liiiw 

ll„.  roiiiil •».•!  III.'  (irlitiniil  «imii|wi"«I  «ill  llir  uril  llaiin-. 


KIIU.l.li;i«al      Al-ill  I I.ill  hr.Ml,  n|.|..  I  M  Miiiii.ui.i    I-.    •!    A.liikll 

lalaiiil.  I 


Ii.ir.HlMiiMl  In  »lio»  i.iiiiiliiril>  >■(  IM"'  wHIi  i!ii«li-r  lliii«h  In  llii-  Diwleni 


<. 


llillKlil  i-!i;i  -Alilll  I" Inrt  h.iiil.  1"  li"l'l  i.l.M.li.ili  l».liil.  lip 

l«rMuiiiiiMilliii  ltt.\<r.  riiikliiii  S|.ii.  t  iialii^hk.i  \ 


\i 


MIKKH-Wl-  iml lain    |.nil    ..f   IlnTitlli;;   IMi"'!.  Imii.il  jiIk.-.-.   Aluukimk   NIhii.1,  Tli.-i 

liiolikii.  ', 


it; 


11 


I'xiH-M.-l.in  K^kiiii..  .I»ri  li.ii.l  r»|M  Kn.liii  Nmi.vak  I-I1.1..I  11.  ll^^-  >•■■<  i-  t»i«>^ 
,1,,...,  In  »ll"»  Hl.llll.V  1.1  1>I"  '-r  II"'  lT.Ui.ln.i.-  AU1.I  «v,i|H,ll  «iil.  111..  l«lU.r  flmsbi-d 
moiliTii  "U>  III  till  ii'iiiiiii'iilal  luiiiiit 


77 


|ioiiits  III' tlw  Kiiinc  ♦ypo.  lint  «illi  llic  Alciit-*  llic  fnnn  sonii  iM't-ninc  iicjirlv 
.s\  iiiiiit'trii';il,  lis  li;i'iin-(l  in  l;!i)-j;i  miil  l."i<)J."i  (/  Stniit-  of  tlux'  |Miiiits  iVoin 
llic  I'  ■  'Ml*  iiiul  npiur  |iiiris  tit' this  striitimi  iiic  In  iiiiliriillv  liiii>Ii<<l  :iiiil  .-mii- 
tiM'tricii!,  They  iH'i-  iilwiixs  tliiiiinr  tliiiii  tin-  ll-kiiiio  v\<.i|i<iii  >>\'  iIm'  miiiu* 
ty|ic,  i\\i\  Inr  tlii.H  rciixin  |ii'uliiili|y,  >v»if  imt  wcnkrutil  li\  ;i  Imli  in  tin- 
l>n  ..  \(  >('cnn;<l  l>y  a  «iir(l  it  \v:i.-  priiliiiliK  ni.iilc  l':i^t  tu  (In-  Inii'l  iii-l 
ill  ;i(lvaiiiM>  ;>l  tin-  Inilt.  A;riiiii.  Ikiwim  r,  iis  ji  ^iciiciul  iiri>|msili(>ii,  llic 
iiumIciii  K^kiiiHi  wt'iijMiii  (il'tlic  siiiiii'  ty|ii'  is  iiiuic  cji  aiilx  iiiiil  >i!iiir|i|\  tiiiisiifil, 
tiiiil  always  stduter  ami  stnmjicr.  instead  <il'  l)t'iii;>-  llatliiuil,  lil.c  ilic  Aleut 
wea|Mm.  it  is  caritiafed  on  eat  li  siile,  tliereliv  niinli  iiit  rea>iii;L:  ii.-  irtiij^tli. 
Tlie  I'iskiniti  \vea|ioii>  iiKire  generally  have  a  tuniiiil  lial't,  «hile  llr  Aleuts 
niaile  theirs  uitire  ('iiimiiiiimK    nitlia  weil;:i' .s|ia|ii'il    st|iiai-e  halt. 

The  final  iiii|)riiveiiient  in  i!art-|i<iiiits  was  maile,  as  far  as  we  eaii 
jml^'e,  almnt  the  time  i>(  I'unnatiiin  (•!  llie  ii|i[ieniiii>|  Manmialian  strata, 
imne  dt"  the  examples  (ifcnrrin;:'  in  the  luwer  or  miildle  laviis.  This 
was  the  |»tiintin};'  id  the  liuiic-tlart  with  iili>iiliaii  ur  sttiiie.  As  (•iiiiniared 
with  the  rude  im|ilenients  tif  the  I'i^hiii^'-  ll|iinli  |ire\  imisK  li^^nied, 
Ntis.  IdOi'iH  and  ltin(;2  slmw  mmh  hitler  workmanship,  and  the  liiial  l\pe 
to  wliifh  the  stone  points  ;;ravitateil  is  shown  liv  No.  12'.IH."i.  Stone  dart- 
jHiints,  t'.\c«'pt  the  small  tmes  lor  hone  halts,  are  not  ahnmlant  alter  the  early 
part  of  the  lluntin;.'-  Kpixdi.  The  Imue  arliih'  served  the  purpose  nineli 
better,  ami  Iniife  was  universally  used.  Still  we  lind  oecasioiial  speeimeiis 
of  stone  heads,  even  to  nearly  historie  times.  An  nnnsnal  niodilifatioii, 
oll'erin;f  many  objcKVwons  to  its  {fcnenil  use  (ami  as  a  type,  I  helieve,  iinitjiiej, 
was  found  in  the  uppermost  strattun  at  I'ort  Miiller,  and  is  li^nred  with  the 
others  (No.  KiOH."!  a).  The  linal  form  of  the  stone-|)iiinted  hone  dart  is  shown 
by  li<jfiu-e  141>.'57,  while  the  Kskiino  weapon  of  the  same  ty]ie  is  represented 
!)\  \^){>H,  below  the  lirst.  'I'lie  Kskimo  have  worked  out  the  same  type  of 
weaj)!)!!,  finely  linished,  but  their  less  rei^tricted  enviromneiit  made  its  use 
less  universal  than  it  beoanK*  ainonir  tlu;  Aleuts.  A  speeinieii  of  one  of  lllt^ 
Hiatc  whale-haniiioii  heads  earel'iilly  {i^round  is  also  (i;;ureil  (No.  1  H»IS). 
It  came  from  the  later  deposits  of  this  period,  lii  the  middle  Mammalian 
layers  at  IJlaklita  Spit,  1  was  pn/zled  by  eertain  roiind  bone  or  i\  nry  aitii  Its 
whi(h  I  found.     They  were  uuide  of  that  part  of  the  walrus  tusk  or  speiae 


ili 


♦ 


78 

\\li;il<'  tdiitli  wliicli  Iiiis  :i  cciitriil  Imlluw  or  cdrc,  \\liicli  Iiinl  liccii  rciiiin'tl -mt. 

Sciiiii'  (if  tlic  ulil  Aleuts  f.\|il;iiiic(l  t(i  iiic  tluil  tlicsc 
tliiii^^s  ncn-   pliMcd  on    tlic   |Miiiit   of  m    dnrt  wlicii 
|ir;i(ticiii^-  iit   :i   iii;iik.  in  nnlci'  tliut    it    iiii^-lit    iidt 
iAi:.(jf.:i).-nnii..iifnrii.iri.i.f»|MiiTi  Ix'cniiic  liliiiitcil.     'I'lic  iiimcxcd  lijiMirc  slidws  one 

u  lull- tiMith    t\<iT\       n|>]M'i     Mitliiin;ili;iri 

l:i\.r.C..n-l:iiilih.  llail...i.Arri.lntl.ii,  |.    of  (llcSC,    wllicll    I    fnllinl    ill   till"   U  |  )|KTni<lst    lilVCf    ;it 

Aiiifliitkn,  vciy  nicely  (iiiislied  jiiid  iniudi  more  nrtistic  tliiiii  tlie  older  speci- 

liielis  of  lT|i:il;islik:i. 

iMri.i:Mi;.NTs. 

I'.sr  rddliiif/  Id  (Inss. 

With  tlie  iiliility  to  kill  se;i-;iiiiiiials  iiil'ordiii<;- skins  for  clolliin^f,  nnd  tlio 
iitiliz.itiou  of  these  skins,  which  we  liiive  some  reiiso'i  t<t  think  took  jilace 
alioiit  the  latter  part  of  tlu*  Fishinji:  IVriod,  came  the  necessity  for  new 
im|denieiits  to  adapt  the  skins  to  their  proposed  use.  Accordiii^ily,  in  the 
lowest  heds  of  till'  .Mammalian  period  >ve  hej^in  to  find,  for  the  first  time, 
various  im|ilements  of  this  kind.  The  most  common  (as  thf  least  valiiahle 
and  most  likely  to  he  lost  or  thrown  away)  are  jinmice-stono  skin-dressers 
or  riihliers,  of  varialtle  shape,  hut  always  with  flattened  sides  and  rounded 
ed^H'S,  ami  usually  lon;;er  than  wide.  'I'hes(i  di>  not  materially  alter  in  ap- 
jiearance  in  the  diil'erent  strata.  The  coarse  {rrain  of  the  pumice,  wliii  h 
floats  on  the  sea  and  may  he  found  on  most  of  the  l)eachcs,  is  admirably 
adapted  for  removing-  tlic  remnants  of  llesh  and  tendinous  matter  from  ii 
dry,  raw  skin.  Then  we  tiiid  rude  hone  skin-dressers,  more!  t»r  less  chisel- 
shaped,  and  hardly  to  lie  disfin;;uished  frou)  the  wedjres  hereafter  Id  Ijo 
described,  except  by  not  beiny  hammered  at  the  thicker  end.  'Jhese  bone 
dressers,  however,  im|)rovedf^reatly  in  form  and  fniish.  (  hie  from  the  lower 
stratum  is  fijxured  (1G07!')  above,  and  another  from  the  uj)per  stratum 
(H;()sS)  is  remarkable  for  the  care  with  which  it  is  finished  and  the  excava- 
tion of  one  side  clear  to  the  tips  f)f  the  horn-jirocesses,  which  afforded  a 
secure  <jrip  to  the  jireliistoric  tanner.  This  im[dement  is  even  better  finished 
than  most  of  the  modern  Eskimo  tools  of  the  same  kind  which  luivc  couio 
under  my  notice. 

In  addition  to  these  implements,  small,  sharp  stone  scrapers,  usually 
ground  flat,  and  with  «liipped  edges,  are  found  throughout  tho  lluntinj^ 


H:m.i-_i.„, 


1607!)  d'm      II 

'••"—"""•■  «l.ln  lire 


sx.T.  !<■ 


I  ur  4i 


—  Uo.  layer,  run  M.,„.,^,^,,,,,^ 


"ii»:ila. 


! 


¥.' 


i 


ino.,;  ,,-,-ii,._,si,,/ii- Bkin  Hiiii|Hr    li.nrr  Uamma. 
Ilaii  lajir,  1  laklilii  Spit,  1  nala.-hliii,  \. 


\ 


Aniiikn.ik  Cav.v  fhahiHhk.i,  J.  ^     ' 


lliU-l  (Mi,-l.-|!,„i,'  s,.«i„t;-invl,  km.  r  Slamuuiliall  lav.T.  flaklltil 
hpil.  I  llalaslik:!.  I(. 


si 


MM! 


ISKW.a  o;).-!-,,,,,.,  Xlanitnalian  la.vrr.  Coimlnnt Ilail,,  >,  Anichiikii 


7S» 


IV'rind.  'I'lic^c  were  used  tor  rciiioN  iiij:  ilic  rciimjiiits  dt"  lli'sli  iiiid  muscU' 
liiiiu  tlic  cili^fs  iiiid  curiicrs  dl'  the  >k\\i  v.;  phirrs  not  ninl.cd  Ii\  llic  Inr^^^ir 
iiiiplciiiciits.  'Id  cut  iiiid  ^cw  till'  f-i\iii.  wliiii  drt'sscd,  r.tlicf  iiMpltiiK'nts 
wiTc  rtMiuii'i'd.  'I'lic  kiiilc  ii;iiii'«'d  under  ilic  I"i>IiIiiL:-  I't  liid  li;iil  liccn  l>y 
this  time  nuicli  inipnivcd  in  its  nt.ncrid  iini>ii  l>y  licin;^- ;;riinnd  sintintii  n\fr 
its  entire  MirlJicc,  instead  ot' uierelv  iit  the  eMttili;^  eilge.  No.  1(1(1,')!  >lio\\s 
n  line  examplo  of  this  type.  These  knives,  ot'  eonr-^e,  were  ii.^t  il  tor  nsany 
other  purjiose.s  l)esi»h's  nittiii;^'  the  dresNed  ^kiiis:  liut  lor  this  tliey  were 
lietter  than  scissors,  not  cutting'  the  hair.  Soinethin;^-  similar  i^  u>ed  l>y 
ail  Inrriers.  l'"or  piercing-  the  skin,  in  ord<r  to  in>ert  the  tiiread,  an  awl 
was  used.  'I'his,  troni  the  earliest  times,  was  prel'eraldy  ot  the  win^- 
liones  ot'  liirds.  TheN'  answered  the  purpose  hetter  than  other  hones  oil 
account  ot'  the  Jiollow  in  then,  and  their  harder  texiine,  which  made  it 
easier  to  keej)  them  sharp.  The  more  modern  awls  are  the  luiier  linished, 
hut  the  general  form  is  latt  ehaiiji'ed  t'rom  that  ot'  the  primitive  type. 
( )ne  is  ti;4iire(l  alxivi'  from  the  lower,  and  one  t'rom  the  upper,  .Mammalian 
la\cr.  With  lhe.se  thin<^-s  are  foinid  ,i  i:'reat  \ariety  ot  whetstones 
ot  all  shapes  and  sizes,  on  which  the  hone  and  stone  tools  were 
lirouyht  to  a  sharp  ed;;e.  'I"he  thread  was  twi>ted,  of  w  hale-.-inew ,  and 
attached  hy  a  little  resin,  from  the  hark  <if  jiine  or  spruce  dint-wnod,  to  a 
hitof  (juill  or  hristle,  like  aeoh!)ler'rt  ''waxed  end",  in  lieu  of  a  needh-.  in 
the  remains  of  a  woman's  work-hasket,  found  in  the  uppermost  layer  in  the 
cave,  were  hits  of  this  resin,  ((videiitly  carefully  treasured,  with  a  little 
Itirch-bark  ease  (the  bark  also  derived  t'rom  drift-lo<>s),  contaiuiu^i-  pieces 
(if  soft  luenuitite,  graphite,  and  lihii'  c.irliouate  of  copper,  with  which  the 
anciimt  seamstress  ornamenteil  her  h.indiwork.  There  were  also  a  nmlti- 
tiulo  of  little  bone  splinters,  use<l  as  neeilles  or  awls.  Amoii^-  the  modern 
Aleuts,  the  iibera  of  baleen  were  formerly  m.ide  use  ot'  for  a  similar  puipos*'. 
rhe.se  thinj^s  were  once  inclosed  in  a  ha>ket  of  woven  ^^rass,  which  had 
shared  the  fate  of  its  oW'n<;r,  and  passed  awav.  i  suppose;  that  the  birch- 
bark  was  a]s,>  u.sed  l)y  the.se  natives  as  tinder,  t'or  which  its  resinous  prop- 
erties peculiarly  adapt  it.  Up  to  the  close  of  the  l''ishinji'  I'erioil,  though 
it  is  incredible  that  they  should  not  have  been  ac(piainted  with  the  use  of 
lire,  vet  there  are  no  (;vidences  of  its  haviiii'-  been  used   in   anv  wa\ .      We 


Pi 


80 


iiijiy  s;if'clv  cniicliMlc  tli;it  it  <Iiil  \u>t  cfniit'  into  j;cii(  r;il  use  until  tlic  iiliscncc 
(>r  xvnuiK  fuel  Wiis  niiiilc  n]i  t'nr  liy  iilmndiiiit  su])|ili('s  of  nil  iiiul  liluhlxT 
liniii  ilic  s!iMi;^lii<'r  of  s(ii-;ininiiils.  Not  onl\  must  tluTc  lunc  Ik  en  iin 
.•ilmnijimt  sii|i|il\  tor  s,i\, •!;;■(■  ii|»|i('tit<'.'S  lnit  tlicrc  ninsf  luivc  liccn  :ni  :il»un- 
(l.in!  sinpliis  to  iiMJiicc  tlicni,  li;iliitinitc<l  to  coM  jind  cxiiosurc,  to  use  sucli 
\:i!iim])1c  tood  ;is  tiu-1.  'J'liis  liiiil  also  nil  iMiportiint  I)Ciirin<jf  on  tlut  use  ot' 
liiill-Mil)t('n;ni«iiii  liouscs,  wlicrc  lif^lit  woul.'.  be  nctdct!  ii  lar;:c  \)tni  oftlic 
time  ill  winter,  and  on  tlic  cinidoyuifiit  in  nici  lianiral  and  other  lalior  of 
tinii-  wliicli  would  otlienvise  liave  J)een  devoted  to  sleep  or  idleness.  This 
hiinys  us  to  iitcnsils  of — 

Use  ill  luechuii'ic  tiiis,  ((c. 

'riie  use  of  oil  for  li^ihtinji'  and  eookin^r  purjiosos  necessitated  a  lani]) 
of  some  kind.  All  the  Imniit  use  a  lamp  of  similar  construction.  It  hears 
a  sli;^ht  resendilance  to  the  ancient  dreek  lamp,  heinji'  nierel\-  a  saucer  or 
dish  of  stone  or  (day,  with  a  wi(d\,  usually  of  sj)haj:nuui,  arran^cfl  alon<:'  the 
ed;.;('.  Some  Iniuiit  trilies  have  elahorated  this  conception,  and  lorm  largo 
semi-lunar  dishes  of  steatite  for  this  ])urposo.  j\Iost  at'  the  trihes,  however, 
use  a  lan)p  entirely  similar  to  that  of  the  ancient  Aleutian  hunters,  an  oval 
or  circidar  shallow  dish  of  stone  or  liaked  idav. 

(May  suitahle  for  pottery  is  exceedinjilv  rare  in  the  Aleutian  Islands, 
and  hence  does  not  appeal"  to  have  ever  come  into  {'•oiieral  use.  No  pre- 
historic pottery  has  ever  heeii  found  there.  .Many  of  tlie  continental  Innuit, 
however,  maki'  rude  jxits  and  cups,  as  well  as  lamjis,  of  hurued  clay. 
The  annexed  lij;iires  show  a  tyjiical  stone  lamp  ironi  I'lialashka,  and  a 
unitpie  form  from  the  U|tper  beds.  'I'lic  latter  was  prtdjably  carved  by  some 
storm-bouiitl  hunter  in  his  tem])orary  sludter,  as  it  was  broken  in  several 
pieces  when  found,  and  had  never  been  used.  Fire  other  than  in  lamps 
was  never  used  in  their  houses  by  the  t'arly  Aleuts,  and  even  in  historic 
times  the  same  is  reported  by  the  old  voyagers,  who  say  that  when  the 
natives  were  cold  they  folded  their  long  robes  about  them,  "built  a  firy  of 
grass,  and  stood  over  it".  Small  lanijis  a  couple  of  inches  in  length  are 
sometimes  t'ound,  suggesting  toys;  but  these  were  carried  in  their  kvaks  by 
the  natives,  who  usetl  them  to  warm  themselves  in  winter,  or  when  chilled 


'II 


■«i"wiBwsa-5 


..mlmn    |,„,.,,  ,■„„„,„„„„.   ||,„|„„     \„„.,,i,^,, 


l:WJI.  -  I,aii,iMuiv,-,l  from  uiil)«k.,.UIa.v,..|,i„i.\I,.inn,alian  1,1  v.T 
iock-«hcltir,  S.nmi  Hay,  Atkn,  i. 


1  III  I  \  I  It,,,, 

•  liMll/il',    I  |>|M'i     Maiin,„,li:in.   i: 
liuilai  |.l,ic4,  .NaMli  ISaj,  Alk»,  |. 


J 


. 


81 

liy  Inii^r  c.iitcst  with  the  ley  .-..M  \\;il.  rs.  'I'lu  y  wnv  Vv^Urt]  .iiid  licM 
iiiiilcr  tlicir  -iiiriiiciits  until  tin-  li.'.itcl  jiii'.  f.iiiliuf.l  l.\  tlic  ^iitsliiri  m-  kjiin- 
liiyk.i.  Iiiiil  s(r\c(|  its  |nir|»(>s('. 

Ill  tlic  ciiiirsc' of  time,  liowtvcr.  v  >u\\  Iroiii  tlic  slmri's,  wlicii  misnitcil 
Inr  ntli.r  imrjx.scs,  was  iisc.l  as  fiul.  tlu-  lirt's  l.ciii--  iiiaiU-  in  the  open  air,  on 
stnne  heartlis.  Iiiiilt  lur  ilie  purin.se.  .Many  (.f  these  heartli-stniies  were 
\'ii:nu\  liy  iis  hej.riii;;-  th<-  marks  ut'  lire.  They  wire  preferahlv  snmeuliat 
cuncaNe  on  the  upper  surface,  hut  .itherwise  irregularly  shaped.  The  natives 
al.-o  used  the  liones  dt'  cetacean.--,  spou;;y  and  riill  tA'  u\],  tur  I'liel.  They 
sdinetimes  placed  tish  or  meat  hetweeii  two  coucavc  stones,  plastered  th(< 
chinks  w  ifh  clay,  and  haked  the  whole  in  the  (ire  until  done.  .Much  of  their 
i'ood,  iiicludiiii,'- al;ia',  sh<lMisli.  most  true  ti>li,  the  octopus  oi-  ciittlelish,  and 
bluhher,  was  eaten  raw.  The  (dd  men,  to  this  day,  ascrilie  the  various  com- 
]»]aints,  wliich  have  artlicted  later  j-cueratiims,  chielly  to  the  pernicious  prac- 
tice ol  cookinji'  food.  \\'ood  was  prepared  for  various  nsi's  hv  splittiiii;-  it 
with  a  maul  and  lioue  wc'd<>c.s.  'J'hese  latter  articles  are  ainoii;.;'  the  mo.st 
common  iclics  of  the  Mammalian  layer.  They  are  to  he  distinj-uislud  from 
skin-dressers  of  similar  sliajie  liy  their  ruder  outline  and  hy  hein;;-  ham- 
mered at  the  hroader  end.  A  spe«-Imeu  is  here  tioiireil,  which  had  received 
much  hard  usa^n'.  Tin  y  were  usually  cut  from  the  jaws  or  rihs  of  whales. 
The  cuttiui;-  of  the  hone,  from  the  marks  left  on  fra;.;nients  found  in  the 
.shell-heaps,  was  usually  done  with  a  sharp-edj^cd  stone  used  as  a  .saw  or 
lile,  and  very  rarely  with  any  other  tool.  There  is  hardly  any  stoiu>  on 
the  islaiuls,  such  as  serpentine,  lit  for  makiii;.;-  celts  or  adzes.  They  were 
probably  imported  from  the  C(»ntiiiental  Innuit  at  <;Teat  co.st,  and  ver\' 
liiuhly  valued.  We  know  that  small  thin  iron  chisels,  Khaped  like  the  nati\c 
celt  (wliich  was  alw.iys  attachecl  like  an  adze  to  a  wooden  kiiee  or  handle), 
Avero  auionjj  the  most  profit  able  tradinfr  piods  of  the  first  discoverers. 
Fifteen  and  even  tweuty  of  the  finest  sea-otter  skins  were  cheerfiillv  jiaid 
for  one.  To  the  jrreat  value  whiidi  they  attached  to  them  I  refer  tlu^ 
absence  of  these  implements  from  the  shell  heaps.  Not  one  was  found 
in  all  our  excavations.  Aud  in  orily  one  case,  that  of  a  comparativeK 
modern,  tliouyh  prehistoric  burial-place,  has  an  adze  or  celt  been  found 
in  the  Aleutian  Islands.     'J'his  is  one  of  the  etlmoloj^ical  peculiarities  of  the 

U 


i   i 


I    » 


|i  -A 


I  I 


82 

ron-ion.  The  fact  tliat  Minon^'  tlic  tluMisjnids  cf  iinplMiiciits,  wonjutntJ,  &c, 
tliat  \V(!  Iia\.  collcctid  in  this  ic-:ioii,  tlicic  slioiiltl  lie  liiit  one  celt,  slmws 
their  cxtniiH'  r.iiilyaml  the  lii^^h  valiii-  |irul)altly  placed  on  th<in.  This 
solitary  specimen  i.^  liciv  lij^inc.l,  No.,  l;5(i;i|.  'riiciv  are  also  no  axes, 
;.rioove(l  (ii-  otherwise,  hanmiers,  f^on^-cs,  or  hollow  chisels,  I'oiind  in  this 
rej^ion. 

'llw  iiitertriltal  traflic  F  have  referred  to  is  nnivcrsal  anion;;  the  Tnnuit. 
Anioii^f  other  arti(d{'s  which  were  loinnl  in  a  prehistoric  Itinial-place.  on 
KaH'aniil,  were  a  nninher  of  the  kanta;:s,  or  wooden  dishes  and  receptacl«-s, 
made  Ity  the  Nnsha^rak  and  other  continental  Iinniit,  ami  nmlonhtedly 
imported  h<foiv  the  advent  of  the  whites.  .Many  other  articles  of  nse  and 
(Miiainent,  which  we  know  these  people  possessed,  and  whicdi  wero  in  part 
imported,  I  have  left  nmnontioned,  as  this  paper  ndatcs  merely  to  the  relics 
oi  the  shell-heaps,  village-sites,  and  rock-shelters  of  «he  ])r(dnstoric  time,  and 
to  admit  articles  which  are  not  indicated  liy  the  dejmsits  in  (piestion,  except 
by  way  of  illustration,  wonld  too  ^Teatly  expand  this  paper.  These  points 
may  he  liereaft»'r  tn-ated  of  elsewhere. 

The  "iiddle-l)ow  drill"  was  an  instrnmont  larprdy  used  in  their  carv- 
in;(and  workin^rl„,iie  iiiid  ivory;  but  for  (ditainin^-  fire,  two  pieces  of  (jnai-tz 
wer(!  strnck  together  over  som(>  down  (d)tained  from  the  wild  cotton-"rass 
or  rush,  which  had  been  sprinkled  with  snlphnr  from  the  crevices  of  tho 
vcdcanos. 

In  the  npper  layers  alone  wo  be^rin  t,,  find  the  ivory  ornaments  .'  iid 
appenda^-es,  which  now  form  i)art  of  every  kyak  or  bidarka;  and  tho  thin 
strips  of  bono  with  which  was  ornamented  tho  wooden  visor  used  by  tho 
Aleuts  to  ja-otect  themselves  from  the  <xh\v  oi'  the  sun  wlien  in  the  kyak. 
^■arions  little  nondescript  carvin^-'s,  which  we  found  in  the  top  stratum,  were 
without  doubt  used  as  appendages  to  tho  peak  of  tho  visor,  which  was 
further  ornamented  with  tho  long-  translucent  bristles  of  tho  sea-lion. 
Among-  other  articles  iound  in  these  strata  onl)-  are  bono  handles  for  dishes 
or  baskets,  bono  spoons,  and  needle-cases  of  tho  bones  of  birds'  wings. 
Those  were  st.metimes  rn<lely  ornamented  with  a  tracery  of  lines,  dots,  and 
circles,  all  strictly  of  tho  Innnit  typo.  Chips  of  (pun-tz  and  obsidian  were 
used  to  finish  the  shafts  of  their  darts,  and  the  throwing-board  was  invented 


I 

I 


f  i 


.s:{ 

to  pvf  a  iK-ttcr  aim  to  the  liuiittT,  ulins,.  ,„,,i.t  hal.itat  pnrlu.Ir.l  il„.  um-  ..I' 
tliclh.wuith  its  In-roin.-trirsfni,^r,,rsii„.w.  I  »nu!.tl.ss.  ii,i.ii\  ut  iIhmiuII. 
slmip  pl.-i-.s  ot  snidstoii,"  wliicli  w»-  loiiiid  \\.  ic  iisr.l  iis  lih^  in  liiii>liiii-r 
tlirir  l>,,i„.  aii.l  u.mmIch  imj.l.-iiifiits  iiii<l  w.:i|h.iis.  In  liirt.  tlic  niiinlKr  iin.l 
vaiirty  uf  tlu- tools  ami  iinpifinciits  us<..|  coniil  only  I..-  illiistiatcl  l.y  a  \.rv 
largo  wrics  of  li-ims;  htiwc  1  laii  only  oIUt  liciv,  lor  this  fpocli,  u  bii,f 
review.     • 

i)Wi:i.i.iN(is. 

Whatever  may  have  I.reii  the  eharacfer  <.!  the  lints  or  <l\v<-lliM;,'-s  ..f  ih,. 
more  am-ient  ishiii<lers,  they  were  at  lea«t  of  so  teiii|M.rary  aii<l  perishahle  a 
nature  that  tliey  have  left  no  traees  in  the  shell-heaps,     'riu^  lirst  <vi.lenceH 

t)f  permanent  <hvelIino-s  appear  in  the  middle  and  upjur  .M; lalian  lavers. 

It  is  pr«.l.able  that  at  iirst  they  were  comparatively  small,  and  resendded  the 

Jirosent    houses  of   tlu'    < timntal    Imniit      As   the  eomnmiiitics  liecame 

larjrer  and  the  builders  nx.re  skillfid,  liir;r,.,-  ho„s,.s  were  iMiiit,  of  the  com- 
nnunstic  tyi)e  characteristie  (»f  most  American  ahori^iines  ;  l.iit  the  accnmn- 
lation  of  l.mfr  lojrs  for  the  support  of  the  roof  must  have  luci.  in  such  cases 
n  work  of  years.  In  all  the  villajro-isites  1  have  examined,  a  lar-e  prnp,,r- 
tion  of  the  Jiouses  were  small  and  of  the  strict  luniiit  type,  namelv.  with 
a  door  at  tlio  side,  and  jnobaldy  a  hole  in  the  roof  for  ventilation.  The 
liou.ses  Avcro  built  with  the  iloor  somewhat  below  th<-  h  vel  of  the  outside 
soil,  the  walls  of  whale-ribs,  sticks  of  wood,  or  upn>ht  stone  walls,  covered 
outside  with  mats,  straw,  and  finally  turf.  IJude  bone  picks,  for  excavatin^r, 
were  not  luiconnnon  hi  the  shell-heaijs.  'J'he  roof  was  formed  by  archin;.;- 
■\vhale-rib.s,  or  long  sticks  of  drift-wood,  matted,  thatched,  and  turfed  like 
the  sides,  Avith  a  central  ajjerture.  A  platform,  soniew  hat  rai.s.d,  ananul  the 
sides  of  the  house  afforded  a  ])lace  foi  sittitig  and  sleeping.  Later,  each 
village  had  a  large  liou.se,  or  haslniu,  which  served  as  a  common  work-shop, 
and  n  lodging  for  .strangers,  as  well  as  for  a  town-hall  for  tlu^ir  di.scussions 
and  festivals.  In  all  this,  they  agree  precisely  with  the  present  Iiiuuit.  Still 
later,  in  a  period  not  very  greatly  antedaling  the  historic,  the  Aleuts  began 
to  build  largo  connnuni.stic  dwellings  with  features  jieculiar  to  themselves, 
without  doors,  and  entered  by  the  hole  in  the  roof,  the  inmates  descending 
on  a  notched  log  placed  upright.     I'hese  large  yonits  were  divi.h^d,  b)-  par- 


111  I 


84 

lIlioiiAof  wood,  Htoiio,  or  iiiiittiiijr,  intit  siiiiill  romns  like  tli(>  stntr-roonis  nfii 
Ntfiimcr,  lull  \vitli<»iit  dixirs;  o|i)'ii  towiinl  tlic  (ciitcr  (il'llic  yoilil,  iiiul  I'jicli 
.•M'cdiiimoiliitiii;,''  riiio  fiiiiiily.  SdiiicfiiiiiN  tlic  dciul  were  iiK-loscd  in  tlii' 
fi|i;iitiii(tit  iIkv  liiiil  (»ccii|ii(Ml  wlicii  liviii;^',  wliicli  wiis  lillcd  willi  cnrlli  iiiid 
widltd  ii]i,  wliili'  llic  (illur  iidiiiliitiiiits  r(f:iiiiid  their  i'liiirtiiitiits  ns  ]h  tore. 
\V(f  tumid,  ill  tin-  ((uusc!  oloiir  ('xcavatiniis  on  Clakiifii  Spit  in  one  of  tlu'S(> 
old  yoiirts,  tlirt'c  sktdctoiis  tliiis  iiitcncd.  Tlic  IxMiii-s  win-  tied  with  tli(» 
kiii'cs  hriMi;4lit  up  to  tlic  cliiii,  iih  is  now  (•ii>toiiii(ry  aiiioii  rlic  roiitiiH-iita! 
liiiiiiit. 

Tint  laiildiii^r  of  lioiiscs  and  liylitin;,'  tlicin  witli  lamps  must  liavo  exor- 
cised ;i  powcrl'iil  iiiod;i'\  iii^'  iiilliiciicc  on  tlicsc  people.  liisinj;-  :ind  retirin<^- 
with  tli(!  sun,  their  pro^^cnitors  nlied  on  heaven  for  llicir  li^iht  and  warmth. 
Now  till-  lamp  formed  at  oiiec  ,1  center  (.1'  attraction  for  the  memhers  of  a 
hoiisehnld,  prolonji'e(I  their  a\  .liliihlc  hours  of  lalior,  and  clurred  the  drearv 
nij.dits  of  winter.  Not  only  would  the  utilitarian  side  of  the  iiiitivc  mind 
become  developed,  hut  it  mi;iht  l)e;iiii  dimly  to  experieiici'  sensations  of  tlio 
heiiiitifiil.  I'rohiildy  the  ;ireiiter  comfort  and  miituid  conlideiice  in  which 
llicy  existed  would  tend  to  modify  for  the  better  tlii'  dreary  animism  which 
characterizes  all  of  the  most  dej;rade(l  and  sava-^c  races. 

'{"his  brings  us  to  the  consideration  of  those  olijeefs  found  in  the  shell- 
liciips,  and  solely  coiidiied  to  the  ni-periiiost  strata,  which  iiiiiy  ])0  fairlv 
denominated — 

AKTICLEH    OF    AliT    0I£    oliNAMr.NT. 

The  expression  of  a'sthetii  feidiii^j',  iis  indiciited  Iiv  attempts  at  orna- 
mentation of  utensils  <ir  weapons,  or  l»y  the  faliricatlou  of  articles  which 
serve  only  for  purposes  ol' adornment,  is  remarkahly  ab.sont  in  the  contents 
of  the  shell-liciips.  As  a,  whole,  tliis  t'eelin^'  liecanie  developed  only  at  the 
period  directly  anterior  to  the  historic  epoch.  It  was  doiiljtless  exhibited 
in  numerous  ways,  of  which  no  jireservatioii  was  possible,  so  that  the  early 
record,  even  for  a  eonsideralde  jjcriod,  would  bo  very  inc(»niplete.  We 
know  that  {jreat  taste  and  delicate  handiwork  were  expended  on  articles  of 
clothiiiy-  and  manufactures  of  orass  iiber,  which  would  bo  entu-cly  destroyed 
in  the  shelldieaiis,  and  of  which  only  fragmentary  remains  have  been 
preserved  on  the  mummie.s  found  in  the  latest  })rehistorie  burial-eaves  and 


>;.*» 


IPH 


rmk-slultirs.  I  liavc  clpcwlicrc  trc.it<t|  ilii^t  |iiirt  of  ilic  >iiil>ii'cf  iiii.rtinsn, 
iiiul  "ill  ii;i>s  it  liy  Ik  If  with  tlic  li'rc;r,,iii^r  ii|li.>i,,ii.  Tin  re  fan  Itr  no 
iloiilil  also  tiial,  l»y  die  inx-ilidn  ut'  ffatlifis,  liair,  and  whiskfr-lnistlfs 
t.f  llif  seal,  as  well  as  in  i.tlifr  ways,  tlif  liiilarka  or  kayak  was  lastfliiiJv 
urnauKiitcil.  'I'lic  ([cnililf  or  luo-liclfd  lii.larka.  picnliar  to  tlic  Innnit  of 
Kailiak  ami  llif  Alfnts,  lifcanif  a  nffcs^ity  Irnin  lliiir  nirilioil  of  laintin;^-, 
wliifli  ncffssitatti!  two  pfrsons,  onf  to  liinl  tlic  «lail  and  llic  oilnr  to  stcfi- 
and  inana^H' tlif  liidarka.  'I  lie  sin;r|f  kayak,  foninioii  to  idl  tlir  Innnit,  is 
«'oni|)ai-ativ«'ly  iiifllififiit  in  sca-ottfr  Ininlin;;'.  The  ilncc  liolfd  liidarka 
ajipfars  to  have  Itccn  a  KMissian  innovation.  'I'lif  liidaiia,  a-  nmiak,  does 
not  .sfi-ni  to  liavf  Ikmii  as  fxtfnsivtly  nsed  anion;^-  tlir  Alcnts  ,is  it  !>  ijiinni;- 
tlufonlinary  Innuit ;  and  It  is  iiotiwortliy  tliat  on  ilif  wliolf  wf^t  foast  it 
has  not  tlif  special  «diarafffr  o|' n  ••woman's  lioat  ",  wliifli  isi  liaraftfiiNtic «.!' 
it  anionii'  tlif  (Ircfnlandffs  and  eastern  Innnit. 

'I'liere  are  some  artieles  nsed  on  tlie  kyak  wliieli  aic  n>nall\  made  nl" 
l)on<',  and  often  preserved  in  tiie  ni>per  .Mannnalian  siralinii.  and  npon 
wliifli  some  attfinpts  at  ornamentation  were  l»e>t(»wed.  These  are  little 
pieces  of  l)on(>  or  iv(try,  in  ^feiieral  shapi'  resemhlin^^  a,  knfelin;,^  limine, 
uitli  one  or  two  holes,  thron;.^li  wliifh  cords  were  jiasscd.  Tliesi;  cords 
were  niadc^  fast  at  the  outer  angles  of  the  kyak,  passiii;r  over  the 
upper  ridjiff  of  it,  and  drawn  taut.  On  each  side,  one  of  the  hone  appeiid- 
a^'t'.s  was  placed,  t(t  raise  the  cord  a  little,  so  that  a  paddK nr  dart  ini^ht 
bo  slipped  under  the  latter,  and  so  iiia(h^  fast  to  the  k\ak.  'I'here  are 
usually  at  least  two  of  these  transver.se  cords  plac((|  in  advance  of 
each  seat  aud  two  behind  tlui  stern  .seat,  inakin;;'  six  in  all,  in  a  double 
kyak,  and  reiptirln^'^  twelve  appendages.  The  Litter  were,  in  soiia;  ca.ses, 
carved  to  represent  fij,nires  of  animals.  Another  species  of  ornanientation 
has  already  been  alluded  to  in  the  ilat,  thin  strips  of  bone  which  wen; 
fastened  to  the  wooden  visor  worn  in  Imiitiii;^.  'i'heso  were  fre(pieiitly 
ornamented  with  typically  Innnit  jiatterns  of  parallel  lines,  dots,  concen- 
tric circles,  with  zig'zag  markin<fs  betwx'cn  them,  and  radiating,'  lines.  All 
these  were  in  black  on  the  white  basis  of  the  bone  or  ivory,  'i'hesct  bftne 
ornaments  also  .served  the  purpose  of  stren^^theniii;.''  tla;  visor  again.st  a  blow. 
At  the  tip,  there  was  usually  su.spended  a  small  bone  carving,  bead,  or  fij^iire. 


II 


31 ; 


80 

■•itfiiclicd  to  ;i  scM-liiiii  wliiskcr.  .M()>t  nl'  tlic  sinnll  iiondL'scriiit  cjirviiijrs 
fuiiiid  ill  the  slicll-l:c;i|)s  cjiii  he  rcl'ciic  il  to  this  species  of  (iniiuneiit.  \im- 
<tiis  utensils  ;iii(l  tlic  Ixnie  liciuls  of  diirts  often  received  a  few  rude  lines  by 
way  (if  oriiiiiiiiiif,  or  soiiietiiiies  tlie  piitteiiis  jibovo  mentioned.  Kvi'iytliiiif^ 
of  this  kind  tliat  we  olitained  from  tlu^  sliell-lu'aps  Avas  very  crude.  Some 
of  tlies(!  articles,  trom  the  later  ]irchistoric  burial-places,  were  much  niofe 
ornate.  The  markin^^s  can  seldom  lie  accuratelv  described  as  marks  of 
ownership.  I  have  never  sei'ii  any  delinit(!  mark  or  ornament  of  this  nature 
anion;,'-  the  Aleuts  or  Western  Tniiiiit.  They  readily  recognize  their  own 
utensils  and  weaj)ons  without  any  such  aid,  and  I  believe  the  theory  of 
"marks  of  ownership",  "batons  of  command",  and  such  like,  has  been 
stret(  !i(  il  far  lieyond  the  point  of  eiidiirance  or  accuracy,  at  least  amony 
writers  on  the  liinuit.  DrawiiiLis,  enyravin;;s  on  bono  or  wood,  and  pictures 
of  any  kind,  so  far  as  I  liav(?  observed,  arc  all  subseciuent  to  the  period 
covered  by  the  shell-liea))  deposits.  'I'hey  arc  invariably  quite  modern, 
ihougli  the  taste  for  them  is  now  wid»dy  spread  among  the  Inniiit,  especially 
those  of  the  regions  where  ivory  is  readily  procured.  The  coloration  of 
wooden  articles  witii  native  ])igments  is  of  ancient  origin,  but  idl  the  more 
elaborate  instances  that  have  come  to  my  knowledge  bore  marks  of  com- 
paratively recent  origin.  'I'lie  pigments  used  were  blue  carbonates  of  iron 
and  copper;  the  green  fungus,  or  ^)r.r/.nf,  found  in  decayed  birch  and  alder 
wood;  hainatite  and  red  chalk;  white  infusorial  or  chalky  earth;  black 
charcoal,  graphite,  and  micaceous  ore  of  iron.  A  species  of  red  was  some- 
time-; derived  from  pine  bark  or  the  caiiil)ium  of  the  ground-willow.  In 
later  jirehistoric  burial-places,  the  wooden  carvings  bear  these  colors  nearly 
as  bright  as  when  fh'st  applied. 

Ikads  were  made  of  sections  of  the  hollow  bones  of  l)irds,  of  blt.s.  of 
gypsum  imi)orted  from  the  continent,  seal  and  orca  teeth,  and  especially  ol" 
and)er.  This  substan.ce  occurs  sparingly  in  the  lignitic  deposits  of  Tanaga, 
rnalashka,  Atka,  and  Amchitka,  and  vv.;-;  reckoned  of  the  highest  value 
liy  the  Aleuts.  The  pieces  were  usually  very  small  and  were  simply 
pierced  and  roughly  i\  'e.,  l^d.  T  have  seen  no  ancient  carved  beads. 
Pieces  of  the  red  bills  of  tlii'  auks,  the  claws  of  the  little  auk  set  one  into 
another  like  the  "larkspur  rings"  of  children,  were  used,  with  small  bone 


,i 


■1 


J 


i 


('i\ryh\'^s,  as  poiidants  to  flic  bead  nocklaoes.  We  found  no  application  of 
shell  to  ])urpos»'s  of  use  or  oriiaiiuMit.  Tliis  may  lie  pi-.rflv  ('\)>laiiu'(l  hv 
the  iliill  colors  and  thin  tcNtniT  of  most  of  the  Alciitiau  shells.  There  are 
a  few,  iiowovcr,  wliii-h  wcaild  seem  to  have  lieeii  (|uite  suilalile,  lait  \vt' 
i'ound  \.o  ovidonees  of  their  nso. 

Ill  some  of  the  latest  preliistoiic  liiirlal -places,  we  foiiiid,  lieside  other 
car\iii;is,  masks,  toys,  ami  once  a  rude  woixh'ii  doll,  Imt  with  one  e\ceptii>n 
we  have  foiiiid  no  imitations  of  the  lmm;in  I'oriii  or  face  in  the  kitchen- 
heaps,  '["his  exception  w;is  a  small  and  very  artistic  ivorv  carviii;.'-,  perhaps 
once  lashed  to  the  peak  o|' a  \  isor,  or  to  some  other  article, 
of  which  the  iimiexeil  linnre  is  a  representation,  it  does 
fit]^  not,  however,  ^ive  a  siitlicieiitlv  clear  idea  of  the  delicac\- 
of  the  carviiiii',  which  is  reallv  e\ce|itional.  The  face  has 
'.  the  n.-iial  Inmiit  cliaracteristirs,  and  four  litth-  holes  at  tla; 
*c(|  sides  were  exideiitly  for  sico.iiiiL;-  tiie  lashiii;;'s.  '|"lie  hack 
^  is  (piite  concave,  as  if  it  had  heeii  tilted  to  some  sin.dl 
^^  cylindrical  oltject.  The  upper  part  is  I'arvcd  jihe  the  heai^ 
iiwi  n.-.fi-unnc  cirv- of  ii  bird.  Tiie  ohject  is  too  sh^^ht  ,<>  have  iiceii  aiiv  kind 
Miiii.niaii;in  niiatuiii,  I'lirt  ot  iiteiisil,  aiid  pfohahU'  w  as  made  fo''  orti;inieiit  alone. 
].  It   indicates  superior  ahilitv   in   the   carxi'r,    and    a    lireat 

iidvance  on  tin;  usual  u'sthetic  condition  of  the  Iiinuit  of  th(»se  tiiin's. 

In  a  fi'eneral  way,  the  love  of  ornament  was  exhibited  in  the  better 
tinisli  and  neater  proportions  of  all  utensils  and  weapons,  and  in  the  model 
ot  the  bidarka,  as  we  have  clsewheri'  noted  in  the  course  of  this  paper. 

The  cu.stoni  of  picrcinj^-  tlu^  llesh  in  order  to  attach  an  ornament  or 
appendaji-o  to  the  person  is  very  ancient  and  widely  spread.  It  would  be 
assuiniii;^^  too  much  to  infer  any  necessary  connection  between  the  instances 
of  occurrence  of  this  [iractice  in  widely-separated  refi'ious.  it  ])robably 
took  its  oriyin  in  some  of  the  dark  and  j^looinv  superstitions  of  early 
barbarism,  akin  to  those  which  now  impel  some  sava;^-es  to  lacerat(!  their 
bodies  io  appease  eyil  spirits  or  please  their  fetishes.  This,  by  survi\  al, 
has  not  improbably  grown  into  a  custom  in  wliich  ornamentation,  so- 
called,  is  the  only'  motive,  and  which  still  flourishes  in  civilized  nations. 
The  thinner  portions  of  the  body,  such  as  tla;  lobe  of  the  external  ear,  the 


H8 


i 


^w 
n 


ii': 


*K 


iiii Sill  c'lrtiliific,  ami  tlic  lips,  iifVonl  jiTcatcr  facilities  t'ur  the  ipradicc,  and 
liavc  liccii  ;i(iicrall\'  afli'ptid  lur  lli,'  jiiirimsc.  Amnii;^- sdiiic  AtVicaii  tril)cs, 
till'  iidtdciiiliis  ill  lira/il,  tlic  T'liukcts  of  the  northwest  (•(in>t,  the  \>\\  histoiic 
Aleuts,  and  llie  mndern  iiiniilt,  lalnct.-.  or  plii^^s  iiiserte<l  into  holes  made  for 
the  piij-jio-e  in  the  li|»s,  are  iiou  or  have  heeii  n^^'d.  In  a  larye  and  very 
ani-ieut  carvcil  wooden  Ijnttoii,  covered  with  jiTotes(jiie  heads,  and  which  ;i 
rrien<l  imi'cliased  with  some  other  antiijiiities  in  Japan,  is  one  lii'ad  which 
lias  two  ivory  lahrels  inserted  precisely  iis  is  now  the  cnstom  near  tlii^ 
eastern  shore  of  IJeriii!.'  Strait.  The  lace  upon  which  these  are  ])!ai'i'd  is, 
liowevi'i",  of  Tartar  features,  and  liears  no  reseinhlance  to  any  <  )rariaii  or 
Indian  tribe.  It  is,  therefore,  not  ini'iossihlc;  that  a  similar  custom  was 
once  estalilislie(l  on  the  .\siatic  coasts.  A  ;^reat  \ariety  exists,  ho\M'\cr,  in 
re;^ard  to  this  iis:iL;'e.  Aiii'ihl;-  the  Hotociidos.  a  Iai;;:('  wooden  Jilni^  is 
inserted  into  the  lover  lip,  ami  one  in  the  lohe  of  each  eai',  with  women, 
stretching;'  these  meinliers  prodiiiionsly,  and  atl'ordinji:  a  lurtTid  spectacle. 
The  T'liiiket  women  have  a  similar  lint,  smaller  laliret,  lint  jilace  little  tufts 
ol  wool,  I'lir,  or  short  strini^'s  of  heads  ni  successive  small  jiimctnres  around 
the  jieripherv  ol'  the  ext 'riial  ear.  The  western  Innnit  have  two  laliri'ts, 
worn  oiilv  liy  males,  one  Ik  low  each,  coi-ner  of  the  month,  and  of  more 
.Moderate  si/e.  The  woin"!!  have  ear-rinus  made  of  hone,  ami  often  rather 
pi'eltilv  car\'ed.  The  ^la^f-ennits  of  ('a]ie  Juunanzotf  and  Xnni\ak  form 
an  exception  to  this  rule,  liowe'  >■!•,  as  r.inonjr  theiu  'he  women  also  wear 
]u-culiar  lahrets  of  a  ('  or  .1  shape,  soinetiino.s  two  and  sometimes  more,  in 
the  lower  li|),  whence  they  project  like  little  horns.  The  Norton  Sound 
Innnit  women  used  to  wear  an  omament  tliron<ih  the  nasal  cartilaj^-e,  lint 
this  iiractice  is  iiearlv  extinct.  'J'lie  l.skimo  of  the  west  shore  of  IJeriim' 
Str.iit  are  said  to  wear  nolahrets,  and  my  experience*  a;j!'rees  with  this  state- 
ment. The  .-nicieiit  ])eople  of  Kadiak  and  the  Aleutian  I.slaitds  also  knew 
tlii-i  custom.  ( 'ook  liii'iires  a  cleat-shaped  lahret  as  worn  verv  rarel\-  hv 
the  men  in  a  hole  in  the  middle  line  of  the  under  lip,  and  what  appear  to 
lie  a  pail  ot' small  cnrvi'd  lal  rets  like  those  of  the  Magenint  lumiit,  which 
lie  states  were  nnivrs.iUy  worn  li\'  tlu^  women.  Tie  also  speaks  of  their 
jiiercinji'  the  upper  lip  lielow  each  nostril,  and  wearinj^  small  heads  or 
•i.iinded  lalirt'ts  in  the  apertures.     They  also  wore  a  striiifr  of  heads  in  the 


mmmm. 


V 


'-'"'•'I  H--il»-l! I:,   n.l  l„„„  tl |„.r.\I., 

iiialinii  Ihmt  (AI,  Aiiiiikiink  Cave  | 


N;i.i:i  u:)t).— |i,inf  lalin't  inun  upprr  Mam- 
'"•'li'"i  la.v.T  (A),  Ani..kiiiik  <\n,.  rua- 
l.ixlika.  ! 


i 


ltil,lll(-illl.-\Vhil,.  iiiaihl,.  lahr,'!,  upiH.nuMl    M,.,,  i,;i  •-      <i    i    i   ,  --       ^ 


i 


wmmmmmmm 


Si) 


nosfrils  .iiid  onianionts  in  ilic  cjus.  'I'Ir.  iilni(.,st  iniiviTsal  limiiil  |>riU'fict' 
of  tiitodiiin-  itfrpclKliciilar  lines  dii  the  cliiii  ..f  wnnicii  he  also  iiimtioiis  and 
ilj^iiivs,  as  well  as  a  i'rw  t:aiis\,.r>c  lines  on  the  iipiiei-  part  ot'  the  !':u'(', 
cxtciKlin,!,''  hackwafd  from  near  tlie  outer  coi'nc  rs  of  liie  e\ cs.  I{illin"s  and 
I.anjisdorf  also  li^iiirc  the  cdi^at-sliaped  lal>ret.  An  earlier  praetiee  is 
revealed  hy  (nn-  researi'Ii.'s  of  a  lar^v  central  lalii'et  like  those  of  the 
'["'linkets  or  IJotocndos,  worn  in  the  lower  lip,  prohahK  l»v  the  women,  Imt 
this  is  not  certain.  'I'hose  foinid  hy  us  in  the  Amaknak  Case  were  asso- 
eiati'd  with  tlu;  remains  of  a  woman's  work-hasket,  liefoie  alhided  to.  'I'lie 
earlier  form.-!  were  les.s  nicely  iua(h' and  U'ss  e!a1)orate  than  the  later  ones. 
Tiiis  form  of  lahret  appears  to  be  .strictly  prehistoric  amon;,^  the  Aleuts. 

Xos.  l-_'!i;il  Mild  141)3;)  from  the  Amid<nak  Cave,  and  similar  speci- 
mens from  the  ujiper  stratum  at  Anudiitka,  are  of  tlie  most  ancient  t\pe. 
They  are  heavy  rudely-carved  pieces  of  walrus  tusk,  snioothe(l  hv  weai", 
and  somewliat  decayed  ]»y  the  moisture  of  the  earth  in  which  the\  la\. 
Xo.  ll)i;»II  is  remarkahly  heav\-  and  onlv  an  o\ crpowerin"-  sens(»  of  its 
beauty  and  the  demands  of  I'ashiou  could  have  supported  its  wearer  e.nder 
the  iuiliction.  No.  l(il,'i(j  is  nnich  lii^hter  and  more  neatl\-  (inishecl,  fiom 
an  easily-worked  blacdc  bituminous  shale,  but  larp'r  than  any  of  the  others, 
audciipableof  being  worn  only  by  one  Avhose  lip  had  been  greatly  eidarged 
))y  pressiu-e.  No  hunter  exposed  to  tlii'  icy  blasts  and  cold  waters  of  winter 
could  have  worn  such  artich's,  which  would  hav(>  subjected  the  extended 
strip  of  ilesh  to  freezing,  and  been  an  insuflerabh!  aniio\ai.c(!  otherwise. 
We  may  coujectiire  thai  they  were  the  ornaments  of  dandies  or  wouk  n. 
The  expanded  edge  of  the  largest  labret  was  woi-n  in^;de  and  uppermost,  as 
its  weight  bore  down  the  li[)  into  a  horizontal  plane.  I'mler  the  liead  of 
art  may  bo  reckoned  the  carvings  found  with  human  remains  in  burial-cave.s. 

As  I  have  elsewhere  described  these  remains  in  detail,  and  us  they  nw, 
not  found  in  the  .sliell-heai).s,  but  only  in  the  more  modern  burial-places,  1  will 
merely  de.scribe  their  general  character  in  connection  with  the  viirioiis 
methods  of  burial  known  among  the  ancient  hunters  of  the  Aleutian  Ishuxls. 

"Wo  found  the  dead  disposed  of  in  several  ways:  tirst  by  interment 
in  their  compartments  of  the  comnuinal  dwelling,  as  alrea<ly  described; 
second,  by  being  laid  on  a  rude  platlVu-m  of  drift-wood  or  stones  In  some 


90 


Si  f 


it' 


(•(iiivciiliMif  rock-slicltcr.  'I'licso  liiy  on  straw  and  moss  covered  l)y  iiiattiri<i', 
iiiid  rarely  Iiaviii^'-  either  iiii|)leiiieiits,  weapons  or  earviiiirs  associated  witli 
tiiein.  \\'e  t'liiind  (iidy  tiiree  or  i'oiii-  specimens  in  all,  in  these  jilaces,  of 
which  w(>  examined  a  \i\v>xr  number.  This  was  apparently  the*  more  ancient 
form  of  disposiii;^-  of  the  dead,  and  one  which  more  recently  was  still  pur- 
sued in  Ihe  case  of  |)oor  or  ini])opular  individuals.  Lastly,  in  comparatively 
modern  times,  pru1»al)ly  within  a  few  centuries  and  uj)  to  the  historic  period 
(  1  7  Id),  iiiiothi'r  mode  was  adopted  for  the  Mcaltli^'  ])opidar,  or  more  dis- 
tin'.ruished  class.  The  Ixxlies  were  eviscerated,  cleansed  from  fattv  matters 
.n  runiiinj--  water,  drit-d,  and  usually  jjlaced  in  suita1d(»  cases  in  wrappin;r8 
of  fur  and  fine  ^rni.ss  mattin>>'.  'J'he  body  was  usually  doubled  up  into  the 
smallest  compass;  and  the  munnny-case,  esju'cially  in  the  case  of  children, 
was  usually  suspended  (so  as  not  to  toucli  the  j^round)  in  some  convenient 
rock-shelter.  Sometimes,  however,  the  prepared  body  was  placed  in  a  life- 
like posture,  dressed,  and  arme(l.  'i'luy  wer.  placed  as  if  cufTJiJ^'cd  m  some 
conffcnial  occu])ation,  such  as  huntin;!:,  fi.shiufr,  sewinjr,  etc.  With  them 
were  also  placed  eflif^ies  of  tlu'  animals  they  were  ijursuinif,  while  the  hunter 
was  dressed  inliis  wooden  armor,  and  provided  with  an  enormous  mask,  all 
ornamented  with  feathers  and  a  countless  variety  of  wooden  pendants  col- 
ored in  «>-ay  jiatterns.  All  the  carviuji's  were  of  wood,  the  weapons  even 
were  only  facsimiles  in  wood  of  the  crifj;inal  articles.  Anion;;  the  articles 
represented  were  drums,  rattles,  dishes,  weapons,  elligics  of  men,  Idrds,  lish, 
and  animals,  wooden  armor  of  r<  Is  or  scales  of  wood,  and  remarkable  masks 
so  arrann-ed  that  the  wearer  when  erect  could  only  see  the  ground  at  his  feet. 
These  wen;  worn  at  their  religious  dances,  from  an  idea  that  a  spirit,  which 
was  supposed  to  animate  a  temporary  idol,  was  fatal  to  whoever  might  look 
ujKtn  it  while  so  occu])ii'd.  An  extension  of  the  same  idea  led  to  the  ma.sk- 
ing  of  those  who  had  gone  into  the  land  of  spirits.  The  practice  of  preserv- 
ing the  bodies  of  those  belonging  to  the  whaling  caste,  a  custom  peculiar 
to  the  Kadiak  Imniit,  has  erroneously  l>eeu  confounded  with  the  one  now 
described.  The  latter  included  women  as  well  as  men,  and  all  those  whom 
the  living  desired  particularly  to  honor.  The  whalers,  however,  only  pre- 
served the  bodies  of  males,  and  they  were  not  associated  with  the  parapher- 
nalia of  those  I  have  describetl.     Indeed,  the  observations  I  have  been  able 


in 


i 


to  iniik(;  .slidW  the  IxmHcs  df  llu.'  wlialcrs  tn  \ui\v  liccii  |in'sci\  imI  with  stdiic 
Wi-Jijioiis  iuiil  nctnal  utensils  iustcail  of  cllijiii's,  iuid  witli  (lie  iiicaiicst  ai«|ian'l 
and  no  carviiiirs  of  coiisciniciicc.  'Hicsc  details  and  tliosi-  (if  many  otlicr 
customs  and  nsa;ics,  of  wliirli  tlii'  slicll-lieaps  bear  no  testimony,  yet  of  tin; 
existence  of  wliicli,  from  analoj^y  and  circumstantial  i-vidence,  there  can  Im 
no  doul)t.  do  not  j)roj)erly  come  within  my  limits.  From  the  hints  I  liav*^ 
j;iven,  a  tolerably  natural  pitturu  can  be  drawn  of  the  life  of  the  people  1 
have  described. 

In  conchuliiij,''  this  division  of  my  subject,  1  nuist  reiterate  the  remaik 
that  the  e\  ideiices  of  prof^Tess  indicated  in  the  succession  in  the  shell-heaps 
rest  on  a  comparison  of  the  Itest  productions  of  each  period,  and  tliat  tiui 
inference  nnist  not  be  drawn  that  all  the  productions  of  a  particular  class  in 
any  owe  period  are  superior  to  all  of  a  preceding;-  perioil.  Uude  and  primi- 
tive forms  appear  in  every  stratum,  finely  linished  and  ornatt^  forms  oidv  in 
the  later  dej)osits.  Poor  workmanship  is  as  often  the  product  of  individual 
want  <if  ability  as  it  is  of  general  barbarism.  Yet  when  we  lind  no  evidences 
of  good  workmanshi|)  -at  all.  we  may  draw  fair  conclusions  as  to  the  {gen- 
eral conditions  which  existed  amon;^-  the  fa])ricators  as  a  race. 

I  conclude  from  the  foreyoin<jf  facts  that  the  yoneralizations  with  which 
I  prefaced  my  account  are  not  ill-founded  so  far  as  they  relate  to  tlu;  lol- 
lowinjf  points:  The  very  ancient  existence  of  a  population  on  these  islands, 
in  a  much  more  suvaj^-e  condition  than  recorded  in  any  historii'  account  ;  ii 
population  distinctly  of  Innuit  stock,  and  with  habits  similar  to  those  of  the 
other  luuuit,  except  so  far  as  modified  by  the  j)eculiar  surroundin^fs,  which 
bnmglit  out  local  characteristics  not  common  to  the  other  branches  of  the 
same  race;  also,  that  a  tolerably  clear  case  of  {••radual  prog'ression  has  been 
made  out  from  the  conunencement  of  the  Fishing-  I'eriod  to  the  latest 
deposits,  and  that  the  sharp  line  which  separates  the  Littoral  Period  fr(»m 
those  which  .succeed  it  may  bo  due  either  to  an  incursion  of  mor<;  aihanced 
people,  or  less  probably  to  a  chang'e  in  habits  du(;  to  new  inventions  and  a 
greater  supply  of  food;  that  the  several  strata  shown  to  exist:  c  espond 
to  actual  stages  of  deselopment  in  the  social  history  of  the  people  who 
formed  the  shell-heaps;  and,  lastly,  that  the  (onteuts  of  the  latter  form  an 
approximate  index  to  the  character  ot  those  stages  and  the  relative  develop- 
ment of  the  fishermen  antl  hunters  of  that  ancient  time. 


I 


i 


;■    f 


111. 

Oi\  THE  ORIGIN  OF  TIIK  INNUIT. 


Tlio  (iiicstioii  (if  the  »tn;^iii  and  inigTiitidiis  of  llu;  Iiiimit,  pnrficMliirly 
these  iiiliabitiiif^-  Greenhmd,  litis  been  tlio  subjeet  of  n  jiood  deal  of  discus- 
sion. It  is  only  -within  a  frw  years,  however,  that  material  has  accuinuiatcd 
suHieiently  to  admit  of  any  well-founded  j^a'Ueralizations.  Anion;;'  the 
various  papers  on  this  subject,  tlit,"  most  recent  are  those  of  C  li.  Marlvham 
and  Dr.  Henry  liink,  printed  in  the  "Arctic  Papers"  of  ISTo,  by  the  (Jeo- 
graphical  Society  of  London.  The  former  paper  was  printed  Ion;;- a;;i»,  Ijtit 
lias  received  revisions  and  additions  in  the  present  volume,  which  seem  to 
entitle  it  to  bo  considered  as  a  fair  representation  of  the  author's  iirescnt 
views.  The  paper  liy  Dr.  Rink  is  also  not  new,  but  uiifortuiia1el\  oid\  an 
abstract  of  it  is  given  in  the  volume  mentioned,  and  the  original  is  iiol 
accessible  to  me.  It  was,  however,  much  later  in  its  publication  tliaii  .Mr. 
Markham's.*  In  1870,  the  present  writer  oll'ered  a  bricsf  resume  of  his  own 
viow,s  on  the  subject  in  a  work  on  Ahtsha  and  Us  Jlcsonrccs  (page  'M  \ 
et  seq.),  in  which  an  opinion  similar  to  that  of  Dr.  Kink  was  maintained. 
Subscfpient  observations,  extending  over  three  years,  in  the  Aleutian  [slands, 
have  not  altered  this  opinion.  Mr.  ^larkham  sketches  out  the  following 
programme  for  the  migrations  of  the  Iniiuit : 

"  During  the  centuries  preceding  the  appearance  of  the  Iiinuit  in  Green- 
land (1349  A.  D.),  there  was  a  great  movement  among  the  people  of  Central 
Asia."     "The  pressure  caused  by  these  invading  waves  (of  population)  on 

•1  liuvc,  siucc  this  paper  was  written,  liiul  .111  opiM;rliiiiily  of  iiiriiBiiit;  "TaleBof  tlin  Kskiiiio",  by 
Ur.  Kiuk,  iii  wbicli  tho  same  viuws  are  ouuuciateil  more  at  luugtb. 

93 


i»l 


tli(!  triltis  di"  Nurtlicni  Sibciia  dntvc  iIriii  still  liirtlitT  to  tlu;  imrtli."  "  Vi-ar 
lifter  yciir,  tlic  iiitrmliii;;'  'I'ntiirs  (•(iiitiiiucd  to  press  on."  " 'I'liiir  (Icscoiid- 
aiits,  llic  ^'iilviits,*  jircsscd  on  until  tlicy  arc  now  I'onml  at  the  months  nt" 
rivers  I'allin}^  into  tlie  I'olar  Sea.  Hnt  tlies<'  rej;ions  were  forniiTlv  inlialiited 
l»y  ninnerons  trlhes,  wliicli  were  driven  away  still  I'artlier  north  oxer  the 
t'ro/en  sea.f  "  Wrani^oll  has  preserved  traditions  of  their  (Hsapp('aran<'e,§ 
and   in  tlu'iii    I    think  we  niav  find  a  i  hie  to  tlio  origin  of  the  (ireenland 


i'lskiinos."      "The  Vaknts  were  not  the  first  inliabitants 


)f   th 


Kolyma."  " 'i'he  ( )nioki,  *  *  tlu-  ("helaki,  *  *  the 'rnniiiise.s,  and 
the  Vnkai^irs  were  theii-  ])red(,'cessors.  These  trilx's  have?  so  wludiv  disap- 
|)eare([  that  even  their  names  are  harilly  remend)ered."1[  "  The  <  hiktlon, 
too,  once  a  nnmerons  race  of  fisliers  on  the  shores  of  the  (Jnlf  of  Anadvr, 
are  n<iw  ;i'one,  no  man  knows  whither.  Some  centuries  a;^'o,  tliev  are  said 
to  have  occupied  all  the  coast  from  Cape  ('hela;,''skoi  to  IJerinj^'  Strait  ;  and 
the  remains  of  their  huts  of  stone,  earth,  and  Ixmes  of  whales  are  still 
seen  aloiij;'  the  shores."  "The  Omoki  are  said  to  have  ptne  northward 
over  the  I'olar  Sea.  The  Oidvihm,  too,  fled  away||  noi'th  to  the  land  whose 
mountains  are  said  to  be  visible  from  Cape  Jakan."  "  Here  we  have  pnd)- 
ably  the  commencement  of  the  exodus  of  the  Greenland  Eskimo,"  i^c 

Mr.  ^farkhain  {.^oes  on  to  elalxirate  his  theory  to  the  effect  that  the 
wanderers  "without  canoes"  pushed  on  from  the  Siberian  Capes  to  the 
I'arry  Islands,  an  uidcuown  rejj;ion  of  1,140  miles  in  breadth,  the  march  to 
Melville  Isknid  occupyiii;^'  probably  more  than  one  <,''eneration.  He  then 
mentions  various  Imuiit  remains  found  at  ditl'urent  points  in  the  Parry 
group  between  Haidvs  l.sland  and  IJaflin's  JJay,  as  illustrations  of  the 
supposed  march.  He  considers  that  they  kej)t  marching-  steadily  eastward 
along'  and  north  of  Barrow  Strait,  finally  arriving-  in  Greeidand  on  the 

*  Tlio  Yakuts  aro  Seylhiau.s,  allioti  to  the  Tniks,  not  Tatars. 

t  No  proof  of  tliis  iiroposilion  is  adduced  ;  vUle  poHlca. 

sM'liii  tribe.-*  to  which  Wran;;cll  refers  belonged  to  a  iniieh  hiter  era  than  that  in<'nlioned. 

',',  The  Tiuifiuses,  still  nnnieroiiH  in  ''.astern  Siberia,  are  a  Tatar  race.  So  far  from  the  other  tribes 
tiaviof;  wholly  disappeared,  Wrangi'll  slates  that  there*  were  in  1S'.>0,  in  the  Kol.viua  circnit  alone,  l,l:t9 
Ynkanirs  and  others,  related  to  the  Koraks.  In  Kustern  Siberia,  in  1S((I,  by  the  Knssian  censns  obtained 
by  nic  from  the  governor  of  Kaincliatka  in  IHfi,'),  there  were  in  all  about  live  thonsand  of  these  people. 
I  have  a  Tiingnse  portrait  taki'ii  from  life  in  lt:<t)-">. 

II  Wrangell,  page  ITS,  states  that  the  Omoki  and  Reliehif^i  dis.Tpi)eared  from  their  wars  w  ith  neigh- 
Imring  tribi's,Nmall-iH)x,  and  devastating  sickness.  The  Onkilon  mill  exist,  according  to  Wrangcll,  on 
Anadyr  (Jnlf  (page  ^7-i). 


95 


castcni  ^ll«»^(•  <>(  Sinitli's  Simiitl.  'riicncc,  ns  new  parties  iinivctl,  lie  sii|))ios('s 
till  V  ni.iy  Iiiivr  si-paratcil,  soiuc  to  the  lutrlli,  ollirrs  rrmiiiiiiii^-  as  llic  Antir 
1 1  i;ililaiiil(r>' ancestors,  otlu-rs  still  ^oinj^f  smith,  ilriviiiL;-  nut  tlic  N(iis(  imn, 
ami  |Mt.|iliii;.'-  ( Jrccnlaiiil.  Fiirtiicr  on,  lie  assiiincs  it  as  (crtaiii  tliiil  lIic 
Antic  lli;rlilaniliTS  came  iVum  tlie  iiortli.  lie  also  makes  the  puiiit  tliat 
there  are  penjile  speakiii<f  an  liinuit  ilialect  on  the  coast  ol'  Asia  at  the 
liicsent  (lay. 

Still  another  theory,  larj^ely  lieM  by  those  wlio  have  less  know  led  <,>■(• 
of  the  snhjeet  than  .Mr.  Markham,  is  that  these  and  other  iieopie  came  into 
America  via  the  .\lentian  Islands. 

Hefiire  enterinir  into  the  snhject  in  detail,  it  mav  lie  as  well  to  |ii-eiiiise 
that  in  the  tar  and  distant  past,  a  period  so  ancient  as  to  lie  whollv  without 
the  .scope  <.t'  this  paper,  it  seems  prohalth^  that  the  liist  |iopiilation  ol 
America  was  derived  troin  the  west.  10.  (i.  Sipiier  and  the  late  (Jeor;;!' 
(jibl)s  In-ru-ved  in  ditl'erent  lines  of  inuin^ration,  one  from  the  southwest 
in  tiie  direction  of  Polynesia,  and  another  from  the  north.  'I'hiif  this  is 
jirolialile  cannot  be  denied,  but  it  will  always  remain  donbtfiil. 

'J'he  fact  that  the  home  of  the  hiji'hest  anthropoid  apes  is  in  Africa, 
and  also  tiiat  of  some  of  the  lea.st-elevated  forms  of  man;  that  we  haxc 
none  of  the  liijrher  anthropoid  animals,  recent  or  fossil,  in  .\nierica,  and 
none  are  known  anywhere  ont.side  of  the  Asiatic  and  African  icnidns,  tells 
forcibly  ajrainst  any  hypothesis  of  antochthonii^  peojile  in  Americi.  I  see, 
therefore,  no  reason  for  dispntiny-  the  hypothesis  that  America  was  peopled 
from  Asia  oriirinally,  and  that  there  were  snccessivc;  waves  of  emi;^ration. 

The  noithern  route  was  clearly  by  way  of  licring  Strait;  at  least,  it 
wa.s  not  to  the  south  of  that,  and  especially  it  was  not  by  way  of  the 
Aleutian  Islands. 

Linirnistically,  no  idtimate  distinction  rati  be  drawn  between  the 
American  Iinniit  and  the  American  Indian.  There  are  no  ultimate  or 
fuiulamental  pri'amniatical  distinctions  in  the  formation  of  their  respcn-tive 
lan<rua:,'cs.  IJotli  are  agglutinative.  So,  also,  are  classed  som(;  tribes  of 
Eastern  A.sia  by  Max  Miiller.  Consequently,  theories  of  remote  origin 
apply  e(pially  well  to  both  Indians  and  Innuit.  Hut  secondary  distinctions 
are  abundant,  and  the  Stiimme  of  the  Eskimo  is  as  clearly  separated  fi'om 


!k; 


H. 


il 


tlial  <>r  the  liidiiiii  iiiid  t'niiii  :ill  dtlicrs  ns  iiiiy  >t<i(.k  ni"  siiiiiliir  ciilturo 
Kiinuii  til  |iliil(tlii;iy.  lilt'  liiuiiit  .'■tiMk  is  ciiiimiitlv  rlinriictci'Izcil  liv 
iiiiirnniiity,  iind    llic    IimII.iii  ijn't's,  so-cillcd,    hy    diversity    in    sfcoiidiiry 

ril,iril(t(  IS. 

Tlic  (|iicsti((ii  iM't'orc  us,  liowi'vcf,  is  iiof  ol'  this  nllii)i;ito  cluifJK'fcf. 
We  liiivc  tlK^vcll-dcliiicil  Iniiiiil  or  Oriiriiiii  stock,  willi  n  kn(>\vinli>tril)iitinii. 
W'iiciicc  iiiid  \\  liy  did  tliry  ('(imf  tlnTc  .'  Wliat  was  tlirir  (iriiiiiial  coiiditidii  ? 
'I'licsc  arc  iIk-  (iMcrics  awaitiiiii'  a  solutinii. 

I  shall  assiuiii',  what  is  also  assnnicd  liy  Mr.  .Markhaiii,  that  th(^ 
oriy-iual  iiro;i('iiitois  of  the  Jiiiiuit  were  ill  a  \ cry  ])riiiiiti\  c,  low,  and 
barharoiis  condition.  I  tliiidc  that  I'or  one  locality  at  least,  the  Aleutian 
Islands,  this  is  siiHicieiitly  proved  in  I'art  II  of  tips  p.iiier.  'j'lie  |ii'ehistoiic 
iidiabitants  ol'  I'ei'in'oi-d  seem  to  ha\e  Ix'eu  littl  ■  hettc'V  o''''  and  it  is  not 
iniiirohalile  that  man,  when  he  iifst  Ix'n.'in  to  s|iread  over  tho  earth,  was 
('ver\where,  as  i.  ""'•'ire  (and  possilily  lanjiua^'e)  is  concerned,  in  much 

the  same  condition.  It  uii.j  '•■;  stiL;<rested  that  the  men  ol"  the  I'ishinj;" 
Period  were*  the  real  proLjenitors  of  the  Tnniiit,  and  the  KcliinophaLii  were 
an  older  and  dillereiif  race.  Uut  this  does  not  )'ra<tieally  atl'ect  the 
(|iiestlini.  Assnmlii^-  that  tho  Fi.shermeii  wevv'  the  true  ancestors,  their 
culture  was  still  so  low  as  to  <  ll'i  r  no  appreciahle  olijection  to  the  assumption. 

Now,  to  the  enthusiastic  theorist,  on  reLiardini;-  the  maps,  drawn  usually 
to  a  most  minute  scale,  the  Aioutian  Islands  form  a  convenient  ami  natural 
liridi^'e  from  Asia  to  America.  Hut  on  examination  of  the  facts  wo  find  that 
a  ji'ap  of  one  hundred  and  thirty-eij^ht  statute  miles  separates  the 
("oinmander's  Islands  from  Kamchatka,  and  another  of  two  hundred  and 
iifty-three  mih's  exists  hetween  tho  former  and  Attn.  Here  is  one  of  the 
deepest  <>'ulfs  known  in  any  ocean,  o\-er  which  r<dls  a  rough,  fog^'^y,  and 
tem])e.stuous  sen.  Is  it  probable  that  over  this  sea,  without  compass  or 
chart,  and  with  what  must  have  been  the  rudest  of  canoes,  the  ancient 
barbarians  could  have  found  their  way  to,  and  landed  on,  a  rocl.y  and 
inhospitabh;  shore  in  safety  in  suflicient  numbers  to  liave  peopled  America 
or  even  the  AU'Utian  chain?     I'here  can  be  but  one  answer. 

A\'hen  IJerinjjf  and  his  part'  landed  on  the  islands  named  after  him, 
they  found  no  inhabita  its,  but  tho  shores  abounded  with  herds  of  a  sea- 


I 


J>7 


cow  (H'lHiiii)  n..t  Kiiuuii  to  liiiv  i\ist,.,|  :iii\u|„.|v  (!m-.  uliirli  \miv  Kill.'.! 
Willi. .lit  liny  M-ivnl  .lilliciilly,  iiinl  wlii.li  ,illnn|,.,l  iihumljiiK  :.\u\  lu.f 
iili|i;il,it,tlilr  looil.  I  III, I  IIk-.c  isl.MiiiN  <\(i-  liccii  iiili,il,i|,.(|  liy  sjivii;^-!'^, 
wuiil.l  ili.y  have  miaiiiiiK.ii^iy  Icti  ihi,  iinl.iilin;'-  MippK  ..f  fond  for 
cxjii.. rations  mi  an  iiiikiiouii  and  >t<.riiiy  mh,  and  liiialK  srttl.'d  in 
]ir(  rci-ciicc  till  inlands  iicarly  liarc  nf  all  food  cxcciil  ccliini.' 
I  dii  not  tliinlv  it  tiniccivalilc. 

Finnlly,  tlic  Tatiir,  .Ia|iaiicsc,  ,.r  Cliincsc  i\]v/\\\  nl'  tli(>c  |ir..|il,',  -o 
fnvoiitc  an  liy|i(itlicsis  witli  niaiiy,  linds  no  coiTolioration  in  llicir  inaniiriN, 
(Imss,   or  laii;.'ii;i;r<'.      M.   Alplioiisc   riiiiiil,   wlio   lias  can  Inlly    studied   tli.' 

liiiifrua^-c  with  niiiisual  lacilitics  for  coniiiarison,  finds  in  it  no  liju I'  these 

lorciLin  toii<iiies. 

Much  has  lieeii  made,  with  some  show  of  |)laiisi!iiiit\ ,  of  the  (•.istiiiL'' 
up.  l>y  the  ^rciit  easterly  Pacific  current,  of  daiiiiiiese  junks  on  the  coast 
iif  America  and  the  Aleiitiiin  Islands,  tint  it  mn-t  lie  reeidle.  nd  that  tlies(> 
junks  (tlie  coiistniction  of  wimdi  ini|ilies  a  iieople  ali-ead\  fai'  nd\aiiced  in 
the  ;irts),  whi(di  lia\-e  uiidoiilitedly  heen  thrown  U|i  in  this  manner,  are  first 
ciirried  clear  to  the  coast  of  America  In  iatitmle  aO  liefoiv  the  iioiiIh  riv 
retiiriiiii;,''  branch  of  the  current  would  throw  them  on  th<>  islands.  Then 
they  are  as  likely  to  lie  carried  south  as  north  hy  the  southerly  nr:ii  of  the 
(  r.rreiit.  In  jioiut  of  fact,  many  more  are  known  to  haxc  heeii  cast  oi,  the 
continent  than  lunc  i-ver  heeii  known  to  reach  the  islands,  'j'he  drill  I.',- 
which  a  -lapiinese  junk,  on  w  lii(  h  three  persons  (all  men)  remained  ali\e,  wils 
iiiially  cast  on  the  south  shore  of  Adakh  in  ISTi  occu|iie(l  nine  months. 
Diirinj.;'  this  time,  the  men  li\('d  on  raiii-wat<r  and  the  car^jd  of  rice,  and 
when  cast  on  the  shore  would  ine\italily  Iia\-e  starved  if  the\-  had  not 
Ijecn  discovered  hy  an  Aleut  liiiiiti]i^-part\-. 

Continents  are  not  peopled,  nor  do  whole  nuces  eniijurate,  in  this  manner. 

I  conclude,   therefore,  that  the  Aleutian  route  is  totally  indefeiisihle, 

and  sliould  he  rejected  from  any  hypotliesis  intended  to  be  reasonable.      I 

learn  from  whalers,  familiar  with  the  Arctic  Sea  and   lU-riiig-  Strait,  that,  at 

jiresent,  in  winter,  the  natives  are  accustoiiK  d  to  cross  the  strait  on  the  ice. 

'I'here  are,  therefore,  no  (t  priori  reasons  why  they  nii<:lit  not  lia\(-  done  so 

in  tlie  past.     In  fact,  as  between   the  route  by  way  of  I'.erinjr  Strait   and 
7 


98 


i 


Miiy  otiicr  uliicli  ini^lit  he  siio;{^t'Ht(,'(I,  there  is  no  satisfactory  coniparison  to 
\)v  iiiiidu  ill  point  <•!'  I'acility. 

I  assume,  tlicii,  that,  the  laru^er  part  of  North  America  may  have  been 
l)eoph'(l  l<y  way  of  iJerinj^  Strait.  Mr.  iMarkliam's  projiosition  tliat  popuhi- 
tiiiii  may  liavo  reached  the  I'ohir  Archipehigo  I)y  Avay  of  Wraii<>ell  Land 
and  the  unknown  I'ohir  region,  does  not  involve  any  weighty  t)l)jections 
('xcept  our  ignorance  of  the  region  indicated.  I  am  tokl  by  tlie  whaU-rs 
tliat  in  cruising  near  Wranyell  I^and  tliev  have  noticed  on  the  shore  vivid 
green  spots,  like  those  that  are  tluf  peculiar  characteristics  of  the  Aleutian 
Kjiikkenmodden;  and  that  they  believe  that  land  to  be,  or  to  have  been, 
inhabite'd.  AVith  the  greater  facility  all'orded  by  the  Strait  route,  however, 
wi!  may  doubt  whether  the  majority  of  emigrants  would  select  that  by  way 
of  the  Polar  Sea. 

But  with  these  points  I  have  little  to  do.     1  believe  that  this  emigration  . 
was  vastly  more  ancient  than  3Ir.  ^larkham  sujiposes,  and  that  it  took  place 
before  the  present  characteristics  of  races  and  tribes  of  North  American 
savages  were  developed.     For  conlirmator)'  testimony  I  refer  the  reader  to 
I'art  II  of  this  paper. 

While  the  Iiniuit  at  present  are  almost  exclusively  maritime,  it  is  l)y  no 
means  certain  that  all  branches  of  their  stock  have  always  Ijeen  so.  Iu<leed, 
we  have  occasional  instances,  like  that  of  the  Arctic  Highlanders,  where  we 
fnid  a  strictly  Innuit  tril)e  witiiout  the  means  of  navigation.  It  is  known 
that,  at  a  i)enod  not  ver}-  remote,  the  Innuit  occupied  territory  nuich  farther 
to  the  south  or  east  i>r  inland  than  they  do  now.  Franklin  records  the  existence 
of  Innuit  two  hundred  miles  farther  up  the  Mackenzie,  in  his  tinu',  ihan 
they  range  at  present.  There  are  iiuuiy  facts  in  American  ethnology  which 
tend  to  show  that  originally  the  Inmiit  of  the  cast  coast  had  much  the  same 
distribution  as  the  walrus,  namely,  as  far  south  as  New  Jersey.*  I  have 
already  mentioned  that  the  National  Museum  has  received  relics,  ajjparently 
of  Innuit  type,  from  shell-heaps  near  the  mouth  of  the  Stikine  River,  col- 
lected by  Lieut.  V.  ]\I.  Ring,  U.  S.  A.  This  is  nearly  four  hundred  mile.^ 
south  and  east  of  the  mo.st  southeastern  Innuit  of  the  northwest  coast.  And 
this  is  not,  in  my  opinion,  the  most  southern  ancient  limit  of  these  people 
by  any  means.  ■   Whether  the  strange  s'milarity  of  the  .skulls  of  the  Northern 

*Dr.  Leuly,  since  the  above  was  writtim,  reports  a  wairiis  tusk  from  tlio  phospbatu  beds  of  Sonth  Carolina. 


4 


i 


09 

]\romul-1)uil(lors,  mid  of  cortiiin  Irihos  unco  inli:il»itiii,L;-  tlio  const  iiiid  islands 
oF  Santii  l}arl)arn  Coimty,  California,  to  lliosc  of  the  Inmiit,  lias  any  real 
bearing  on  tlic  sulyoct  or  not,  nnist  roniaiu  in  dc.nbt.  'J'lio  facts,  lioucvcr, 
jire  worthy  of  note  in  tins  connection. 

Dr.  Kink,  in  his  admirable  paper,  the  abstract  «)f  which  I  shonhl  like  to 
(piote  entire,  arrives  at  this  conchision:  'Hiat  the  "Eskimo  appear  to  have 
been  the  last  wave  of  an  aboriginal  American  race,  which  has  spread  over 
the  c(mtinent  from  more  genial  region.s,  following  principally  the  rivers  and 
water-courses,  and  continually  yielding  to  the  pressure  of  the  tribes  Ix-himl 
them,  until  at  last  they  have  peopled  the  .sea-coast.  In  the  higher  latitudes, 
the  contrast  between  sea  and  land,  as  affording  the  means  ui'  subsistence, 
would  be  sufiicient  to  in-oduce  a  correspondingly  abrui)t  change  in  the 
habits  of  the  people,  while  farther  to  tlie  south  the  change  woidd  be  more 
gradual."  This  last  suggestion  chimes  in  with  what  we  know  of  the  UK.re 
gradual  differentiation  in  characteristics  between  flu;  ancient  Inmnt  of 
Aliaska  and  Kadiak  and  the  Indians  of  T'liuket  stock  to  the  east  of  the  in; 
and  a  similar  state  of  things  which  exists  between  the  Indians  and  Inn-iit 
of  the  Lower  Yukon  as  compared  with  those  of  the  middle  paii  of  the 
Arctic  Amei'ican  coasts.  Dr.  Kink  suggests  that  the  Yukon  basin  might 
have  been  the  path  by  which  the  orginal  inland  Eskimo  traveled  toward 
the  sea.  Yet  it  is  not  improbalde  that  they  went  by  several  roads.  It  is 
noticeable  that  those  tribes  now  wearing  labrets  are  those  most  adjacent  to 
Indian  tribes  having  a  similar  practice,  and  vice  versa.  I'he  doctor  further 
suggests  that  the  uniformity  of  habits  and  development  among  the  Inniiit 
must  have  l)een  promoted  by  the  necessity  of  co-operating  against  hostile 
Indian  tribes  and  the  unitbrmity  of  the  new  region  (Altered  by  them;  "but 
as  soon  as  a  certain  stage  of  development  was  attained,  and  the  tribes  spread 
over  the  Arctic  coa.st  toward  Asia  on  the  one  hand  and  Greenland  on  the 
other,  the  further  improvement  of  the  race  apjiears  to  have  ceased,  or  to 
have  been  consideral)ly  checked."  One  reason  of  this  may  be  found  in  the 
fact  that,  as  soon  as  the  ireeless  and  barren  Arctic  coast  was  occuj)ied,  the 
struggle  Ibr  existence  against  cold  aiul  famine  would  have  oc.'upieil  al! 
ihcir  powers,  and  the  ojiportunity  of  further  development  afforded  by  an 
abundance  of  food  and  partial  leisure,  at  times,  such  as  was  enjoyed  by  the 


'\' 


r 


100 

fliiiittirs  of  the  Aleutian  Islaiids,  would  liiive  been  denied  tlieni.  Dr.  Kink 
t'lirllier  draws  eoni])aris()iis  between  the  tales,  lanjiuajic,  eustoins,  and  espe- 
eiallv  the  tradititms  of  dillerent  branehes  of  the  Iniiuit  stoek,  and  shows  an 
astonishinjr  uniformity,  almost  aniountinf?  to  identity,  b«'t\veen  them.  Tills 
identity  exists  in  the  stories  received  from  the  i)eo|)lo  of  Cape  Fan.well  and 
Laltradnr,  for  instance,  who  appear  to  have  had  no  intercour  .e  v  !•'>  'aeh 
(itiier  f(ir  upward  of  a  thousand  years.  As  the  di.stunco  fron  ;  tpi-  i  ,ve- 
well  to  Labrador,  by  the  ordinary  channels  of  Kskimo  communieir.lon,  is 
as  ^^reat  as  from  either  of  these  two  places  to  the  most  western  limit  of  the 
Ivskimo  rej^fion,  it  may  be  assumed  that  a  certain  stock  of  traditions  is  more 
(»r  less  connnon  to  all  the  tribes  of  Eskimo.  l)r.  Kiidc's  studies  (and  no  (me 
has  investigated  the  subject  of  Innuit  traditions  more  thoroughly  or  with 
greater  succe.ss)  lead  him  to  the  following  conclusions: 

"1.  That  tlu!  jirincipal  stock  of  traditions  were  not  invented,  from  time 
to  time,  but  originated  in  the  stage  of  their  migrations  while  they  were 
making  the  great  step,  from  ha1)its  of  life  which  had  matured  inland,  to 
those  rendered  necessary  l)y  an  occupation  of  the  coast.  x\t  this  same 
period,  the  national  develo[)ment  was  going  on  in  other  I)ranches  of  culture. 
The  traditions  subseiiuently  springing  u})  are  more  "V  less  comj.-osed  <  ' 
elements  taken  i'roni  the  older  stories,  and  have  only  had  a  comparative!} 
tempt  irary  existence. 

"11.  That  the  real  historical  events  upon  which  some  of  the  j)rincipal 
ol'  llu'  oldest  tales  are  founded  consisted  of  wars  conducted  ag'ainst  the  same 
hostile  nations,  or  (if  journeys  to  the  same  distant  countries ;  and  that  the 
original  tales  were  suljse<piently  localized,  the  })resent  narrators  each  pre- 
tending that  the  events  took  ])lace  in  the  country  in  which  thev  now  reside, 
as  for  instance  in  (Wvenland,  or  even  in  special  districts  of  it.  Hv  th''- 
means,  it  has  come  to  pass  that  the  men  and  animals  of  the  original  !,■'  •■ 
which  are  wanting  in  the  several  localities  in  which  the  tribes  have  uo',\ 
settletl,  have  been  converted  into  supernatural  beings,  many  of  whom  are 
ui.w  supposed  to  be  occupying  the  unknown  I'cgions  h)  the  interior  of 
Greenland." 

I  may  a(hl  that  the  old  tale  of  the  half-hiuuan,  hall-snpeniatural  beings 
which  inhabit  the  interior  is  also  connnon  to  the  Aleuts,  who  call  these 


1 


101 


Ix'iiiji-sVexj^iili  or  V;iy-c]i  :  wliilc  if  islmnlly  williiii  llicnm-c  <>\'  po^sihility 
that  any  liviiin'  Itfiiiys  cuiild  cxci-  Imvc  siil)si>tf(l  or  cxistcil  in  liic  niu-^^rd 
and  foiitracti'd  arou  wliicli  I'onns  llic  iiilciim-  of  cnch  iIic  laij^csl  ol'  iIm- 
Aleutian  Islands. 

Now  as  to  tliL'  facts  on  wliicli  Mr  .Maikliaui  liasis  liis  li\  potlusis ;  tlic\ 
arc,  wlicn  confirnu-d  hy  considtin^'  original  authorities,  al)out  as  follows: 
'i'hat  thci'c  arc  numerous  traces  of  iidialiitants  on  the  noitli  shore  of  Asi.i 
and  the  archipelago  in  the  I'olai'  Sea  north  of  America,  where  no  |H'o|ile 
now  live;  that  there  were  om-e  nuincidus  trihes  in  Mastern  Siheria  no  lon^'cr 
existing-;  that  VVran,i:'elI  nK'Utions  that  theOnioki  (S;diine"s  ed.,  p.  1ST),  a 
"tuition"  possessing;'  "a  certain  decree  of  ci\  ilizntiou,  and  acipiainted  willi 
the  use  of  iron  liei'on'  the  arrival  ol'  the  K'nssians";  "lefi  the  hanks  ol'  the 
Kolyma   iJi  two  lar^^c  divisions  with   their  reindeer,"  prohahK   turniuL:-  "to 

file  west  alonj;-  the  I'olar  Sea",  nunuTons  yourts  still  existiu;;'  "near  the nth 

of  the  Indi^iii'ka",  though  no  one  remend(ei's  any  settlenu'nt  theic,  and  th<' 
placi'  "is  still  called  ( )mokskoia  Yoiu'tovlcha".  lie  mentions  a  ti-adition  that 
they  went  northward,  <lriven  h^•  the  smali-iiox  and  other  conta-dous  diseases 
hroiiji'ht  by  IJussians,  iuid  also  a  tradition  that  alxait  two  hundred  \carsaL;o 
fifteen  caimedoads  of  ( )nkilou  (Asiatic  Iniunt),  in  conse<pwiice  of  some  feiuls 
with  the  Chukciii,  lied  to  WranncH's  Land,  and  were  perhaps  followed  h\' 
one  Chukchi  family;  also  that  the  Innuit  invasion  of  (ireenland  in  the 
fourteenth  century  proceeded  from  tiie  north,  and  the  Inmiit  trilie  of  "Arctic 
IIi<:hlau<h'r.s"  still  live  in  Nortli  Cireenland,  separated  hy  some  distance  from 
4iny  other  Imuiit  trihe. 

All  these  facts  can  I'e  explained  without  Mr.  .Markham's  li\  pothesis, 
which  .stretches  them  heyoml  their  (^uhiram-e,  and  contains  statements  and 
inferences  not  justified  I»v  the  text  of  the  works  Ik;  refers  to.  'I'his  will 
readily  1>e  seen  hv  consulting  the  notes  1  have  appended  to  the  extracts  I 
have  (juoted  from  his  paper. 

Certainly,  emij;Tation  caused,  accordin<4'  to  Wranj^cll,  in  the  seventeenth 
century,  by  the  advent  of  the  Russians,  could  not  have  produced  an  invasion 
of  Greenland  three  hinidred  years  ]ireviousl\',  and  there  are  no  traditions 
reci»rded  of  any  earlier  ex  mIus   from    Kasteru  Sil)eria    on  which  to  hiise  an 


I 


I 


102 


H 


k  : 


^: 


li}  potlic'sis,  thou<^li  1  would  not  bo  iiiidc'rstodd  as  asst'rtinjr  Uiat  hiuIi  did  not 
occur. 

Certainly,  the  liomogoneity  of  the  Innuit  stock  in  traditions,  habits,  and 
lanjruagc  ■-<  too  threat  to  have  resulted  from  the  modification  in  a  few  cen- 
turies of  a.'  <;ruous  horde  of  Mongols,  Scythians,  and  Chukchi. 

We  have  kuoAvIedge  of  the  Arctic  Sea  to  justify  us  in  asserting  that 
thei-(3  is  a  bridge  of  ice  and  land,  even  in  winter,  between  Wranyell's  Land 
and,the  Parry  Archipelago,  a  distance  of  a  thousand  miles,  in  which  no  land 
is  known  to  exist,  and  in  s(mie  parts  of  which  deep  Avater  and  st/ong  cur- 
rents, which  we  know  to  be  there,  would  j)ut  a  barrier  of  open  water  across 
the  desert  of  a  thousand  miles  of  broken  ice. 

The  occupation  of  the  Aleutian  Islands  by  human  beings,  in  all 
probability  the  ancestors  of  the  present  Aleuts,  is,  I  think,  shown  by  Part 
II  of  this  paper  to  be  of  very  ancient  date.  This  is  still  further  confirmed 
by  the  modifications  in  their  language.  Avhich,  though  evidently  of  Innuit 
stock,  has  become  greatly  diflerentiated  from  the  other  Innuit  dialects.  For 
instance,  the  Aleuts  can  count  up  to  two  thousand  by  the  decimal  systeuj, 
according  to  Veniaminoff,  while  their  nearest  neighbors,  the  Kaniagmut, 
can  only  count  up  to  two  hundred.  The  words,  too,  with  {i}\y  exceptions, 
are  quite  difi"erent  in  the  two  dialects,  while  all  the  other  Innuit  tribes  have 
many  words  in  common.  It  is  noteworthy,  too,  that  the  tribes  who  have 
pressed  upon  the  Innuit  peojjle  of  the  northwest  coast  have  traditions  of 
origin  to  the  southeast,  as,  for  instance,  the  T'linkets,  who  profess  to  have 
come  from  the  NaSse  River  region. 

i\[y  own  imi)ression  agrees  with  that  of  Dr.  Rink  that  the  Innuit  were 
once  inhabitants  of  the  interior  of  America  ;  that  they  were  forced  to  the  west 
and  nt)rth  by  the  pressure  of  tribes  of  Indians  from  the  south;  that  they 
spread  into  the  Aleutian  region  and  northwest  coast  generally,  and  possibly 
sinndtaneously  to  the  north  ;  that  their  journeying  was  originally  tenta- 
tive, and  that  they  finally  settled  in  those  regions  wliloh  afforded  them 
subsistence,  perhaps  after  passing  through  the  greater  portion  of  Arctic 
America,  leaving  their  traces  as  they  w^ent  in  many  ))kices  imfit  for  perma- 
nent .si^ttlement ;  that  after  the  more  inviting  regions  were  occupied,  tlio 
[)avstsuiv  fmm  Indians  and  .slill  unsatislicd  tribes  of  their  own  .stuck,  induced 


io;3 


still  fni-thor  emignition,  ai'.'l  iiiKilly  jvi'OpK'd  fliviiil.ind  and  tln'  .slmics  of 
NortlieastcvM  Siberia;  but  that  fli<  sc  lattci-  niovcnuiits  were,  on  the  wlndi-, 
much  more  modurii,  and  more  local  than  the  original  t-xodiis,  and  took 
place  after  the  race  characteristics  and  lanyuani  were  tolerably  well  n»a- 
tured.  It  is  also  not  improbable  that  the  eailier  Innnit  built  their  iylu 
always  of  stone,  a  habit  probably  formed  in  a  rei;ion  when'  intense  cold 
did  not  render  this  mode  of  construction  undesiiable. 

]\Ir.  Markham  says  that  the  American  I'^skinio  "never  j^o  from  their 
own  hunting  ranjre  for  any  distanct'  to  the  inhospitable  north";  but  durinj^- 
the  voyage  of  the  Polaris,  Dr.  Bessels  saw,  among  tlu^  Arctic  Highlanders,  a 
couple  of  i)eoi)le  who  had  made  their  way  there  from  Cape  Scarle,  Cum- 
berland Island,  a  northward  journey  of  some  thirteen  hundred  miles.  Is  it 
strange  that  the  American  Orarian  should  have  followed  wh(>re  the  peculi- 
arly American  nmsk-ox  and  lemming  led  the  way?  It  is  proliabK;  that 
when  our  knowledge  of  the  habits  of  these  pi-ople  shall  be  enlarged  we 
shall  find  that  such  journeys  are,  even  now,  not  rare.  The  point  where 
the  Eskimo  are  accustomed  to  cross  into  (ireeiilaiid,  Dr.  Bessels  informs  me 
is  at  Cape  Isabella. 

As  to  the  Asiatic  Inmiit,  Onkilon,  or  Tuski,  which  liavc^  so  singularly 
served  as  a  .starting-pohit  for  many  ethnologists  and  theorists  in  their  delin- 
eations of  the  origin  of  the  Innuit,  I  puljlished,  in  1S7(),*  an  acc-ount 
derived  from  one  of  themselves,  which  may  fitly  find  a,  place  hen;. 

At  Plover  Bay,  Eastern  Hiberia,  1  was  informed  by  Nokum,  a  very 
intelligent  Tuski  (Asiatic  Imnut),  who  spokr-  Englisii,  that  the  inhabitants 
of  the  country  were  of  two  kinds,  "deer-men"  (/.  c,  tiue  ( 'Iiukchis  or 
people  allied  to  the  Koraks),  and  "  ])owhead-men  "  (Tuski  or  (>rarians,  who 
hunt  the  Arctic  "bowhead"  whale).  The  "deer-men"  were  the  original  in- 
habitants, and  the  "  bowhead-men",  to  which  class  he  belonged,  had  come, 
long  ago,  from  the  islands  (the  Diomedes)  to  the  northeast.  He  sai<l  the 
reason  why  they  came  was  that  there  was  war  between  tlunn  and  the  peo])le 
who  wore  labrets  (the  Okee-ogmut  Lnuiit).  '^I'he  lattia- proved  the  stronger, 
and  the  former  were  obliji-ed  to  come  to  the  countrv  of  the  "deer-men". 
The  latter  allowed  the  "  bowhead  .nen  "  to  settle  on  the  barren  rock\'  coast, 

"Alaxka  and  ila  Jtrfoitnt'i,  Uubtuii,  ItsTO,  p.  It?."). 


to 


i 


li 


104 

;iii(l  I'nrnii'd  an  (ilVi-iisivc  iiiid  (Icfciisive  alliaiU'c  willi  tliciii  ii^^iiiiif>t  lliu  iiixad- 
(Ts  tViiiii  the  castwiinl.  <  )ii  intern ij^atiiifj;'  one  of  llic  Cliukclii,  or  (Ucr-iucii, 
will)  visited  tlio  \csscl,  lie  stated  that  the  ahovo  was  similar  tu  the  Chukehi 
tradition. 

Notifinjr,  in  l-'.nnna  llailxir,  and  many  dtlu-r  jjlaces,  the  remains  dt' 
stdiK!  yonrts  or  honses,  s'.mihir  to  llie  wooden  ones  of  Norton  Sonnd,  and 
like  them  hali-sul)terranean,  I  asked  Nokiun  who  nlade  them,  lie  ii']died 
that  that  was  the  kind  ol'  house  which  his  people  lived  in  very  loii^'  i\>x**,  so 
lonj^'  that  his  •"randlathei'  only  knew  oi'  it  by  tradition  ;  hut  wood  beinj^ 
searce  (and  tlie  stone  proving  to  make  vitv  cohl  houses),  they  had  adopted  a 
mode  of  huilding  their  habitations  whiih  was  like  that  practiced  by  the 
"deer-men"  and  much  better  adapted  to  the  climate  of  the  country. 

While  1  f^ive  little  weijiht  to  the  localizing-  and  the  stories  of  individ- 
M'ds,  which  may  be  fouu<l  in  the  traditions  of  savages,  yet  in  a  general  way 
this  accords  so  "ell  with  the  circumstances,  independent  of  the  tradition, 
that  I  consider  it  as  proljably  founded  on  truth.  It  slK)uld  be  borne  in 
mind  that  the  Chukchis  do  not  intermarry  with  the  lunuit,  and  speak  a 
totally  dillenait  language,  apparently  allied  to,  if  not  identical  with,  that  of 
the  Koraks.  Tlieir  com})lexion  is  darker  and  redder,  and  their  noses  more 
nearly  aquiline,  or  even  Roman,  than  in  the  Innuit  1  have  observed.  They 
are  taller,  thinner,  and  metre  reserved  in  demeanor.  Some  impoverished 
bands  of  ("hukcliis,  having  lost  tlieir  reindeer,  have  been  oldiged  to  take  to 
the  Innuit  mode  of  life  for  a  sid)sistence.  This,  and  the  common  use  of  the 
trading  jargon,  containing  word>  of  both  languages,  as  well  as  corrupted 
I'lnglisii  and  Hawaiian  words,  has  led  to  the  greatest  linguistic  confusion  in 
regard  to  these  people. 

In  sui)i)ort  of  the  above  tradition,  it  may  be  noted  that  in  1(!4<S,  when 
Simeon  Deshnetf  sailed  through  Bering  Strait  from  the  north,  he  found 
natives  wearing  laltrets  who  were  at  war  with  the  Tuski.  This  ri'port  was 
coulinued  by  Shestakoif  in  IT.'U),  and  more  fully  in  1711  by  Peter  Poixilf, 
who  iiad  been  sent  to  collect  tribute  from  the  Chukchis.  At  the  time  of  his 
visit,  the  Tuski  were  living  "in  innnovable  lAits,  which  they  dig  in  the 
ground",  lie  found  among  the  Tu.ski  ten  islanders,  prisoners  of  war,  who 
won-  labrels. 


10") 


Sillier,  in  his  journey  i'vou)  St.  T.invrciu'c  Hiiy  fo  tlic  Kolyiim  lJ!ver, 
saw  'rii>ki  still  livin^i'  in  tlic  iuiciiiit  nncU'ijinuiiid  luniscs,  which  were  liiilt. 
(.if  (Irilhvood.  xVeciddin^'  to  liiler  triivck'v.s,  iind  I'roiii  the  best  iiiloriiii.tion 
nccossihle,  these  Iiuts  tire  now  entirelv  iiliandoned,  and  have  iormed  siihjcets 
for  s|)oeiilalion  in  niosi  woiks  relatinjj;'  to  the  rej^ioii.  I'roiii  inrorniatinii, 
den\cd  priiiciiially  iVoni  ninsters  oi'\cssels  in  the  whale  lishery,  1  eoiiclude 
that  at  jiresent  the  Asiatic  Inanit  ijuil;!' iVoni  Kolinchin  I'ay  to  the  eastward 
und  south  to  Aiiiidyr  (iiilf.  At  the  last-mentioned  place,  a  ]iaity  ni'  them 
phindered  the  hut  of  the  Integiational  'I'ele^rapli  explorers  dnrin;;-  their 
ahseiice  in  the  spriii;^'  of  l.'.lil!.  I  have  a  portrait  of  a  couj/le  of  them,  taken 
from  life,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Anadyr  Iiiver,  l»y  the  artist  of  the  exploring!,' 
party.  Sul)se(juently  the  rol)l)ery  of  the  hut  occurred,  and  one  of  them, 
mistakiiiii'  a  bottle  of  liniment  for  liipior,  di'aiik  it,  and  passed  to  those 
re<^'ioiis  where  liniment  is  unnecessary.  After  tJiis  the  explorers  saw  i.o 
more  of  them. 

The  Innnit  are  everywhere  at  a  standstill  or  diminishinj^'.  'i'o  the 
reflux  of  the  great  wave  of  emi;j;i'atioii,  which  no  doubt  took  plac<  at  a  very 
early  jieriod,  we  may  owe  the  numerous  deserted  huts  reported  by  all 
explorers  on  the  noith  coasts  of  Asia,  as  far  east  r.s  the  mouth  of  the  liidi- 
girka.  At  one  time,  1  thouj^ht  the  mij^ratioii  to  Asia  had  taken  jilace  within 
a  i'iiW  centuries,  but  subsetpient  study  and  retlection  has  convinced  me  that 
tnis  could  not  have  been  the  case.  No  doulit  successive  parties  crossed  at 
dill'erent  times,  and  some  of  those  may  lan'e  been  comparatively  modern. 

Witli  regard  to  the  disappearance  of  the  Siberian  tribi's,  of  which  Mr. 
JIarkham  makes  so  much,  I  think  we  .shall  not  be  far  wrong  in  acce[)ting 
the  views  of  Wrangell,  that  tlioy  were  carried  awuy  chiefly  b}-  famine, 
internecine  strife,  and  the  contagious  diseases  introduced  by  the  Kussians. 
If  the  tradition  be  true  that  some  of  them  departed  for  Wi'augeH's  Land,  it 
is  not  improbable  that  they  chose  that  course  rather  than  that  to  the 
eastward  across  the  Straits,  because  the  pressure  of  ihe  invading  liimiit 
interj>osed  an  effectual  barrier  against  their  progress  in  the  latter  direction. 

Whether  the  views  I  have  expressed  be  considered  as  well  founded  or 
not,  it  seems  to  me  that  they  are  on  the  side  of  probability;  and  if  my 
remarks  shall  be  the  means  of  inviting   attention    to  the  region  of  which   I 


a; 


t  i 


I. 


l--e  spokon,  .,..1  sti„,ul.ti„.  a,:fual  investigation  of  ,1..  fiu^ts  in  ,l,o  ii.1.1    . 

s..n-n..n,ly  .satJsra..to,y  end  will  have  been  attaincl  ' 

1 1.0  reports  of  the  h.«t  Ibw  years  as  to  the  condition  of  the  iee  north  of 
■-.  S.-a.t  have  heen  so  favorable  fbr  ex,h,rations,  and  ..  eU 

...1  «eo;,raph,cal   pon.ts  to  be  settled  by  such  investigation,  areot': 
<>-P  ...tores,  that    the  apathy   which   has  prevailed   Lon,  .^l^t 
-n..-.s.n..     It  would  seen,  as  if  no  part  of  the  Arctic  re^n  If^   a  2 
...any  n.ducen.cnts  for  investigation  as  this,  and  certainly  .owher         u  d 
-plorafon  be  attended  with  less  risk  to  Hfo  and  danger 'to  the  vs 
more  n.teresting  results  for  the  explorer.  ' 


I 


ill 

i 


DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  INTERIOR. 

U.  S.  GEOGll.Vl'IlICAL  AND  GKOLiKilCAL  SUUVMY  OP  TIIK  KOCICY  MOUNTAIN  llEUION. 
J.  \V.  POWKLL,  (ii:i)i.(HiisT  in  C'liAiKiK. 


APPENDIX    TO 


TAUT   I. 


LINGUISTICS. 


107 


Ml 


iil 


11 


re 
.1 


■ 


C  O  IV  T  31]  T«^  'r  H . 


Notes  oil  tlio  iiativrs  of  Alii.skn I.  Ti  lii  im:I.m... 

Tcriii.i  of  rcl;itiiiiislii|Y  hhciI  liy  tin'  Iiiiifiit W.  II.  I>M  i 

Comparative  vocabiilaricH Oiiuis  niiil  Iiai.i. 


Ill 
117 
I'.'l 


109 


I 


hi 


■1  s 


1 


il 


»'i 


L 


iNOTKS  ON  TIIK  NATIVES  OK  ALASKA. 

iCommuniCAtod  to  tho  Into  Ooorgo  Oibbi,  M  D.,  in  1802  i 


IIy  IIi'^  I;\(i  I.I  kncy  .1.  I'lin  iir.i.M, 
Ltilr  thirtriiof  of  thf  titi'i^iini-.tnii ririin  i'nhntiiit. 


Tho  rnstoms  of  the  (lid'croiit  trihos  hiliiibltin}'  llio  const  from  Piiirot 
Sound  to  Mount  Saint  Klias,  as  well  as  tlin  islands  known  as  tlic  PiIntT  ol' 
Wales  and  Kin;^-  (U'orj^o  Arclii|>cla;4'os,  rcscmlilc  each  otlirr  very  niuidi. 
Tlicso  trilx'S  arc  colU'ctivi'ly  called  l»y  tlie  Ivussians  "Kalosli",  or  "Ka- 
Ifisliia",  llie  orij^in  of  wliicli  is  now  nid^nown.  <  !eMei'all\-,  it  is  deiived  from 
Kalusldva,  wjiicli  is  tin;  name  of  a  wooden  ornament  usnalh'  worn  l»y 
Kiilosli  women  in  the  under  Ii[).  The  Kalosh  call  ihemselves  "'l"jiiikit" — 
wail,  to  which  word  they  add  (ii/li'l.inii/,  i.i:,  an,  villa;,^';  t/ihnn/,  common — 
that  is,  man  liviiijjf  everywhere,  or  mair  helon^nnf.!-  to  all  villajics.  l>esides 
this  f^eneral  apjiellation,  tliey  also  call  themselves  hy  the  name  of  the  vil- 
hige  in  whiih  they  live;  so,  for  instance,  the  Sitka  Kaloshes  would  call 
thenisel ves  Siil;a-hivan. 

The  name  Eskimo  is  j^iven  hy  Unssian  authorities  only  to  those  natives 
who  inhabit  tho  peninsula  of  Aliaska  and  the  coastdine  I'arther  north,  though 
it  is  evident  that  the  Aleuts  ought  to  he  included  in  the  list. 

A   FKW  WOKDS    UN   TilK    SITKA,  I'ROl'KULV    ("ALLKD   'IMIK 
SITKA-KWAN  DIALECT  OF  THE  T'LIN'KIT  LA\(!l'AC!E. 

Then^  are  more  than  thiity  letters  in  this  language,  if  every  souinl 

were  designated  hy  a  separate  letter.     It  has  tho  same  nundter  of  jjarts  of 

si)eech  as  every  European  language,  e.xcejjt  the  articles,  for  instance,  I'/ii/'/.H, 

a    man;  t'lizin',  strong;   (Nhahtuidk,  one;  hat,  I;  stal.liaiii',  d(»  (imperati\c); 

I'dnzini,  done;  (jcl;<'' ,  W(dl;   tahitah,  ot",  from;   Osh,  if;   a'h,  e.xclamation. 

Most  of  the  root-words  ar(>  monosyllables,  but  are  usually  united  with 

Ill 


i'  I. 


t!    i : 
ii    h 


t;»'  ,& 


t 


112 

one  .'inotlicr,  ;is,  for  cxnn  ])!(',  I:iilshti>,  ;ni  nrm;  licrc  tlic  wonl  la  m(■,'^n!^  i 
man:  f^lilii,  ;\  paw;  ti'';jit'/(it '/',  \m''^niv\\t :  lici-c  the  w<»r(l  /^T  moans  Iiiiu  or 
her,  l,il,  l)cll\-,  </ttf,  cliilii,  and  «,  is.  'riicrc  iuv  t\vi>  numbt-rs,  singular  and 
|ilni'al.  'i'licrc  arc  onl\'  {\\i\  cases,  nominative.-;  and  inst-rumenial,  lor  in- 
stance, tc,  !i  stone,  of,  iVom  a  stoiie,  to  u  stone,  and  Irt'cli,  l)y  ii  stone;  //•/•, 
stones  and  so  t'ortli,  fil.i'h,  ])y  stoni's;  /;/,  water,  &c.;  i'litr/i,  ])\  water;  i'nJi, 
waters;  i'lihlrh,  ]tv  waters.  'I'lie  plnral  is  nciK-rally  formed  by  addin;;-  tlio 
letters  kli  or  lli-IJi,  and  sometimes  also  ».«,  /,  ///',  or  /,-lii'',  to  a  sidistantive. 

Tli(^  instrmnental  case  is  i'ornied  l)y  adding'  tlie  letters  tslr.  i'or  instaiioe, 
nominative,  avs,  ii  tree;  instrnmeiital,  f/i.sY.sA,  hy  a  tree;  'j)]ural,  nominative, 
/.s7,',  and  instrmnental,  assldxli. 

iVdjective  nonns  are  not^  declined,  but  have  three  degrees  of  com- 
jiarison. 

The  comparatix'c  is  formed  Ity  adding'  to  the  positive  tlie  word  'if/ai/nl; 
wdiich  means  <;'reater,  mncli,  more,  or  ]!a-=t;  examples,  /r/Ac,  nr,i(i(l;  ar/dn- 
(il.ii-ifl.lii',  Ix'tter:   t'lcMiiislikf,  l)ad,   af/aiial.-h-t'UWi'isl/b',  worse. 

The  comparative,  if  in  the  negative,  is  formed  by  adding  tlio  word 
(tkiji,  ])ii(dvward. 

Tlie  superlative  is  formed  !i\'  adding  tlie  woid  intcliiijintuUi,  which, 
means  greater  than  both;  examples,  h'/cli/f/dndl.Ii  ivllic,  the  best  one.  The 
supeilistive,  if  in  the  negative,  is  form  -li  by  adding  the  word  usli/,iiif/'l,  less. 

The  method  of  counting  is  not  lounded  on  the  decimal  system,  l)Ut  (»n 
the  lirst  live  nnnd)ers. 

The  cardinal  uund)ers  ;n'e: 


tlekh, 

tekh, 

nat/.k, 

iahun', 

ketshin', 

iletushu, 

iahatfidiu, 

iietzkatushfi' 

kushuk', 

ishinkat'. 


1.  isliiidcatlekh, 

■J.  ishinlchateh, 

;i.  ishinkat'-kanatzk, 

4.  ishinkat-katahun', 

f).  i.slnnkat-kaketshin', 

(!.  ishinkatdvatletu.shri'. 


11.  tleka-liatshiidih.at,         .".0. 

12.  uatz'kekha,  DO. 
18.  natzkeka-katshiidvhat,  70. 
M.  tahnnkha,  80. 
IT),  tatslika',  40. 


Ifi.  tatshka-katshinkhat,'    fiO. 

7.     isliinkat-kataliatushu',      17.  tahunklia'-katshinkhat,i)(). 

H.     ishinkutkanet/.-kalushu,  IS.  kitsliinkha,                    100. 

!l.     ishinkat'-kiitnslulk',          ID.  chinkatkha',                200. 

10.     tleka,  20. 


ii:? 


If  tliuy  wi«Ii  to  count  beyond  two  Imiidrod,  tlmy  must  sav  (wo  liundri'd 
iuid  one  lunidred  to  it,  or  twice  two  luuulrcd,  &c. 
Ordinals  are  tlie  tollowin<r: 


tallo'nah. 


sliuku  , 

talia', 

natzka', 

talnlua', 

kitsliina', 


tletusliua', 

taliatusluia', 

nctz-katrishOa', 

kusliuka', 

tshiukata', 


sixtli, 
.s(!ventli, 


ei-ilitli, 
ninth, 
tentli,  iSiC. 


single, 

lirst, 

second, 

third, 

fourth, 

fifth, 

Adverbial  iumil)ers  are  formed  by  adding  ta'iii' :  examples,  rhotlcta'in', 
once  ;  tahtaiu\  twice,  &c. 

Personal  pronouns  are  of  two  species: 

I,  hat  and  hatsh. 

thou,  /7ftV,  Fw,  and  iietsh. 

he.  Ft,  i,  and  Fdxh. 

we,  Han'  and  uanfsh'. 

you,  //(««'  oi  iridiitsh. 


tiiev,  ass 


(  (isstsJi. 


utaass'  5        (  iltaasstsh 

T]u'  former  are  used  with  passive  and  neuter  verbs,  for  instance:  haCiiaa, 
I  will ;  hatCmni,  1  became  ;  m'e  nkuku'iii,  thou  wilt  become  ;  «  rshfatatii,  he 
has  bec<nne. 

T'  )  latter  personal  pronouns  are  used  with  active  verbs,  for  instance: 
hatsL  efahani,  I  do  ;  ncfsli  r</isiiii,  thou  dost;  iltsh  ehilJiscani,  he  will  do. 

Possessive  pronouns  being  also  of  two  sorts,  are  always  used  in  com- 
bination with  a  substantive.  'J'heyare:  ah, my;  i(j  or  i,i\\y;  //7,  his;  d.ituv; 
/,  your;  asst il,  t]w'n\  I'or  instance:  ahish,  my  father;  ////.s7^  (hy  father; 
trdsh,  his  father;  a-ish,  our  father;  l-isli,  your  father;  assiilsh,  tiieir  father,  c^c. 

The  second  sort  of  possessive  pronouns  are  :  aliof/i,  miiu);  uifji,  thine; 
^Trt^i,  his;  aat/i.onv;  rt-f7 ««///,  their.  For  instance  :  ahat/l  ahi.sh,  u\y  (niWv; 
iagi  i//ish,  thy  father ;  tilafji  trdsh,  his  father,  «tc. 

The  verbs  are  active  and  passive,  and  have  three  persons.  The  conju- 
gation in  persons  is  efl'ected  by  changing  tin;  middles  syllable  or  beginning 


114 


i    !   : 


I! 


rf; 


of  verbs.     Example's:  hatsh  cltmin'i,  I  (lid;  witsh  eo'islni,  tliou  didst;   uhh 
(■  fisiiii,  lie  did. 

Till'  letter  /;  shows  tlio  lirst  person  siiiLfular;  /  or  //  indieates  the  .second 
person.  The  omission  of  the  above-named  letters  is  also  a  sio-n  of  the  third 
person  sin;.,ndiii')  i>"d  the  addition  of  .v  .shows  tlie  third  person  plnral. 

jroods  are  three,  indicative,  sid)jnnctivo,  imperative;  and  there  is  also 
a  ])articii)ial  form.  Examples:  Jiahh  hutUashd' ,  T  h(»ld;  H-ctsli  itiiashcfin,  thou 
heldest;  liiilsh  CHlcusianii/m,  I  do  (snlijunctive) ;  c;ws7;^7/,  do  (imperative); 
I'tiiii,  doin^-  (|>articiple).  Then^  is  no  true  intinitive,  but  the  participle  is 
often  so  understood. 

Tenses  are  six  : 
Present,  ctahanl, 

Imperfect,  clnhaHCijin, 

Perfect,  ehUsini, 

Pluperfect,  cJiHsiiiiyin, 

First  futni-e,  ckulumuni 

Second  future,  cnlamiil 


I  do. 

I  did. 

I  have  done. 

1  had  done. 

I  shall  do. 

I  .shall  have  done. 


Present  ten.se  has  no  delinite  tei  ininations. 

Imperfect  is  formed  by  addinji'  the  syllable  cffin  oy  gin  to  the  present. 
All  past  tenses  are  generally  characterized  by  the  termhiation  in,  which 
does  not  assiunc  iir.y  modilication  in  the  second  or  third  ])erson,  either  sin- 
{'ular  or  plural. 

The  future  tenses  have  no  definite  tenninations  either;  but  sometimes 
the  syllalde  l;a  or  hiik  or  the  letter  n  in  the  beginning-  of  the  verb  denotes 
the  future  tense. 


KX.V.Mri.I'.S    Ol'   ^lODIFICATIONS   OK    VEUHS. 

I  do.  hatsh  dnhaui'ijaii,  i  did. 

thou  dost.        ft-dsh  ctainc' ijin,  thou  didst. 

he  does.  u-tsh  daiiv'fjiii,  he  did. 

we  do.  il-a'iifvh  daydiic'ijiii,  we  did. 

you  do.  itl-a'tdsh  dayinc'giii,  you  did. 

tlu'v  do.  astsh  csifanc'ifin,  they  did. 

Ifi iKtlnidll  Iliitl.dldiiihlLiriJ  (ishdlitit,  with  all  men  one  (Jod  (supernatural 
being). 


Iiat^sh  cffihdiii', 
,1-dsli  cstdi/iiii', 
ft-t.'ih  stdiii, 
ii-antsli'  ddlPni, 
i-n-aiitsh  ddf/iiii, 
dstsli  rsdidui, 


j! 


115 


A   FKW   WolfDS  U\    TllIO    LAXlU'AliK    OF   'rilK    ALI'.l'lS   nV 

rXALASlIlvA. 

'i'lie  laiiL;iiii,ii-('  luis  iiltccn  letters:  d  (Latin),  //  (as  in  ( ialniel),  (/,  i 
(Latin  /'),  /r,  /.//,  /,  iii,  ii,  iif/,  s,  /,  a  (Latin  ^7);  !,,  tslr 

It  has  no  nrtieli's,      Nunihers  are  three:  sinfjnlar,  ihial,  and  plni'al. 

C'hiet"  eases  are  three:  nominative,  dative,  and  prepositional,  w  hieh  is 
also  possessive.  They  are  divided  into  indeiiuite,  ])ossessive,  and  personal- 
instrnniental  eases,  so  tliat  each  substantive  noun  may  have  thirty-two  dif- 
feroiit  terminations. 

Possessive  eases  aro  those  which  contain  a  possessive  pronoun  julncd 
to  a  noun:  as,  for  instance,  (iilakli,  lather,  is  the  inih'linife  nominative  ■  .ise, 
and  a(h()/(/,  my  father,  adaii',  thy  father,  adai/'iif/,  ni}'  fathers,  iSiv.,  are  pos- 
sessive nominative  cases. 

The  latter  are  divided  into  unipcrsonal,  ]iolypersonal,  and  impersonal. 

i'ersiinal-iiisti  nmental  cases  arr  used  when  the  impersonal  [ironoun 
oiivs  is  used  in  ihe  instrunu'ntal  case,  for  example,  li;/  oiir'.s  itnii 

Adjective  pronouns  have    three  de-^'rees. 

Numerals  extend  to  1(),<)0II  and  more.  Verl>s  have  nnmhers,  persons, 
moods,  tenses,  voices,  forms,  and  cunju^'ations. 

A  verl)  is  the  most  variable  word  of  this  lanniiaji'e,  so  that  it  assumes 
more  than  8*HI  ditYerent  terminations,  or  variations,  in  tli(!  active  voice  alone. 
Nay,  the  verbs  are  often  combineil  with  other  words,  as,  lor  instance,  \\\\\\ 
sifjii,  perfectly,  completely:  /(,  .iioro  than  once;  ■•^inasiuihi,  very  nnu'h; 
Vrts/a(/fl,  uxceodingly,  and  >i  lortli;  so  that  in  this  way  one  and  the  same 
verb,  lirnif/elili,  to  pray  (to  say  one's  prayers),  assmnes  more  than  foi'ty 
diil'ereut  meanings.  haniija^itiuUI;,  to  pray  fervently;  l,(iiii(/(isi(/alalil,-,  to  pra\- 
fervently  and  nnuiy  times;  l(iiiif/asi(/(isia<lolil:,  to  pray  very  fervently  ■  '/• 
(/(inii/dtasiailaHI,',  to  pray  very  fervently  and  many  times;  l,iuiii//i.sii/(it(isi(i<!<i- 
talik,  to  pray  with  the  utmost  fervor  and  many  times,  itc.  Tiie  verb  /o  ////, 
in  theimperati%e  mood,  ma}'  be  expressed  by  ualiasu'tjaua'n,  iishum'gauuldhin, 
asli<il<if/(('(l(i,  (isJiuInfjadubn/dii,  ashada-uhuk,  itc. 

'I"be  third  person  is  of  two  sorts  in  souk^  ti'uses;  Ibr  instance,  "they 
take"  is  shIiiiih\  or  .siiLiJiii'diiif. 


116 


Ci?' 


1'^ 


^In(/(ls  an-  the  followiiii;':  iiulicativt',  suhjiinctivc,  siiljstaiitivc,  o1)li<>'a- 
titry,  and  iiii|)('rativo.  The  iiarticiplo,  sonietiiuos  called  the  iiilinitivo,  luus 
all  nmnhcrs  and  all  ptT.sdns,  (Jhief  tenses  are  six,  present,  two  past  tenses, 
and  three  future. 

The  (Icf^rees  of  verbs  are  formed  by  iusertiiif^  the  words  di(](t,  siaya, 
iSii-.,  as  aforesaid. 

Voices  are  three,  active,  neuter,  and  passive. 

The  frorund  has  three  tenses,  present,  past,  anil  future;  three  persons; 
three  luunbers;  and  two  moods,  indicative  and  sidjjunctive. 

The  participle  has  every  tense,  three  nnndjers,  and  all  cases;  it  can 
both  bo  conjuf?ated  and  declined.  Several  adverbs  and  almost  all  preposi- 
tions have  numbers. 

In  lonjif  clauses,  the  \erb  is  placed  at  the  end.  The  i)eculiarities,  or 
rather  defects,  of  this  languafii'e  consist  in — 

1.  The  want  of  substantive  verbs,  so  that,  instead  of  "reading'  is  use- 
ful", you  nnist  say  "ho  .vlio  reads  is  thereby  improved";  and 

2.  In  the  Avant  of  abstract  nouns,  verbs,  and  adverbs,  as,  for  examjde, 
(o  sdncfifij,  to  reason,  to  bh'ss,  the  hlcas/Pff,  rcanonahlij,  &c. 

"i\wy  have  no  word  for  "to  sutler"  and  "to  for{,nve". 

The  Aleut  Xaw/^'Mi'^a  contains  two  chief  dialects,  Unalashkaii  and  Atkan. 
The  last  is  divided  into  two  branches. 

The  ditlerence  between  the  Unalashkan  and  Atkan  dialects  chiefly  con- 
sists in  the  different  ways  of  fornn'ng-  tJie  plural  of  nouns,  the  first  by  add- 
in<v  iKj,  tlio  latter  by  addin;,'  s  or  sh;  as,  for  instance,  the  Unalashka  Aleuts 
say  tai/f/iiii/  (islands)  and  the  natives  of  Atka  faii/fis. 

Diminutive  Mords  of  the  former  language  terminate  in  dak;  those  of 
the  latter  language  in  kutshak 


TERMS  OF  RELATIONSHIP  USED  BY  TIII'^  INNDIT:  A  SERIES 
0RTAINI':D  FROM  NATIVES  OF  CUMHKRLAM)  INLET. 


By  W.  it.  1)ai,i„ 


i\[y  great-^randparout  (either  sex,  said  hy  oitlier  sex), 

My  ffrandpurent  (of  either  sex,  said  l)y  male), 

Jfy  ;jjraiidpavent  (of  either  sex,  said  l»y  female), 

y\y  father  (said  by  son  or  daii<iliter), 

j\Iy  niotlier  (said  by  son  or  dau^^hter), 

i\Iy  father's  brother  (said  by  nwde), 

My  mother's  brotlier  (said  by  male), 

I\[y  father's  sister  (said  by  male), 

i\Iy  mother's  sister  (said  l)y  male), 

]\Iy  father's  brother  (said  by  female), 

My  father's  sister  (said  l)y  female), 

i\[y  mother's  brother  (said  by  female), 

My  mother's  sister  (siiid  by  female\ 

My  father's  brother's  wife  (said  by  male), 

j\ry  mother's  brother's  wife  (said  by  male), 

i\[y  father's  brother's  wife  (said  by  female), 

i\[y  mother's  brother's  wife  (said  by  female). 

My  father's  sister's  husband  (by  male), 

My  mother's  sister's  husband  (by  male), 

I\Iy  father's  sister's  husband  (by  female), 

j\ry  mother's  sister's  husband  (by  female), 

i\Iy  father's  brother's  son  (said  by  mah'), 

My  mother's  brother's  son  (said  Ijy  male). 


shee-hd'-ai-ya. 

ee'-tu-ah. 

su'-kee-vuh. 

at;V-tri-<,fuh. 

anrin'-mi-^rdi. 

uk'-iifrrih. 

fin}i''-ii<^uh. 

fit'-('hri-<iuh. 

ut'-chri-[,ndi. 

uk'-uji'ilh. 

ai'-yuji-rdi. 

rnif^'-iij^'rih. 

ai'-yiiguh. 

ai'-ya. 

ai'-ya. 

rdc'-wagru 

nk'-Wajr.!. 

iii'f'-au-"'W;i. 

iufif'-au-i^wri. 

ai'-ya. 

ai'-ya. 

eeth'-hla. 

i^etli'-iria. 

117 


IIH 


I  '■ 


! 
i  I 


il 


My  fiillici-'s  sister's  son  (said  l)v  iiialc), 

My  in(illi(i''s  sister's  son  (said  l>v  male), 

My  latlier's  lirotlier's  son  (said  l»y  female), 

My  mother's  hrotlier's  son  (said  hy  I'emale), 

My  lather's  sister's  son  (said  hy  femalo), 

My  mother's  sister's  sou  (said  hv  f'emah;), 

My  lather's  brother's  dunyhter  (said  by  male). 

My  mother's  hrotlier's  daughter  (said  by  male), 

My  lather's  sister's  daughter  (said  by  male), 

My  mother's  sister's  daughter  (said  by  male), 

My  liither's  la'otlier's  daughter  (said  b)'  female), 

M\   m(.tiie)''s  brothers  danjifhter  (said  by  female), 

My  lather's  sister's  dau,L;liter  (said  l)y  female). 

My  mother's  sister's  daiijiliter  (said  by  female). 

My  elder  sister  (said  by  male  or  female), 

My  yoini^-ei-  sister  (said  I)y  male  or  female). 

My  elder  brother  (said  by  male  or  female), 

My  yonnner  ])rotlier  (said  by  male  or  female), 

My  ])rotlier's  wife  (said  by  mak"), 

My  brother's  wife  (said  by  female), 

My  sister's  husband  (said  by  male\ 

.My  sister's  husl)and  (said  by  female), 

.My  brother's  wile's  brotlu'r, 

My  brother's  wife's  sister, 

J\Iy  sister's  husband's  lirotliev, 

^ly  sister's  husband's  sister. 

My  son's  ^vife's  brother, 

My  son's  wifiAs  sisti'r, 

^ly  daughter's  husl)aiid's  brother. 

My  dau,^hter's  husljaixl's  sister, 

My  son  (elder  or  youni^'er,  said  ])y  male  or  female),  yrdi-'ruu'u..-hfdi. 

3ly  daughter  (elder  or  yount-er,  said  by  male  or  female),    pun'ee-t,ndi. 

"y  sou's  wife  (si  id  by  male  or  female),  u-ka-A'-gnh. 


eeth'-lOa. 

oeth'-Ina. 

eel-yfi'^'a. 

eel-yn'ji'a. 

0(d-yrrj^a. 

cel-ynVa. 

u-ri-ru'-yri. 

u-u-rn'-o'a. 

ri-u-ru-iia. 

u-u-rri-ya. 

il-yu'-pi. 

il-yu'-ga. 

il-yri'-{,''a. 

il-yu'-;^'a. 

aug'-ai'-yri;.-a. 

nu'kwag-ii. 

•unee'-yilli. 

kai-tuuji--ri'-ta. 

uin;^"-a'-hri-<^a. 

rdvil'-aya. 


sh 


iikee 


For  these  tliere  does  not  apjx.'ar  to 
be  any  specilie  term. 


I\I 


nil 


My  son's  fliild  (citlici'  sex,  Ky  iiiiilc  or  triuiilf), 
A  person  not  of  tin-  family  (ii  strjuij^cr), 

Jtcldlirrs  hi/  »i(ii)i(ifi(: 


yiiM;^-n'-t:i;;li:i. 
sliiUi-.i. 


nnii;-  iink  shini-;i. 
ini"'ri'tiksliaii-a. 


uny'ii'tiiUsliau-a. 


ilnk'-^ 


slian-a. 


I\Iy  (lan^flitcr's  husband  (said  l)y  cltluT  parent), 

^ly  dau^^litcr's  Inisltand's  fatlicr  (said  liy  citlicr  parent), 

My  dauj>Iiters   husband's  brother  or  sister  (said   l)y 

eitlier  j)aront), 
J[y  daughter's  Iiusband's  son  l)y  another  niarriago  (said 

by  eith(<r  parent), 

Home  of  the  peeuliariiies  of  these  terms  of  rehitionship  are,  that  the 
form  of  the  term  ai)i)ears  to  depend  in  some  oases  more  on  th(>  sex  of  the 
speaker  than  on  tliat  of  the  pi  son  to  whom  th(^  term  refers;  and  also  that 
the  relations  instituted  l)y  mariiageof  a  son  appear  to  result  in  constitutin;;- 
the  wife's  connections,  so  far  as  they  are  speeitically  named,  as  a  part  of  the 
husband's  family,  while  the  relations  instituted  )>y  tlu^  niarriauv  of  a  daugh- 
ter are  distinguished  by  the  suflix  of  sliaii-i'i,  indicating  literally  that  they 
are  strangers,  or  do  not  belong  to  the  family  proper. 

These  terms,  or  rather  the  relations  of  the  various  terms,  are  jirobably 
the  same  throughout  tlie  Innuit  stock,  which  is  my  excuse  for  introducing 
them  her(!. 

They  wen;  obtained  from  a  native  and  his  wife,  well  known  in  the 
United  States  as  having  made  part  of  the  company  on  board  the  I'olaris, 
and  both  of  whom  spoke  English  with  tolerable  facility.  The  same  terms 
were  taken  down  repeatedly  on  several  occasions,  com])ared  and  corrected 
three  times,  and  great  care  taken  that  they  should  be  as  i'wr.  from  ei-rors  as 
the  circumstances  wouhl  permit.  Nevertheless,  some  misapi)rehensions  may 
ha\  e  crept  in,  for  which  the  indulgence  of  the  student  is  requested.  'J'his 
will  be  readily  granted  by  tho.se  who  have  had  personal  experience  in  such 
ditlicult  and  tedious  attempts  with  aboriginal  languages. 


VOCAIMLAIIIKS. 


I. 

1  — Vdcahllldiil  lit  till    y,tl,' iitut, 

A  trll)o  of  tli(!  T'liukit  Niition  (living-  Ixtwccii  Port  Miilfrr.iv"',  Alnskii,  iiiid 
(Jape  Siu'iu'or),  ol)tiiiiU'(l  iVom  His  lONfcUciicy  .1.  I''iiriiln'liii,  ;;-o\('riiiir 
of  till'  Ikiissiaii  l*ossossioiis  in,  Ann  rica,  hy  (Iror^i'  (!ili))8. 

L*. —  Vocuhiihiiji  i>t' the  'r<il:"-l.ir(tii, 

A  I'lfiii  of  till'  T'liukit  Nation  (o('(n|i\  Iiil;'  'I'akfi  Inlet,  Alaska),  olitainiil 
from  Dr.  Tohnic,  of  the  Hudson  IJay  ("onipany,  ]»y  (icor^^if'C  iil»l»s. 

ij. —  Vocnhnliirji  of  the  Skat-iinni, 

A  clan  of  the  T'liukit  Nation  (Alaska),  ol)taine(I  from  a  lialf-hrecil  at  Port 
Townshenil,  AVasJiinj^ton  Territory,  in  May,  IS,")?,  !ty  (Jcor^c  (iihhs. 
NoTi;. — The  within  vocaljulary,  a  dialcrt  of  the  T'liidiit  or  Sti- 
kine,  wa?  o1)taine(l  at  Port  Towiisliend,  .Inne,  iSf)?,  IVoni  Henry 
Barker,  a  half-ln-eed,  .said  to  I)e  the  son  of  an  Anieriean  shipmaster, 
lie  •i'ave  thi-  name  8kat-kwan  as  that  of  his  elan,  or  lirun.  Ae<'ordinj4' 
to  liii.i,  the  8it-ka-kvvan  ;iud  Tan-ta-kwan  (Tonj^as)  both  speak  the 
same,  lie  was  mueli  less  intellifjrent  than  O/.ier,  the  'J"simsian'  half- 
breed,  but  the  vocabulary  i.s  beheved  to  l)e  relial)le. — G.  (J. 

4. —  Vocuhuhnji  of  the  Stdlliiii'-Liraii, 

A  (dan  of  the  T'liidvit  Nation  (living  on  the  coast  of  Alaska,  near  the  Stikine 
River),  obtained  from  ("aptain  Dodd,  of  the  Hudson  Pay  ('ompaiiy, 
at  Victoria,  Viutouver  Island,  in  May,  ISoT,  by  (Jeorge  (Jibbs. 

Note. — This,  1  am  informed,  is  relialjle,  and,  indeed,  makin^j- 
allowance  for  difference  in  spi,'llin<r,  nearly  coincides  in  the  sanu! 
■words  with  that  obtained  by  me  from  Barker.  It  extends  \-  y  con- 
siderably the  means  of  comi)arison  afforded  by  that,  am'  .»  therefore 
retained. — G.  G. 

5. —  Vocabiilari/  of  the  Sit  -ka-kirnn, 

A  clan  of  the  T'Hnkit  Nation  (inhal)itinj^  the  Ikranoft"  Archipelaffo,  Alaska), 
obtained  at  8itka,  Ala.ska,  in  1870,  by  Lieutenant  V).  di;  Menlen, 
United  States  Army,  counnunicated  liy  W.  H.  Dall 


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VOrAlU'LAIllKS. 


II. 

1. —  Voaihiilai//  iif  (lie   Toifids,  or   Tanla-hinui. 

(I'orl  Tiin^'aH,  Alaskii.) 

A  (■lull  of  the  T'liiikit   luitioii,  ol.tiiiiicd  fioiu  a  vufiihiilary  ol'  tlic   lludsdii 
])ay  Coiiij)iiii\ ,  1)}'  Cieoij^t;  (.iibl)s. 

2. —  V<j('(thiil(iri/  (if  the  Kai-t/a'-iii. 

(8i)iinicniiiiust  Ali\sU:i.) 

A  cliin  of  the   Ilaida  nation,  obtaiiunl  from  a  vocabulary  of  the   lliidson 
J5ay  Cuuip.iny  l)y  (Jcorge  Gibbs. 

o. —  Vocahiilarij  of  the  ChiU'-sht-ul 

(Queen  C'l];irlotle  Islamla.) 

A  (dan  of  tlie  Ilaida  nation,  obtained  from  some  women  of  tlie  iril)e  at 
Olympia,  Wasliinji'ton  Territory,  in  IS.")!,  l)y  (ieorf^-e  (;il)b,s. 

XoTi;. — A  dialect  of  tlie  Ilaida.  The  hdlowin;;'  was  chielly  col- 
lected from  some  women  who  visited  Olyiiipia  in  tlu;  suiimier  of  ISo!. 
'J'he  words  marked  with  an  asterisk  (*)  weri;  (d)tained  in  IHoT  fron\  a 
Ilaida  Indian  at  Victoria,  who  professed  to  nnderstand  the  lanf^-na<ro, 
and  are  less  reliable.  The  principal  diflicult}'  experienced  was  Croin 
liie  nasal  and  indistinct  utterance  of  the  speakers,  and  many  words 
are  probaldy  imperfectly  written. — (J.  G. 
i;!.-. 


I 


•1 — Vornhithirii  (if  tlir  Skir  (i-i/if. 

(.SUil-iif,'c|  liilcl,  (,)ii,cii  (lijih.llit  I>l:iliils.) 

A  rliu,  ..r  il,..   |[;n,I,.,  Hiiti ,,l,tMi.MMl   iVnin  „  uoimih,  of  tl.o  tril,,.  „t    \;,„a- 

i'iinn,  iJi-itisI,  (,'olim,lM;,,  S..|,|,.„:lM.r,   IH.",?,  Iiy  ({rorov  (iil.l.s. 

Xo-n:.-S|<;t-ti,-n,.t    is   on    iI,,.   urst.n.   si,l,.  ,,f   (^), ,,.,,,   ( 'l.;,rl,,itr 
I^LumIs,  in  tl...   i.Mssn-..   I„tu-....i.   ll.c  tu..  l,n-v  „„..s.      It  Is,  .,f  coMr... 
;;;;■  "''   "-   I'^'i'l"   'nmily.      TH.   Hal.las  rail   ,1,.   TVin.si,,,,,  Kil-kat' 
I  ho  JIai.las  call  iho  T.-ngas,  Kais-],a-.l,.|.'.     llai.la  ...fans  "necnh."- 


(J.   (- 


I 


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1 


h.—  Vdcalmhirij  nf  Uw  Km'nui' mfd  Inn  Cut. 

(Kiidiak  Isl:iii(l.) 

Fnm.  a  ...ai.  a..,l  u.M..a..  of  tl.u  t.-il,,-  (a  .livisio,,  of  tl.<.  Inn.-.if)  o1.tai,.r,l  at 

\  i.'l..nM,  \'a....o.,v,M-  lsla...l,  ,)„„,.,  Isfw,  hy  (i .o,,  (JiM.s. 

NoTi;.— 'I'll.,   i.afiv.s  n-o„.   wl.oi,,   (l.is  was  ol,fai.....l  wcv   take. 

''■;' "   '"""••'  ■••    ''"-i'l"   vrssd.     The  n.ai.  was  oniploy,.!  at    F, 

^  icioria  as  a  watclii.iaii. — (J.   (J. 


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II; 


VOCAIII  LAillHS. 


I II. 

1. —  )  III iihiildr/f  ■■'    /"■'^i/n-'^i  III 

Obtaiiic'tl   tiii-iiu^^Ii  (npt.  "\\'.  A.  1  hiw  .ird,  Irdiii  hr.  l\iniici|\   ..t   tlir  ilmlsoii 
Bay  Cdiiipaiiy,  with  ailditidiis  liy  ( ic(if;^c  (Jilths. 

2. —  Vni  (ihiild)  I  (if  tin    Xiiiis. 

I  A   iliulci  1  (if  1 1  r   I  '-.iiii  si  ,in'. ) 

( )litaiii<(l   iViiiii  ( 'clcvliii  ( )/.irr,  a  liali-liiccd,  at    I'urt   'I'uwiisliciiil,  W'a'-liiii;^- 
lull  'I't-nitoiy,  ill  May.  !.S.^7.  Ii\'  (iroijic  (iilihs. 

Noii:,— ( 'clcstiii  ()/.!(•!•,  lit'  X'irtoria,  a  'I'siin-si-aii'  l!all-i)rc<'(!,  iVoin 
wIhiiii  tin'  witliin  was  tilitaiiicil,  ;;i\('s  tta-  iiauii'  Kispucli-lohi^  lo  tlir 
t!'il)i'at  l''(«it  .Siiiips.iii;  Kl'-kri-^-ldia-nid  inks  tuiliat  mi  tlir  Naas  River 
at  (lid  Flirt  Simpsdii,  and  Xis-kah  to  (nio  iartliir  imitli,  Sa\s  tlu- 
T'sini-si-au'  call  tiic  'r(in;ias,  Ki  (lali'-uiiis,  and  tlir  Sriiassa.  Kit- 
halit'-la. 

Afcordiiiu'  t<i  FatluT  Lui'tuis,  the  'r'sim-si-aii'  wants  tlw^  ji  tti'i's  ir^ 
r,  I,  ]),  and  /.  'I'lic  tirst  lu'cunics  /;/  in  soundini^-  Knj^^lisji  words,  /  is 
clianj^ed  to  u,  ji  to  /,■,  .nul  ./  to  r  or  /,.  I  doubt  this,  liowcvcr;  /  may 
he  convi'itililo  wiiii  ti,  Imt  ncitlicr  that  nor  p  aru  wanting-.  'I'hf  lan- 
jifuaj^'o  is,  howoviT,  nasal. — (}.   (i. 

3. —  Vijcahu/arij  of  Kit-li»l':u. 

(A  ilialcet  of  tlin  T'nim-sl-aii'.) 

Obtained   tVoin    Dr.  Tolniie,  of   the   Hudson    l>ay    t'unijian},  iiy    (Jeoitno 

Oil>b.s. 

It:! 


1 

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■I. ]'n,,fl,,i/,/,-,/    ,,J     II,,      Illl    ill'  'Ull.l'. 

lit.  Ilirll.l     ,,(■     MilliaiiU     .N..IIIMI.     Iillll-.ll     Cnllliilllhl.) 

"I't'iiiH'.l  r,nii,  ;,n   linllaii    IsIimnm,    ;,s  '•C;,],!.   Sl,.u;irt",  ;ii   \i,-|,,iia,   \';in.-nu- 
Mi-  I^himi,  ill  Ajirii,    h<:,'l,   |,y  (  ii'dr-c  <;ililis, 

NMT|.:.-.IIiii|t-/iik    nr      ll;ill|./ukll     i^    llir     naillc     ;i|:|,li,.,l     t.i    tliclll- 

scK.'s    i,\    th,.    liMliini-  nf    .Mill,auk    Smiiii.1    aih!    xiriuily.      'rii..   nanic 
I'h'I  111  I-la   i-,  nivcii  tliciii  1,\-  (.tilers. 

'I'iii-  \..,-al,iilaiy  uas  (,l.taiiH-.l  I'n.ni  an  Tii<i;an  well  kiiuwn  as 
"Ciptaiii  St.wan  ■■.  tlin.icjli  ili,.  m.  din f  I  "rcd.Tick  Mlimi,  a  Ca- 
nadian, who  >pukr  til.'  kiii-iia.L;f.  It  may  lie  (•(.nsidcivd  as  n.nvct,  as 
I  snliMMjiHiitiv  used  it  in  procurin-  that  ..f  tlir  Itilikiila,  and  was  i.ci- 
l<(!  |\    nndiT>tiinik 

'III"  JUialuwy  of  .several  \v..rds  with  tlie  .snne  in  dill'ercnt  dialects 
•  •1    the  Sound  lan;;'na,i;cs  will  lie  noliced. — (J.   (). 

•"•■ — I'linihiilnyii   (if   thr    K ,rit' -l;lrtll\ 
(A  .lial.  .  t  1. 1  111,-  ll;i-ih  -/iiKli.) 

Ol.laincd   iVnni   two  women  of  tli.'   trihe  at  Xanaimo,  ]jiiti.-ii  ( 'olnmliia,  in 
Se|iteilli)er,    IS.")?,  liy  (  uMiro'e   (iil.j.s. 

XoTi:.— 'I'his  aiiTci's  very  well  with  anotlier  (d)lalned  tVoiii  a  liny 
III  the  Slimmer  of   ISfj."). — i\.   (i. 

(N.  i:.-ln  th.'M'  and  <,tli.>r  MS.  lK.:.).i-inf;  to  Mr.  T.ibbs,  nnd  of  wlnVli  I  liavo 
s>!|n.rvis,Ml  111,,  publication  [.•■iv,  tlic  oii-ii.;.!  oith„f;rai)l..v  lias  been  pivscv...!  in  all 
(•a.s..s;  ...x,vpt  wln.n- the  substitution  was  iierfM-il.v  cviileiit,  as  in  ilropimm  tlu- ,■  in  r^- 
rr|>l:i.'in-  „>r  bv  au.  X  by  /..v,  etc.  This  will  account  for  tlu-  want  of  unilbrmit.v  to 
obtain  wincli  coubl  not  .salcl.v  be  a(t«Mnptc<l ;  notwithstanding;  tlii.s,tli(.  material  is  too 
valuable  to  W  lost,  tliou-h  loss  in-eciou.s  than  if  it  hiul  been  anan;,'oa  by  its  lanicnte<l 
wiicr,— \V.  11.  D.vi.L.) 


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(7161  873-4S03 


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NOTK  ON  TIIK  ISH  OF  NUMKRAKS  AMONd  TIIH  TSIM  SI  AN". 


Itv  (Skoiiiik  (iililiH,  M,  1>. 


TIic  iniiiuriciils  ^ivcii  t'lsculicrc  iippciif  lo  lie  siiiijily  used  in  coiiminii 
(•(Miiitiiii'-.  Ill  (•»iiiittin;r  mm,  a  dill'ircut  sot  are  iisud,  as  is  lliu  fasi-  in  llit- 
Nii;\viilli. 


One  (iiiiiii),  kohl. 


HrvtMi  (niiiii),    tup  lull diilil'. 


Two 

Tiin-t! 

F.inr 

Fivo 

Bix 


tcr  pa  dill', 
kwiil  liiliii'. 
t'liiitp  tolil'. 
k'stiii  snlil'. 
kfililuhl'. 


Ki-lit 
Niiiu 

TlMI 

Twoiity 
Tliiity 

First, 
Second, 
Tim  last, 
Defori.', 


.Mik  latlolil'. 

k'sliiii ma  Nclil'. 

k'polil. 

ki.l(l,.lir. 

kid  ddlil'  I'ke  polil'. 

kVkokli. 
kii  pH. 
Nt'lii  Ian'. 
Iiiakokli'. 


Once,  kohl;  kiil. 

Twice,  kn  pel. 

Thiice,  kiili. 

l'\Hir  times,  t'kahlp. 

And  tlioiicu  on  like  tlie  cardinals. 

And  I  siispt'ct  in  conntin'f  salinctn,  still  anotlicr;  as  tlic  word  "kiif-^'cct  t'du 

k(|t"ir"  is  {iivc'ii  tor  o<>  in  siidi  a  cast'. 

<t)N,U(lAT10N   ol'  Till';   VKKlt. 
Work  f,  ^  tiiinatlaltMi         (iticiitk;  workint;  or  come  to  work). 

Work,  iHi/».,  alitlaltsin. 

Working:,  ^»rtWiV//'/t'(.»),       yah  KWi>>lliilsl'hn. 


I  work,  nil  in  at  laltsi. 

Thou  workcHt,  nan  at  laltsi. 

lie  works,  kweet  atlaltsi. 

We  wiuk,  niiiiiat  laltsi. 

Yo  work,  niin-at-laltsi. 

They  work,  iiimsrnnatlaltsi. 

I  will  work,  trill  alit  hilt  sin  nil. 

Thou  wilt  work,  triii  ahl  lalt  sin  ni. 

We  will  work,  triiiahtlall  sin  iiiiiii. 


I  worked,  nalit  lalt  sii. 

Tlioii  wo'kedsl,      nalit  lalt  sin. 


Wt^  worked, 
Yc  worked, 

Khali  I  work  > 
I  «lo  not  work, 


iialitlalt  sfiin. 
alit  lalt  Hum. 

tsiii  alit-lalt  HO  ml  wie. 
alh'kerliaht  lalst  hi. 


I 
It 


\ry(S 


I'lIilASKH. 


I  K<t  tlu'ni, 


kwi'itla  tr:iii  riii. 
irdah    tfiii    koi 
icrii. 
WIktimIo  you  come  from  f  iiMiili  wil   walit- 

ken. 
Frcmi  llicrt',  kw«ot. 

Ill  till-.  Iioiisc,  tN'iiiwaalp. 

On  the  liill,  lu-lio'pa. 

What  is  lii.s  iiaiiicT  iialitl  waiil  ka. 


What  in  .voiir  name 
M\  caiiof, 
li.v  ami  lijf, 
I''oriiu'rl.v, 
I  want  to  drink, 
I  am  iiiiiit;r.v, 
1  am  tirt'd, 
Comv  and  eat, 


naliwaan. 
iifikli  soli  ill. 
nail  eeii. 
ke-kolitl. 
Mali'-dum  ak  soli, 
kiit'tinoli. 
tsiin-iialitl'  nil. 
kitl-luiiiu  kail 


DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  INTERIOR. 

II.  .S.  (ii;0(ill\I'IIIOAl,  AMI  (IKOMllilOAL  SIUIVKV  OP  TIIK  UOCKV  MnDMAIN  KHdlON 
J.  \V.  I'OWKM,,  (•r.iii.iMiisT  IN  CiiAiKiic. 


TAUT    II 


rty 


rillBES 


OK 


WESTERN  WASHINGTON  am.  NORTIIWESTEHN  OREGON. 


l^Y   GKOlKiTi:   CiIliBS,  M.  D. 


157 


f    ! 


I  j 


% 


Dki-aki'mknt  111-  Tin;  Inikimou, 

( )i  ricr.  o:    Imh  an  Aiiaiijs, 

Wasliiiif/toii,  <l:h,i:,r  l.',,  1S7(!. 

Sii{;    I  Ii;i\c  Lrrc.'it  |il('Msiii(' III  tniiisinitliiij;'  luTcwitli,  t'orsiidi  list- ;is  \uii 

may  (Iccni  inopcr,  in  ruim     'ion  witli   iinifcii.tl  dl'  like  Patiiic  nillcchMl  li\ 

yoiirscir,  ii  copy  nl'  a  piipci-  prcparcil  liy  (icdrjic  (Jililis,  .M.  I).,  soiiu'  years 

kIiicc,  "Oil  \hv  Indians  of  Western  W'asliin^^toii  and  Xorlliweslern  ( ticfroii." 

'I'liis  paper  appears  ti,  have  an  exceptidiial  value,  and  I  sliniild  he  H-niii- 

fied  if  you  couM  secure  its  puhlicaliuii. 

Very  respect  lid  I  v, 

S.  A.  fiAFJ'IX, 

<, IrliHt/  ( '<nni>iLs.sioncr, 
IVuf.  .1.  W.  r<)\vi;ij., 

Gcolofi'ist  in  thntfir  United  Slitirs  Gcofn-njiliinil  and 

Gcolofjiail  Survey  of  the.  Jiochi/  Mtmutuin  llrf/itin, 

Was/liny  toil,  1).   ('. 


ino 


i 
it 

ill- 

1' 
I 


til  , 


ii 


If;- 


C  ()  N  r  K  NTS. 


t(i:i 

(i.'ii;»rinilii<'iil  (liHiriliiilioii 

Ni.tii'i'Hiir  iiarliciiliii-  IrilirM 

I'-l 

I'lllillluliclll .     . 

'Irilial  nriiiiiii/.iiliiiii  mill  novcrimii'iil 

''"•"I""* im 

^'"^"•y ;■■;;;;;;  „.. 

Ki'laliiitiiiii 

'^^■""' !""!!";!!!"!"!!"!!!!"" !"!^^'"""  m 

V\u»\ .,|. 

'"^•""•'■' : ','Z.'.  ii.7 

Socirly,  iimrriaa'".  '"I'l  <loii'*'"l'i'  rcliiliiniH 

"I'll""'" JiC. 

>'•■"''» !'!"!!!!!!!'!!""!  -iiKi 

<iiiinl>rm|; ,,i^, 

Miiliciiir  nnililii«'U!«'« _ 

DiPIlKhlK^  niUtUK'IH _^ 

NiinM'H ,    . 

I'll  111  iarciiHtoiiis _ 

riattiiiiiii;  tin'  lii'Uil '^ 

Arrival  at  imlicrly " 

^^<■aBurl'l^  of  vuliio,  time,  &c *.  _ 

IIllllHt'8 „,, 

'JI.i 

t'amioM „.,l 

CUitliiiiK.  utciiHilH,  iVc ^1 

Doiiii'Ktio  animals ,i_,., 

Syiiiliolii:  writinn ,^^, 

MdUiiiN  and  lartliworks '" 

iW.( 

Mi«rati<.ti ^  ,„,. 

NdticcH  of  early  travolorH "^, 

Karly  visitBof  \vliit«  men ^ 

Tabic  Bhowing  rulalious  of  tribcH  uamoU 


nil 


11 


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f 


:      I 
I 


I    I     ' 


1     , 


i 


THINKS  or  WI'XnillN  WASIIINCTON  AND  NOIITIIWKSTKHN 

OllKCON. 


Ih    (iiiii:i,i;  (iiiili-<.   M.    I). 


GKOiJlJAI'IIICAl,  DIS'lKMlJCriON. 

In  tlic  wcstcnHlistrict  (ifWiishiii^toii  TcnitdrN ,— tli.it  i-^  tosiiv,  lutwicn 
tin-  Ciiscadt!  Mountains  and  tlio  I'acilic, — tlicrc  is  liinml,  coinparctl  -.vitii  llio 
extent  of  cnuntry  (H't'Upieil,  an  extraordinary  divcrsiiv  in  llie  alini'i^iMal 
tt»n<,nio.s.  .Mr.  Hale,  the  etiniolo^ist,  who  atconipanied  Captain  Wilkes's 
expedition,  reeo<,nn/ed  anions-  fhein  ei;iht  lan<,nia;;'es  Ix'lunnin;;-  to  Tnc  dis- 
tinct lamilies,  and  to  these  ai'e  now  to  Ite  adde(l  six  other  hui<'iia<''es  wiilili 
escaped  his  ohservation.  In  addition,  tliere  arc  dialects  of  se\iTal  Iml  par- 
tially intelli<,nl)le,  evt-n  to  those  speakin;^'  the  same  f^cneral  lan^iia^ic 

As  ini;;ht  bo  int'eiTod,  the  tribes  iidiabitin^i'  this  district  are  divided  into 
bands  havini^'  far  less  coiunH-tion  with  caeh  (»ther  than  is  tho  ease  with  tho 
Indians  ()f  tho  ])rairio,  where  a  more  wanderin<^  life  briiifrin^jf  them  e<»ntimi- 
ally  into  contact  serves  to  keep  np  an  identity  in  the  eonnnon  t<iiiL;iie. 
With  all  this  diversity  ot"  speech,  there  is  notwithstanding,''  a,  j^eneral  rescm- 
blaneo  in  character,  manners,  and  habits  thron;,>-hont  iIk^  district,  but  niodl- 
fiod  l)y  geographical  position  and  by  other  cansc-s  o])erating  on  both  tho 
physical  and  m(»ral  condition  f»t' the  race. 

Among  nations  whoso  life  is  almost  altogether  sensnal,  the  character  is 
alTectod  to  a  more  pereei)tiblo  degree  by  exterior  circinnstance.s  than  among 
tho  cultivated.  Scarcity  or  abnndaiu-o  of  food,  its  nature,  tho  modes  of 
obtaining  it,  tho  occupation.s  and  amusements  of  life,  climate,  dress,  all,  to  a, 
marked  extent,  operat(!  not  only  upon  individuals,  but  npon  the  tiibe. 
Except  upon  tho  strongest  evidence,  it  could  liardi}-  be  believed  <li,it  the 

105 


ir,4 


};■' 


■:'i 


Fliiflu'iid  111' the  |{.i(k\  MoiintaiiiM,  wIkisc  virtues  iippiMiich  lilin  iimrc  ncailv 
to  till'  iili'.il  siiv.ij^c  1. 1'  roiiiaiirc  tliaii  any  dtlicr  ii|miii  tlic  luutiiiciit,  uas  llut 
kiii.-iiiaii,  il' Mot  tlic  jiroiiiiiitor  "t  ihf  M>kwalli:  oi- tlic  "( 'ouiaiiilic"  a  icla- 
tivc  ot'ilic  Snalvi'  ••  I  fiiiL;ii". 

ill  a  i;t(iijra[)l ileal  \ic\v.  tlic  di^trirt  prcx'tits  tlncc  iialiMal  (Ii\i>!oii>; 
till-  ( 'oliiiiiliia  lii\ir,  till-  ('oa-t.  ami  i'lit^ct  Soiiiid;  to  uliicli  ini^ilit  )icrlia])s 
111-  adilcd  a  I'oiirili,  ih  tin-  |irairl<  roiiiitn'  lii'twccii  tlic  Kuwlitz  IkIn cr  mid  tlii' 
l*iiyMllii|i.  'I'lic  ( 'ascadc  liaiiLic,  wliirji  .separates  tiie  latter  iVoiii  the  ^^feat 
iiiteriof  liasiii  lias  a  ji-ctieral  elevati<iii  of  iVom  live  to  .seven  tlioii.saiid  feet. 
nniili  hiokeii  liowever  l»y  rid^e.s  and  elevated  j)oiiits;  the  j^ieat  volcanic 
]ieak.s:  foiif  of  whicdi,  Mt.  .\dains.  Mt.  St.  Helens,  ^It.  I'ainief,  and  Mt. 
I5aker,  lie  noitli  of  tlie  ('olnnibia:  towerin;;'  far  aliove  all.  The  width 
of  this  iMii^i-e  \anes  froiu  fifty  to  seveiity-tive  miles.  It  is  tiinliei-ed  on  the 
east  .side  with  |iiiies  and  lareh;  on  the  west,  with  lir,  spiaice,  and  ihe  wliit(.> 
cedar  or  iiilinf  rtid'.  'The  forest  coiintr\'  on  the  western  side  niav  he  said 
to  extend  to  the  ocean,  the  pf.'iiries  occiipyiii;^-  a  ( oiiiparativelv  small  area. 
'I"he  skill  of  the  Indians  iiof  enahiin;^'  then'  to  cope  with  thi'  forest,  thev 
have  liee'i  euiitiiied  for  the  most  part  to  the  liorilers  of  the  rivi'i's  and  sound, 
to  the  coast,  and  the  small  pr.iiries  between  th<'  somid  and  the  ('(diinihia. 

The  ])anksof  the  ('oliiinhia,  from  tlie  ( Jraml  Dalles  to  its  month,  lielonoc 
to  the  two  Iiraiuhes  of  the  ^Tsimdv  nation,  whicli  meet  in  the  nei^hhorhood 
of  the  Kowlitz  !ii\er,  and  of  which  an  almost  nominal  remnant  is  lel't:  upon 
the  elevated  plateau  lyin;^'  south  of  .Mt.  Adams  ami  Mt.  St.  Helens, 
and  upon  tin-  soiitlu'rii  ;iiid  wistern  slopes  of  the  latter,  are  the  Klikatat 
and  the  'rai-tin-apam;  on  the  Kowiit/;,  tin;  tribe  of  that  name,  once  numer- 
ous, luit  now  almost  e.xtinct:  and  in  the  mo;uitains  north  of  the  Lower 
Columbia,  between  8lioaJwater  r>ay  aixl  the  heails  of  the  Tsihalis,  the  trib(3 
of  Willopah,  ((  Kvhillapsh,)  or,  as  teriiu'<l  by  ]\lr.  Hale,  Kwalhionua,  iiow 
ri'duced  to  a  handful.  These  alone  belong-  to  four.of  the  live  families  of 
laniiiiau'es  above  m<Mitioned:  tlu^  T.siNfi;  to^-ether  i'.'rniiii<4-  one;  Ki.iicA- 
T.\T  and  T.MiiNAi'AM  bclon^-in;:-  to  the  SnJinplhi,  of  which  the  V\'alla- 
Walla  and  Xe/,  IVrce  are  the  leading-  types;  the  Kowlit/  to  the  western 
branch  of  tiio  Saisit  or  Fhuheads,  and  the  Wii.i.oi'Aii  to  the  same  division 


f 


witli  tlic  Tiilikiili  ur  Cnrricrs,  liviii':-  on  llu-  In mlwatrrs  of  Vr.v/.w  Uiv.r,  juhI 
the  Kliitsk;ni;ii,   riiiU\v;i.  iUid  'rn-Iutcii  nt' OrcL;<Mi. 

'The  ]i(isiti(iii  111'  llif  'I'siiiuk   prcxiniis   \,>  tlirir  (l.|Hi]inl;iti<m   w.is,  n-;  :\\ 
once  jiliiicai's.  most  iiii|ioi-taul.      (  »im-ii|.\  Iiil:  I'otli  >iiir^ol  ilic  lvi'c-iI  art. in   ot 
Ol-c'-oii  lor  a  (listaiirc  ol'  two    liinahvil    n:ili^.  llicy    ]».ss.^mm1    llir   priia  ipal 
tlioniii^ilil'arc  l!<-t\vccii   tla-  interior  and   tlif  orcaii,   l.oiindlcss  n'soinvcs  ot 
j)i-()vision  of  vai-ioiis  kinds,  and   ta.'iiitics  lor  trade  almost  uiie.iiial.'.l  .,ii  llie 
I'acilie.       From  the   Dalles   to    "Cape   Horn",    l.elow   tlie  Cascades,  the  liver 
Hows  west  wai-d   throii-li   a   jiass  in   the   moimtains,  and  u  ith  hut    a    narrow 
niai-,iiiii  oecasionally  interveiiin,--:   hut  larther  down  it  oii.iis  into  what  Lewis 
and   Clarke  denominated  the  Wappatu  Valley,  eonneetin--   with  the  valley 
of  the   Willamette  l.y    that    liv.'i-,  and   l.y   th<'  Kowlit/    with   the   'IVihalis 
nmi.ti-y  and   the  basin   of    I'ti-et   Sound.      Throu-h    this   district    it   inns 
nofthwafd,  the  e.aifse  of  the  valley  tfendin-  with  it  until  it  is  a-ain  .liveited 
by  tlic   'IViiiuk    Mountains   to   its   oii-Inal    westerly   course.       Toward   the 
montli  it  spreads  into  extensive  bays,  the  imrtli   side  lin.d  with  precipif.us 
rocky  bhillsof  that  vaii-e,  while  on  the  south  the  mountains  which  separate 
it  froi!.  the  Twallatti  plains  .dose  in  and  unite  with  the  Coast  Ifaiij-v. 

From  the  Dalles  to  the  Casca.hs,  the  n  ivi-atioii  is  nniutelTupted.      .\t 
tho  latter   point,  which  is  the  dividin-  rid-e  of  the  mountains,  a  .series   of 
raj.ids  occurs,  below  which  the  inlhieiice  of  tlf  tid.'s  is  felt,  and  th.'  river  may 
be  consi.h'red  as  navi-ahle  to  the  sea.     Tlio  iiimieiise   (piaiitities  of  .h'|)osit 
unimally  ))rou-hf   down  diirin-  the   freshet  occasi,n.,   how.-ver,   cxleiisiyo 
.sand-bars,    whi(di    ar(.    .scattered  at   intervals    to    its  m.uith,  eiicuiid.ei-    its 
estuary,  and  to  a  ;:Teat   d.-ive  create  the  dillicnllies  of  its  entrance.     The 
1)anks  ..f  the  C.dumbia,  where  (devated  alM.ve  the  freshets,  are  .d..tlie.l  with 
over^-reens,  hr  and  spruce  preiiominatin;^',  a:id  the  same  ve-etatiou  ext.'i.ds 
over  the  M-.Mieral  \'\vv  of  the  surrounding^-  country,  which,  joined  to  its  rocks 
of  ba.salt  and   vo'.cauii    con;.';lom<'rati',  throw   an   aspect  of  ^loom   over  the 
huul.scapn.      Jt  !•,  oidy  in  the  early  summer  when  th<'  cottoiiwood  and  maphs 
of  the  h.w  ep.ur.d.s  are  in  fresh  leaf  that  the  prevailin,^-  monotony  is  broken. 
The  freshets  of  the  Columbia  (.verllow  not  meivly  the  low  islands,  but  m...st 
of  the  alluviiil  country  borderin-  the  river.     'I'hey  tab;  placi;  durin-r  tho 
■r   commencing-  in  May  or  June  accordin--  to  the  mildness  of    the 


RUiinno 


© 


In 


'Cr 


i-. 


1(1(5 

Kcas.Mi,  iiinl  siil.M.liii;.'  )..u;inl  tl,..  cn.l  nf  July.      KivslM.ts  ;,Is .,.|ii-  on  its 

»ril.iit;,n.-.s  l.iil  ilics,.  ;„•,.  „„„•.•  .liiv.tly  tl,,'  om-ct  ..f  mills  iiinl  mv  liinLest 
ill  th-  uiiiiiT,  uli..n,.s  'li..s,.urilu.  Cnluml.ia  iiris,.  Inm.  tl„.  lu.ltin- ..f  snow 
ill  iIh-  K'ncky  :\lum,i;iins.  '|'|„.  tu.,  |,nn.-i|.:,I  l,niii<-li,.s  nn  ilic  nnilli,  lulnw 
111'-   I'iiM'a.l.s,  arc  il„.   Kall,la|.„tl  Willl.w.i.  ..r  Lewis  Iflvcr.  ami  ||„.  K..u- 

''"'■     ''"'"•  " '^"''  ''"■•■■^"   '■'^'■■■>   li'iv  iiii  iiii|M..Iaiit   inlhunr..  npuii    lii,IIaii 

;■'■""""">  '"  '''••''■  '■'■l-ili"'ii  t"  thr  saliiK-ii  lisluTics,  wlii.li  liiniisli  ila- niuM 
iiii|iiirlaiil  >laiil('  «.|'  snii.-.islciicc, 

'I'll''  'ii"iitli  i-r  t!ic  ('Mliinil.ia  iiii-lit  pciliaps  moi-  .•onvctly  l.c  ronsi,!- 
crr-l  uiil,  ill.,  cuasl  scrti.Mi.  uiih  wlii.Ii  it  is  intimately  .•onm..t.'.,l:  purtaovs 
l.-:'«liii-  iVnm  r.aluT  l!ay  to  Slioaluatrr  Hay.  and  tlmme  tn  ( iiay  liaiJH.r. 
Tile  lirst  .ritlirs..  is  ail  extensive  l.iit  .slialluw  jHcre  nf  wat.T.  al...i'it  luenty- 
live  n,I!e>  in  leii-ili,  .-..| ,aia te.l    iV.mi  tlie  sea   l.y  a  nam.w  Mv]p  ui'  l.-wlan'-l. 

Sev.Tal  streams  ll,,w  int..  it,  of  wliieli  ih,.  most  n<.ticeal.l,'  is  the  Willo- 
p.ili,  uliieli  has  a  rich  alliixial  vall.-y  of  s..me  extent.  The  s.-nllieni  en.l  .,f 
Ihis  hay  is  'rsiimk  territory,  aii.l  it  was  lormerly  llieir  ].riii..i|,al  winter 
Mii'ii-lers.  '{'h.^  northern  eml  helon-e.l  t..  the  'I'sihalis,  aii.l  the  Wilh-pah 
""•'"l'i"''l  ''"•  iii-'iintain  eoimtry  lyin-  heliiml  it.  It  was  a  .listri.t  a.lmiral.ly 
siiileil  t.)  In.lian  lial.its,  inrnishii...-  o,,,,t  .,uantities  of  lisli  ami  elams,  ami 
llie  ii,.i-h].oriiio-  loi-est  alxiuiidin-  in  o;une.  A  \\■^^■  miles  to  th.-  north  lies 
(JniN  llarlM.r,  tlm  estuary  <,f  the  Tsihalis.  its  ext-'iit  is  eonsi,|,.ral,le, 
Ix'iii-  s..me  tw..lve  mil.s  in  l-.n-lh  from  east  t..  west,  and  ahour  the  same  iii 
lis  -reatest  width.  This  als..  is  in  the  eountry  ..f  the  Tsihalis  In.lians  ^^  ho 
.■Nt.a,d...l  11,,  ih..  river  t..  tlu-  Sats,,,,,  wh- n-  they  were  met  hv  han.ls  t,, 
wli.Mti  th..  nam,.  ..t  Cpper  Tsihalis  is  e,,lh...tively  -iveii.  N.'.rth  of  this 
there  aiv  m.  land-loeked  harl.ors.  the  streams  eufriii-  the  s.-a  directly  an.l 
wit.li..ut  e.lnaries;  .,f  tli.'se  th.-r,.  aiv  s..veral,  the  lar-est  l.ein-  tlu-Kwi- 
I'Miutl,  the  Loh-whils...  an.l  th,.  KwiMeliiiit.  What  is  km.wi,  of  thi-;  se.ti.n. 
is  cliielly  ••;-.,m  the  journey  of  .M..ssrs.  Simmons  and  Shaw,  who  loll.Mved  the 
coast  d..wn  from  Cape  Flatt..ry,  in  the  sunmier  of  Ls.-,.",.  Th,.  ,.iv,.rs  take 
their  rise  in  th..  C.ast  or  (  Hympic  ifanuv,  the  IvwinaiutI  in  a  lake  of  some 
si/.e.  •^'-iith.-f  iNMnt(ir..iivill,..  a  san.l-hea.di  stretches  alonj.- the  coast,  alford- 
iM'r<Msy  land  coniinuni,.ali..n  an.l  enahlin-  th..  Indians  to  maintain  a  lew 
'""""''""   '"'»"■"    l'i:il    ■■-lid   Cap,.    Hatinv    (he  ;  l,..,e  is  i„oie  rockx    an-l 


lit,!  i 


Ul 


11 


1G7 


Itrokc'ii,  spurs  froiu  tlif  mountains  jjiiftinii-  (lowii  to  llic  sci.  'I'Ikic  is,  Imw- 
cviT,  siiUK'  iuti'nnciliiitu  tablcliMnl.  'J'lic  wliolc  is,  with  tiic  cxcciiliuii  nf  tli(> 
intdim'diatc  licacli,  covcit'd  with  turcst.  'riic  iufcrior  of  llic  |icMiii>iil;i  is  ;i 
](il('  ofiiljiupt  niouiitaiiis,  upon  some  orwliidi  >uo\v  lies  pcrpctuallv . 

'I'Ih'  coast  north  of  ihi'  Tsilialis  trihi'  is  .successively  occupied  liv  the 
Ivwiuaiull,  tile  Kwilleliiut.  and  the  Makah,  tlie  iint  speakint:'  a  diah'ct 
varvin;^'  consi(hTahl\  iVoni  tiie  'Tsihalis,  tiie  secuud  a  distinct  laui^naue,  thi> 
root  of  whicii  is  prohaldy  als-.  in  tlie  Selisii,  and  tlie  lliird  tiie  lan;iua;;e  c.f 
Nutk;i  Sound.  TIk.'  Makah  territory  extends  iVoiu  the  soulliern  <"a|)o 
Flattery,  calle(l  Itv  themselves  ( >sett,  around  Cape  Kiasset,  and  up  tlio 
Straits  ol'  Fuca,  as  far  only  as  the  Okeho  Uiver.  These  l.ist,  in  accordanco 
Avith  tlic  ru(U'  interior  of  tiu'ir  country,  are  conlined  ahnost  eutirely  to  the 
coast,  and  seek  their  snltsisteiu'e  from  tlic  sea  itseh'. 

The  Kwinaiutl  iiiid  their  siipphes  in  the  streams,  and  to  a  certain  exUnt, 
in  luintiuL;-,  wjiih'  the  Tsiiiahs  properly  helon;^'  to  the  hays,  Iroin  wiiicli  they 
ohtain  winter  salmon  and  shell-lish,  and  trade  with  the  interior  for  kanias 
i-oots  and  herries.  'J'rails  are  sai<l  to  exist  from  the  ("hahlatl  IJivei'  to  tiio 
J'lhva  on  the  straits,  and  from  the  Kwilleliiut  to  the  I'ishtsi  and  the  <  tkeiio. 

I'ursuinn'  the  Straits  of  Fuca,  the  mountain  harrier  conies  in  like  man- 
ner t(»  the  shore  until  reachinj^'  the  uei^hhorhood  of  False  1  )iuij.'-eness,  leavin<r 
onlv  a  few  coves  for  hahitation. 

From  thence  to  I'ort  Townshend  a  strip  of  more  local  character,  some  of 
it  valuable  for  cultivation,  borders  the  coast  and  hays.  Only  a  few  streams, 
and  those  of  inconsiderable  length,  empt)  into  the  straits,  AIohh-  ihis  tract 
from  the  Okeho  li'iver  to  Point  Wilson,  the  Ivlallam,  or  S'klallam  are 
located,  a  tiibe  connected  with  those  of  the  soiitlieaslcni  pait  of  \an- 
coiiver  Island.  They  are  as  may  be  supposed  almost  exclusively  mari- 
time, depending-  maiidy  for  support   upon   lisi.  or   the  commodities  w  Inch 

th.ey  get  in  exchange;   but  less   venturous   than   the   Makah,  they  d I 

pursue;  the  whale,  or  voyage  beyond  the  mouth  of  tlu;  straits. 

Th(!  interior  basin,  reaching  fnuu  the  forty-ninth  parallel  southward  and 
embracing  the  ishmds,  IJellingham  Bay,  and  the  waters  of  Admiralty  liilct. 
Hood  tSmal,  and  I'uget  Sound,  forms  the  third  section,  whose  icmaikahio 
feature  is  \U'  series  ol  l)avs  and  inlets  which  jjenetrati'  it  in  every  diicctioii. 


i 


\-'i 


'  i 
i' 

\: 

» 

I; 


1(>8 

TIk;  ('((iinfiy  iiitlii(!((l  ill  this  Ijasin  tlioiif,"-!!  considenibly  lirokcn  preserves 
ii(;ir  tin-  ujifcr  .1  very  ^ciicial  level  of  iiI>out  two  luiinlred  feet,  rising'-  lii;.dicr 
and  ^oiK  rally  in  tallies  toward  the  Cascade  Mountains.  Its  eastern  side  is 
iiitcrscctccl  liy  niiiiicroiis  rivers  which  have  their  orij^in  in  that  ranjre,  iiiter- 
liickin;^-  with  others  einptyiiiji-  into  the  Colunihia,  and  ruiiiiin;^  in  an  oldiijiu- 
course-  toward  the  suiiiid.  The  principal  of  these,  eoinniencin^' at  the  north, 
an-  till-  Xuksalik,  which  at  the  mouth  takes  the  name  of  J.umini;  lieadinjr 
ill  -Ml.  IJakcr,  which  it  partially  encircles,  and  einpt\infr  hv  two  moutlis  into 
|{(llin;;liam  l!ay  and  the  (Jnlf  of  Georj,na  ;  the  Skajrit  and  Stoluch-whamisjj, 
emptying  into  the  shallow  bays  lyin^r  hetween  Whiilhey  Islasid  and  the 
main;  the  Snolion-li,  of  which  the  Siiokwalmu  is  the  principal  Ijranch, 
cinptyinjr  into  I'ort  (Jardner;  the  Dwamish,  the  upper  part  of  which  is 
known  frenerally  as  White  liiver,  headinj--  in  Mt.  Ivainier  and  fallinji-  into 
J'illiott  Hay  ;  the  I'nyallup,  heading-  in  the  foot-hills  of  that  mountain  and 
t'lnptyin^r  at  Commencement  Hay  ;  and  the  Niskwalli,  risin;,^  on  its  south  siilc 
and  dis(har;riiifr  into  PnMct  Souml.  All  these  streams  have  low  deltas  of 
•iicatcr  or  less  extent  at  their  mouths,  as  well  as  alluvial  bottoms,  the  more 
northern  ones  the  most  extensive.  Farther  up  they  run  tlirou<:h  narrow, 
timbered  bottoms,  bordered  by  lii<;h  Miifls,  the  escarpments  of  the  table- 
laml,  until  at  the  foot  of  the  mountains  they  are  canoned.  It  is  liy  these 
streams,  and  the  d( 'pressions  or  passes  occurrii'jr  at  their  sources,  that  the 
Indians  of  the  interior  obtain  access  to  the  sound  for  the  purposes  of  trade. 
They  are  none  of  them  navij^able  except  by  canoes,  nor  even  in  that  way 
ibr  jrreat  distances.  Their  course  is  rapid,  and  they  are  subject  to  frefpient 
overflow,  beinjr  alike  afiectej  by  the  heavy  rains  and  1»y  the  rapid  meltin;»- 
of  the  snow  on  the  mountains.  The  principal  freshets  arise  from  the  fonner 
cause,  and  occur  in  winter.  The  j?realer  part  of  the  country  is  timbered, 
but  tliere  are  open  j)rairies  on  Whidbey  Island,  and  from  the  I'liyallup 
around  the  head  of  the  soimd.  These  last  are  of  gravelly  soil,  and  extend, 
with  intermediate  belts  of  timber,  to  those  on  the  U])per  waters  of  the  Tsi- 
halis  and  the  Kowlitz.  A  distin^iruishin;^'  feature  in  this  district  is  the  ninnber 
of  lakes,  some  of  oonsideralile  size,  which  are  scattered  throu<,di  it.  The 
laiy-est  of  these  are  those  near  Hellin^liam  Hay  and  that  emjiiying  into  the 
Kwamish.     The  western  side  of  Ilood  Canal,  like  the  Straits  of  Fuca,  is 


ICO 


L 


bonlorcd  I>y  inouiitiiiiis,  wliicli  innii  ilic  wotcni  \v;ill  t>\'  tins  li.isin.  No 
strc-'ins  of  imy  si/c  t'iill  iiitii  it  »'v..('|)t  llu'  Skokomi.-li.  wliicii  ciitci-s  ;if  tlic 
ell)<»\v.  Tilt'  inoiiiitjiiu  ffroiip  thus  iiicliiclcd  lictwccii  the  Tsilmlis,  tlic  cniisf, 
tilt"  Stniits  of  l''iicii,  jiiid  Hood  Ciiiinl.  niul  known  as  the  Olvnipii'  liini;4(>, 
woild  si'i-ni  to  Iinvc  hccn  once  an  islaml  I'orniini,''  part  of  a  cliain  witli  Van- 
conviTund  C^^uct-n  Cliarlottc  Islands.  'I'lic  Indians  occupN  in^;'  tins  liasin  liavo 
all  sprunu',  unless  an  exception  l)e  allowed  in  tli(>  'rseinaknin,  I'roni  tlie  ;^Teat 
Selisli  I'oot,  ami  are  usually  mentioned  as  tlie  Niskwalli  nation.  'I'liev  .wo. 
divided  into  a  v.isf  lunnlier  ol' small  bands,  Iia\inii' little  political  comiectioii, 
l)Ut  j;atlier(Ml  into  families,  allied  hy  similarits'  of  dialect  and  hy  relationsliip. 
Tliese,  'with  their  constituents,  will  he  hereafter  specitied. 

From  these  three  principal  disisions,  an  inferior  or  snlidivision  miyht 
perhaps  be  separated  i.i  the  prairie  coiMitry  just  mentioned.  'Vho  facilities 
for  !rrazinjjf  olVered  by  this  tract  have  induced  in  the  occnjiants  (vpu'striaii 
habits,  which  distin;.''uish  them  from  their  neighbors,  'i'he  nuudter  of  iheir 
horses  is,  of  course,  inconsiderable,  as  compared  with  the  tribes  of  the  j^reat 
jdains,  luit  has  been  snilicieiit  to  ci'eate  an  exception  to  the  otherwi.so 
xnuversal  aquatic  life  of  the  coast  region,  'i'he  bands  included  are  chiefly 
the  Xiskwallis  proper  and  the  Tpper  Tsiiialis. 

Ill  former  times,  before  the  diiniuution  of  the  tribes  and  the  diversion  of 
trade  to  the  j)osts,  there  were  numerous  trails  across  the  ("ascades  by  which 
the  Indians  of  the  interim'  obtained  access  to  the  western  district.  Of  late, 
many  of  these  have  fallen  into  disuse,  becominj,''  obstructed  with  tind)er 
and  underbrush  which  they  have  not  industry  enonj^h  to  clear  out.  In 
fact  all  their  trails  throu;j;li  the  forest,  thou^^h  ori<4iiially  well  selected,  have 
l)coomo  excessively  tortuous,  an  Indian  ridinjr  around  the  fallen  trunks  of 
tree  after  tree  sooner  than  clear  out  a  road  which  Ih(  seldom  uses.  The 
old  Klikatat  trail  across  the  mountains  to  ^'allcou^  er  had  become  impassable, 
and  was  cutout  by  Cai)tain  McClellan  in  iSo,'}.  Another  led  from  one  of 
the  branches  of  the  Yakama,  south  of  Mt.  Kainier,  to  the  Kowlitz  liiver, 
whicli  in  lik(>  manner  has  been  almost  aliandoned,  and  the  northern  trails 
from  the  AVinatsha])am  and  'Cselann  Lake  to  iho.  Sto-luch-wha-niish  and 
Skajfit  seem  to  be  alto;T('ther  so.  ^I'he  two  most  used  at  present  are  tlio.se  by 
the  Nahchess   and  the  main  Yakama  or  Snokvvalniu  passes,  tlie  former  of 


I 


170 

which  is  the  roiitfoftlii'  riiitc(lStiitcs  mihtary  road  fn  .111  .Stcihioooni  toWalla- 
Walia.  T\u;  tViuU-  l»ct\vccii  th(;  two  districts  was  once  coiisidcrahlf.  'I'hc; 
western  Indians  soUl  slaves,  haikwa,  kanias,  ih'ied  chuiis,  i\:c.,  and  received 
in  Hftui-n  niotintain-sheep's  woid,  porcnpine's  (piills,  and  enihroideiv.  the 
^j-rass  IVoiM  which  they  inanniactnre  thread,  and  even  dried  sahnon,  the 
|iio(hi''t  of  till-  Vakania  fisheries  l)ein;>-  Drct'em-d  to  that  of  the  sonnd.  Jt 
will  be  nt'ticed  that  noi'th  of  the  country  more  innnediately  honlerin;^-  upon 
the  ('ohMnl)ia,  the  whole  of  the  western  district  is  iidiabited  hv  tribes 
derived  tn.ni  a  siiiM-l,.  slock,  with  tin;  e\cepti(.n  of  the  northwest  point  of 
the  peninsula  occupied  b\  the  Makah.  The  extensive  family  to  which  ,"\Ir. 
JIale  hasniven  the  name  of  'I'sihaii-Selish,  from  its  extreme  western  and 
eastern  niend)ers  thus  stretches  from  the  Ivocky  Mountains  to  the  Pacilic. 
On  tile  south,  its  territories  are  bounded  by  those  of  the  Hahaptin  and  Tsi- 
nidv  families.  On  the  north,  it  has  in  the  interior  the  'rahkaH.ljeloiioin'-- 
to  the  'rimieh.  The  nortlieni  boundary  upon  the  coast  is  not  so  definitely 
ascertained,  but  in  my  <.pinion  will  be  found  in  the  iieiyliljorhood  of 
.lolmston  Straits,  upon  lln' (Julf  of  Georgia,  thus  includin;^- the  Xanainiuk, 
Kowichiu,  Sonn-hu,  and  Soke  of  \'ancouver  Island,  and  the  Kwaitlen  of 
I'  rax.er  Ki\cr.     The  sul)ject  of  their  niiyrations  will  be  noticed  hereafter. 

XOTICKS  OF  PAlMTCULAIi  THIHES. 

01  the  ii\i'r  Indians,  and  eencrally  of  those  with  whom  no  treaties 
have  been  made,  \  ery  little  is  to  be  added  to  the  observations  contained  in  my 
iormer  repeat.  In  that  paper,  the  Klikatat  were  treated  as  beh.noini-- to  the 
eastern  division  of  this  Territory,  to  which  their  original  location  and  aflinities 
attach  them.  As,  however,  tlu^y  are  here  spoken  of  as  connected  with  the 
western  division,  .some  explanation  is  necessary.  After  the  depopulation  of 
the  ('olund)ia  tribes  by  congestive  fever,  which  took  ))lace  between  iSL'Oand 
l.S;]0,  many  of  that  tribe  made  their  way  down  the  Kathlapfitl  (Lewis 
Kiver).  and  a  part  of  tlu'in  .settled  along  the  coiir.'^e  of  that  river,  while  others 
cros.sed  the  Columbia  and  overran  the  Willamette  Valley,  more  lately 
estal)lishing  theui.selves  on  the  I'mkwa.  Within  the  last  year  (18r)5).  they 
have  been  ordei'eil  liy  the  supei'lnlendent  of  Oregon  to  return  to  their 
former  home,  nnd  are  now  chielly  in  this  pun  of  the  Territory.     The  i»resent 


f 
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.::; 

T 


171 


t 


.•KMicralinii,  lor  tli,.   most    p.ivf,  look    upon   il,,.    Kiilliliipntl   ;is   ilicir  pn.p.r 
comitry,  iiionj  cspccijiHy  as  tlirv  arc  iulfriuamcd  willi   tlic  rcmnaiil  of  ilio 

original  pn.priutors.      X nvci  (VMi>tis  has  a?  any  linic  lucu  nia.lrof  ilm 

ivlikatat,  but  the}-  aru  ifstiiiiati'il  a!  Iroiii  oOO  to   lO'l,  (..\clusi\c  of  tlir  Taiti- 
iiapani. 

Of  the  Willopali  (  Kwalliiokwa,)  (.!•.  as  they  call  tlicnisclvcs,  (  hvliiljapsls, 
tliciv  arc  yet,  if  appears,  ihruc  or  tonr  families  livin;^  ,,n  ijic  Jirads  of  ili(. 
Tsihaiis  Ikivcr  ahovc  tliu  forks.  According-  to  the  account  of  an  oM  man, 
from  whom  the  vocabulary  was  ohtaini'd,  tln'  Khitskanai,  a  kindred  band, 
till  lately  inhabitiiij,'' the  mountains  on  the  southern  side  of  the  Cohnnliia, 
and  iniw  also  nearly  extinct,  formei'l\i  owned  the  ])rairies  on  the  Tsilndis  at 
the  nionlh  of  the  Skidvunichid;,  but,  on  the  failure  of  name,  lefi  the 
country  and  crossed  the  river.  l?oth  these  bands  sid)sisted  chielly  by  hunt- 
iiiii'.  As  lief.u'e  mentioned,  they  are  of  the  Tahkali  sto(d<,  thou;-'!!  divided 
by  nearly  six  dej^Tces  of  latitmle  from  the  parent  trii)e.  '{'he  fact  of  these 
mij:rati(»ns  of  tlu'  Klikatat  and  Ivlatskaiiai  within  a  recent  jx'riod  is  impor- 
tant, as  indicalin;;'  the  dii'ecfioii  in  which  population  has  ilowed,  and  the 
causes  indu  -in;;-  thi.s  separati<m  of  triljes. 

At  the  council  held  on  the  Tsihaiis  in  February,  IS.'),'),  an  opportiniitv 
Ava.s  otlered  of  aseortainino-,  with  snflicient  correctness,  the  nund)ers  of 
thoso  Indians,  as  also  the  ])articular.s  of  the  tribes  interveniii"-- l)etween  them 
and  the  Makali  (.f  Cape  Flattery.  The  name  Chihalis,  or  'i'sihalis,  strictly 
belongs  to  the  villa;^!'  "ii  tlie  beach  at  the  ontrnnce  of  Gray  Harbor.  The 
word  itself  .sl^^nilies  sand  It  has,  however,  now  become  applied  to  all  the 
bands  inhabiting'  thu  bay  and  river.  The  Lower  Tsihaiis,  or  llio.se  from  the 
mouth  of  the  Sutsop  down,  includin,y  the  villages  on  the  AVhishkah  and 
Wanulchi,  ami  the  few  on  Shoalwater  l>ay,  nundjered  in  all  l^if  -JIT. 
These  dilVer  very  little  in  anything  except  lan;^ua-;'e  fnmi  their  T.simdv  neiiih- 
bors.  There  were  formerly  iiw,  principal  viTjiyes  of  the  tribe  on  the  river, 
seven  on  the  north,  vnd  eight  on  the  .south  side  of  the  bay,  an-'  even  within 
the  recollection  of  American  settlers  the  popidation  was  very  consiihirabhi. 
Kii-kow-an,  belonging  to  the  Tsihaiis  village,  a  very  old  man,  seems  to 
have  l)een  the  principal  clii<-f,  and  hU  son,  Tu  le'-idv,  n>\v  claims,  in  his 
placi',  to  be  the  head  of  the  Irilie. 


4 


I! 


wtmm 


\12 


ill 


Till-  r|ii)(i' 'I'siliJilis,  wIhi  fdi- tlic  |ii('S(iit  purpose  iiiiiy  lie  iiii'litiuiicd 
licic,  iii'f  ;i  nuiiiccliii;^  link  lictwccii  tlic  Ktiwlitz,  llio  l.dWcr  'I'siliiilis,  iiiid 
tlic  Niskw.illi.  Ii\  the  Iiiiliiiiis  (111  tlic  sniniil  tlicv  im-  kiuiwii  iis  Stak-tii- 
iiiisli,  nr  iiikiiiil  pcnplc;  Ijy  otliciv.  sis  Nu-sii-lupsli,  :i  iiaiuc  iippiircutly 
,-(.f',.|-i-iiiM-  \n  the  nijiids  ill  llicir  strciiiii,  iis  tlii-  siiiiu'  is  iipplictl  to  tlic  I'ppcr 
Kowlit/.,  iiml  li\  tlic  Wiilopnli  iis  Kwii-tcli-iii.  Tlicir  coiiutrv  included 
<;-eiieridlv  fill  lliiit  dr;iiiicd  liy  llic  'I'siliiilis  altove  the  mouth  of  the  Siitsoj), 
eiiil)iaciiiji-  some  of  the  iiin>t  t'crtilc  land  in  tlic  Torritory.  This  tril)0  also 
is  vcr^fin;^'  on  c\tiiieti(Hi ;  the  total  iiinnlicr,  as  near  as  eoiild  he  ascertained, 
liein;^'  "Jlfl.  'riieir  principal  cliiel",  at  the  time  of  the  setth'ineiit  hy  Auieri- 
caiis,  was  'Isiii-nit-ieli,  a  man  of  rather  extensive  intliience.  Since  liis 
(h'alli  tlii'N'  can  scarcel\- he  said  to  have  had  one,  tliou<ili  (lowaniius  is  recon-- 
ni/.ed  hy  tin-  a;^-eiicy  as  the  tiominal  head.  No  treaties  have  as  yet  heeii 
coii(diided  Avith  any  of  the  preceilin^i'. 

'{"he  Kwiiiaiiitl,  of  which  trihe  tlu;  Kv.-e'hts-hu  form  part,  were  present 
at  the  coumil.  'I'liis  trihe  sjieak  little  moic  than  a  dialect  of  the  Lower 
'I'sihalis  tongue.  They  are  mostly  on  or  at  the  mouth  of  the  two  streams 
which  hear  their  lesjic'tixc  names.  'I'lie  Kwinaiutl  is  celohrated  for  its 
salmon,  which  are  considered  tti  excel  in  (pialitv  even  those  of  the  (Jolumhia. 
'I'lie  Kwillehiut  were  not  repri'seuted  at  the  council,  thou<rh  two  hoys 
heloniiiiif;-  to  the  trihe  accompanied  the  Kwinaiutl,  pr(d)aldy  sent  to  ascer- 
tain its  ohjects.  It  hail  heeii  su])posed  previously  that  the  dilfereiit  l)r:iuclies 
of  the  latter  exteinled  to  the  Makali  territory,  and  that  all  of  them  were 
proisent  hy  their  delegation.  Under  this  supposition,  they  would  have  heeii 
treated  with  as  a  sin^^le  trihe  had  not  the  accidental  discovery  of  tlie  essen- 
tial dilleri'iice  in  lan<,fuafj:e  led  to  more  particidar  inquiry.  This  circum- 
stance of  itself  shows  the  importance  of  ethnolop-ical  investiii'ation  in  the 
management  of  Indian  affairs.  In  classifyin<T  the  languaji^es  of  the  district, 
1  have  provisionally  placed  the  Kwille'hiiit,  as  well  as  the  T.sema-kum,  of 
Avhom  mention  will  he  made  hereafter,  among  those  of  the  Selish  family, 
conceiving  the  analogy  to  be  suflicient  to  authorize  the  conchision.  The 
very  great  dissimilarity  between  them  and  the  other  adjacent  tongues  i,s, 
liowever,  recognized  by  their  neighbors,  who  say  that  they  "sj)eak  like  birds," 
n  phrase  I'ommonly  usi-d  in  ri'garil  to  language  absolutely  foreign.     There 


I 

1 


' 


173 

arc  two  l.;uwls..f  tl.is  tiil..'.  tlw  Kuillc  liifit.  or  Kw(  .I..'  tut.  iin.l  ll.r  lln.li, 
or  Kwaaksat.  They  arc  -..o.l  seamen,  ami  more  nearly  apiiroaeh  tl.c 
Miikah  ill  tlariii;,^  than  any  of  the  others. 

The  Kwillc'liint  ami  Kwinaintl  wero  include.l  in  a  treaty  separately, 
nuule  siihsiMiuent  to  the  -eueral  coMneil  of  the  roast  tril.es  on  the  Tsilialis. 
The  plac-s  for  reservations  were  by  that  instrun cut  left  to  1...  lixe.l  hy  \\m 
President.  No  .s-ttlements  wliateverhave  asyei  been  nia.hrm  tluir  eonntry, 
nor  is  it  prohaMc  that  there  soon  will  he. 

Of  all  the   tribes  west   of  the  ( "asea.h'S,  the   MaUah   exhibit   the   nioHt 
marked  and  chanicteristic  traits,  diiVerinKrn.m  tlu.  sound  Indians  in  features 
and  habits  as  nnieh  as  lan-ua-e.     Their  intercourse  with  the  whites  has  been 
very  limited,  and  that  n..t  of  a  kind  to  make  nmch  .•han-e  in  their  orif-inal 
customs,     rhysically,   they  bave  the  type  ..f  the   Nntka    Indi.ms.      The 
expression  indicates  ferocity  and  treachery,  for  which  indeed  tlu^y  have  a 
wi.le  reputation.     The  beard  and  moustache  are  well  deveh.ped,  and  an-  not 
extirpate.l     IM10  c.miplexion,  as  is  in.U'cd   th.>  cas.^  with  all   these  tribes, 
varies  consideral)ly,  some  b(  in-  much  darker  than  ..flu'rs,  without  referonco 
to  the  intermixture  of  blood.     I'latfnin}.-  the  h.-ad  thonoji  prevalent,  is  not 
carried  to  a  oreat  excess.    In  many  nspects,  they  are  superior  t..  their  neigh- 
bors, bein^r  far  more  enterprisin- and  exhibiting.- }-water  skill  and  industry 
m  their  manufactures ;  and  they  are  more  nu.ral,  for  they  prostitute  only 
slaves.     This  tribe  had  a  considerable   infusion  of  white  blood,  a  Wussian 
ves.sel  haviufT  been  cast  away  near  here,  as  it  is  suppose.l,  souu-  thirty-live 
or  forty  years  since,  and  the  crew,  bein^  stron-  enouoh  to  protect  them- 
selves, havinjr  lived  amonj.-  the  Indians   for  somo  time  before!  they  wen^ 
relieved.     Scneral  individuals  were  present  at  the  council  who  in  their  feat- 
ures, complexion,  and  yellow  hair  bore  the  strongest  proof  of  their  Hclavonic 
ori<.-in.     They  have  four  principal  or  winter  villages:  Xeeah,  at  the  site  of 
the" old  Spanish  fort  .>n  Neeah  Bay  (I'.at  Nunez  (laona);  Waatch,  on  the 
south  side  of  Cape  Flattery;  Tsu-yess,  in  a  cove  or  indi.ntati<.n  af.nvmiles 
south  of  it;  and  Csett,  at  the  Flatt.-ry  rocks.     Another  villa-e  on  Neeah  15ay 
has  been  abandcmed  since  the  prevalence  of  the  small-pox  in  th.' fall  of  IH'.L', 
and  the  Klasset  and  Tatooche  Islan.l  villa-es  are   sunnner  resorts.     It  is 
stated  on  the  authority  of  Yallakub,  .a-  Flattery  Jack,  that  previous  to  the 


'!«i 


174 


sickness  till'  tiilic  ((nild  iniistcr  '(dO  (i;^rlitln(^r  inr-ii.  Tli<^  totiil  of  l)otli  sqxoh 
iiinl  ill!  !i;,'-<'s  is  now  rciiiiccti  to  little  iimre  tlinii  tliiit  niimlicr.  Hutli  Viilla- 
kiili  Mini  Klfli  sift,  Ml-  the  white  cliieC,  died  diiriii;;'  ih.it  winter.  Tin-  hitter, 
;t  Ikiissiiin  liiill'-lireed,  was  the  li<'iid  of  the  tribe;  Jack  lieiii;,''  however  the 
hest  known,  from  his  speakiii"^  a  little  Kn;r|ish,  and  his  j^reater  familiarity 
w  itii  the  traders. 

'The  N'ecah  village,  at  the  time  of  oiir  visit  in  .laiinarv,  IH").'),  consisted  lA' 
two  hliicks  of  four  or  live  houses  each  huilt  close  to<icther.  The  larjjest  siiij^hi 
house  was  aliout  seveiity-li\  e  f^'^^t  lon<f  hy  forty  in  width,  .ind  probahlv  iifteeii 
feet  ]ii;ili  in  front,  the  whole  constituting;-  one  room,  'i'he  frame  consisted  of 
lieavy  posts  set  in  the  ^^Tound,  snpportinp-  rafters,  some  of  which  were  at  least 
eiiihteeii  iiK'lies  in  thickness  at  tlu?  butt.  'I'he  labor  of  raisin''- them  to  their 
position,  w  ith  noaid  from  ma(-hinery,maybo  iniafrined.  'riieside.swereiormed 
of  ])lanks  placed  hf>ri/.ontally,  and  secured  by  npri^ht  polos,  insido  and  out, 
at  -I  lew  teet  apart,  \o  which  tlu-y  were  tied  throug-h  small  apertunM  by 
withes.  The  roof,  like  tlio.se  of  the  Sound  Indians,  was  made  of  boards, 
t^iiltereil  out  and  la])pinj,'  one  (»ver  another.  Each  lions(i  is  occupied  liv 
several  families,  their  respective  portions  being- acpcaratcd  by  a  partition  of  two 
or  three  feet  hi;;h.  Chests  of  quite  larj^e  size,  and  very  neatly  made  consid- 
erinj;  the  tools  employed,  contained  the  jjei-sonal  chattels  of  the  owners.  A 
raised  platform  ran  around  the  hoii.s(>,  on  which  the  inhabitants  sat,  slept,  or 
worked;  and  overhead  wea'o  shelves  and  j)oles  on  which  their  ))roperty  was 
stow  ed.  A  more  miscellaneous  assortment  could  hardly  bo  found  at ,'  jiaw  n- 
brokor's.  Seal-skins  full  of  oil,  baskets  of  dried  halibut  and  salmon,  flitches 
of  Iilubber,  whalin;^  apparatus,  |)addles,  bundles  of  mats,  articles  t»f  all  sorts 
I'rom  wrecked  vessels,  boxes  and  ba^s  of  every  description,  hun^f,  lay,  or 
stood  in  eiidlos.s  variety  and  confusion.  Some  of  the  other  houses  were 
nearlvas  lar<;e.  Into  one,  a  canoe  thirtv-six  feet  in  lenjj^tli  had  been  introduced 
for  the  purpose  of  repairinjj;-,  nor  did  it  occupy  any  inconvenient  room. 
.Mr.  Cioldsboroujxh,  who  visited  the  village  in  IfSaO,  informed  me  that  the 
houses  generally  were  on  an  oven  larger  scale  at  that  time;  that  Flattery 
Jack's  house  was  no  less  than  one  hundred  feet  in  length,  and  that  about 
twenty  women  were  busily  t'Ugaged  in  it  making  bark  mats  and  dogs'-hair 
l)lank<'ts.     One    of  the    lilm-ks   is  partly  surromided  with    a   stockade    of 


i 


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])micllcolis  tUcKc    or    liriccll    IccI     lli;:li,  >tnil;;lllcli(i|    1»\     \cr\     l;li-;;c    |m).-|s, 

into  \vliicli  ii  tif-licaiii  is  mortiscil. 

TIk^  Makiili  iiri',  as  liiis  liccii  inciitioiKMl  lirt'oii',  aliiio^l  i'\clii>i\il\- 
liiaritiiiii'  in  tlii'ir  lial)it>:  tlicif  coiintrN  liciii;;-  \rry  small,  lirolvi'ii,  and  rorkv. 
TIicv  |»i;rsii('  llic  w  Iialc  in  tlirir  ranocs  <'Vcn  ont  of  si^lit  of  laml,  ami  attarlv 
liiiu  willi  a  darini;' tliat  wonid  not  disgrace  Nrw  l!ni;lanil  ii^lurmcn.  Hn 
nnc^  occasion,  a  canoe  was  ^onc  live  days.  'ITie  men  sin'ceeded  in  killini;- 
the  Avlialo,  and  sid)siste(l  on  tli(>  IdnMier,  cliewin'r  some  roots  wliicii  lliev 
had  with  tliem  for  want  oi'  water.  Alter  all,  they  were  coni|)elled  to  ahandon 
tlio  lisli.  Tlielr  tackle  consists  of  a  liarpiMHi,  the  point  formerly  (mImciI  with 
slu'll,  now  usnally  with  copper,  very  linnly  sicnred  to  a  line,  and  attached 
lightly  to  a  shaft  ahont  lifteen  feet  lon^-,  to  whit  h  also  the  line  is  made  last;  a 
soal-skin  float  is  attached  hy  another  line,  and  serves  to  hnov  the  whale  when 
struck.  The  scene  of  tho  ra})tur(j  is  described  hy  ('y(!-witness(\s  as  verv 
excitiiiLr,  ten  canoes  heinpf  sometimes  enga;j-ed,  the  crews  yellin;;  and  dash- 
inj,''  their  paddles  with  frantic  ea^'erness  When  taken,  the  whale,  lino\ed 
up  with  lloats,  is  towed  in  trinmph  to  the  villa;^!!  and  cut  np.  'Hiey  for- 
morl)'  tried  out  the  oil  hy  placing  the  l)hd)l>er,  alter  it  had  l)ecome  softened, 
into  boxes,  jMidmeltinfif  it  out  with  heated  stones.  The  oil  is  kept  in  the  pannch 
of  tho  whale,  or  in  seal-skins  and  hladilers,  and  is  used  as  an  artich^  of  food 
as  well  as  for  trade.  The  season  rommenees  in  March.  Tin;  Makah  were 
till  lately  in  the  habit  of  ])urchasiny  oil  from  the  Nittinat  also,  and  have 
traded  in  a  sing'le  season,  it  is  said,  as  nnicli  as  .'>0,00()  <rallons.  I'revious 
to  becoming  whalers,  the  yonnf:^  men  ^o  thronj^h  a  s])ecies  of  pro))ation, 
probably  similar  to  that  of  the  Tamahno-ns.  A  jjortion  of  them  only  attain 
tho  dignity  of  whalers,  a  second  class  devote  thems(;lves  to  halibut,  and  a 
third  to  salmon  and  inferior  iish,  the  occupations  l)eing  kept  distinct,  at  least, 
in  a  groat  measure.  Tho  larger  class  of  canoes  generally  belong  to  a  single 
individual  and  ho  receives  a  proportionate  share  of  the  booty  from  tho  crew. 
Tho  halibut  season  is  from  ]\rarch  to  May,  when  the  salmon  fishery  com- 
mences. This  last  is  by  trolling.  Very  few  of  the  fall  salmon  urc  taken. 
Cod  aro  obtained  at  the  entrance  of  the  straits,  and  other  kinds  of  fish  an; 
abmidant  at  all  seasons,  among  which  is  the  Kilshkao,  ajjparently  a  species 
of  perch,  of  very  good  quality.     Muscles  and  echini  (vf  large  size  are  also 


Hi- 

Mi 


1 


i 


li' 


iMi 


t"l 


1 7t; 

Ulltlll<lilllt.       Sl'M-nttrr    ill'C    lli>l     oltttlilll'll    ilt     tlh'    r.'l|ll-,   Kilt     tile     Illll!iinH  ])lir- 

cliasccl  lliciii  111'  llic  Nittiiiiil,  jiihI  r;urit(l  iIkiii  to  \  ictoiin  fnr  >iilc.  l-'or- 
iiicrlv  tlicy  raiscil  ii  laij^f  (|iiiiiitity  ni  |iiiliit<i(s;  Imt  >iiict'  ilic  sickness  tlu-y 
have  iic;,''l(,'«'ti'(|  this  |irn\i>iini. 

'I'lic  .Makali  Ihhc  tlir  nose  as  well  as  cars,  ami  Imtli  iiicii  ami  woincii 
wear  urnaiiH-iits  in  tliciii,  ;;<'ii( Tally;  in  the  fitriiicr,  a  small  trlaii;;iilar  Mt  ul' 
slicll,  ill  the  latter,  lar;i»'r  pici-cs.  'I'lic  iiicii  fur  tlic  must  |»ait  wear  mitliiii;^' 
Imt  a  Maiikct;  tlic  women,  a  Incecli-cloiit,  ami  blanket  of  Joj^s'  liair  or 
down,  or  a  ('('(lar  hark  rolie.  A  lew  of  tlie  men,  at  .•  time  of  the  coiiiieil, 
iia<l  hear  skins  tie<|  aroiiiid  the  throat  with  the  t'lir  n  ami  as  they  sat  on  the 
{ground,  till!  skins  eneindinjf  them  and  eoverin;^'  th<-  lace  to  the  nose,  they 
made  a  very  pictiircscpu!  appearance.  Their  hats,  wlioii  tluty  wear  aii\ ,  are 
of  the  conical  form  common  aloii'.''  the  coast.  Their  (iiiest  manufactures 
arc  the  hiankcts  already  mentioned,  'i'lio.se  of  dofis'  hair  and  down  are 
common  to  other  parts  of  the  smiiid,  more  particularly  those  which  liavts 
least  communication  with  the  whites,  as  homespun  articles  here,  as  else- 
where, ;;ive  place  to  "store  ^'oods"  with  advancinj^'  civilization.  The  cedar 
Ijlaiikets  and  rohes  are  known  almost  exclusivelv  to  he  their  own;  thev  an; 
\cry  nicely  made,  and  quite  pliable.  Their  dishes  resemble  those  of  tlio 
northern  Indians,  of  which  many  specimens  have  found  their  way  to  the 
States;  loiiff,  shallow  trays  .servinjj^  to  hold  the  common  mess,  and  smaller 
square  f>iies  t'or  the  individual  jiortioii. 

TIk;  Makah  before  they  were  broken  by  sickness  carried  their  war- 
jiartie.s  to  .some  distance.  They  are  still  on  bad  terms  with  the  Soke  .'iiid 
Psoiij?  of  Vancouver  Island,  as  well  a.s  with  their  iiinnediato  noifjfhbors  to 
the  south,  the  Kwilleliiut.  They  chasti.sed  the  Tsemakum  of  I'ort  Town- 
send  before  the  Klallam  attacked  them,  and  not  long  since  threatened  the 
Klallam  also,  but  the  dillii'iilty  was  arranj;ed  by  King  George,  the  Klallam 
chief,  giving  his  .sister  to  the  white  chief  in  marriage;  a  regal  .settlement  of 
dilliculties  worthy  of  Eiu'opean  diplomacy. 

Oil  occasion  of  the  treaty  made  with  them  by  CJovernor  Stevens,  in 
January  last,  the  ^lakah  were  fir:it  brought  into  oilicial  intercourse  with 
the  whites.  Previous  to  that  time,  they  had  (h'clined  to  receive  papers  from 
the  agent,  (Sdonel  Simmons,  beiiig  under  apprehensions  that  they  would 


r 


Ii4 


■IS 


lii  ;f 


17 


\  1 


fi 


hv'm<y  l)nck  tlw  sinnll  pox.     ]\y  il„>  ;rovi.ni<.i's  .llivrtinii.  il„v.  ..n  tlint  ...ra 
sioii,  iiiiiiH-il  two  HiilM-hi.-tM  rn.in  .-iicli  villiiM-,.,  fn.iii  uliom  Ii<.  sfl.Tf...!  ini 
Os.-tf,  luiiiicil  'rsc-kiiii-iitl,  !is  li.-;i(|  cliicf,     'I'his  fiviity   s.-nin-il  to  tlii'in  the 

point  of  the  pciiiiisiilii,  iii.lmliii;,''  tlit>  «it()  oftlu-  olil  Spjiiiisli  tort N.r.ili 

Hiiy,  iiiid  tlic  Wjiiifcli  villa^fc  on  the  const. 

TIu'  Khillam  I  coiiMidcr  to  he  another  Itraiicli  of  the  Sclisli,  tlioii^ili  of 
a   jnorc  remote  (.ri^ri,,   tliaii    tin'    Niskwalli.     'I'lieir  opposite   iiei^-lilioiK   of 
N'aiieoiiver   Island,  tli-  Soke  ..r  Tsolike  ..f  Soke    Inlet,  and   the  Tsoii;;  or 
Sonu'hn  of  Vietoria  l)elon;r  to  the  HaiiK*  roniiection.     The  trihe  is  still  a 
nnni(  roils  one  thoii;jh  like  others  of  the  district,  consideraMy  reduced,     A 
few  families  have  rem(»ved  to,  and  are  permanently  settled  on,  the  island 
'I'heir  proper  coniitry  lies  on  the  straits  hetween  the  ( )keho  Klvc-r  and  I'oiiit 
Wils(m;  bnt,  after  the  reduction  of  the  'rsemakiim,  many  of  them  estal. 
lished  thems<dve8  at  I'ort  Townshend.     The  Klallam  were  end)race(l  in  the 
saim;  treaty  with  the  Tsemakum  and  the  Skokomish,  and  a  common  reser- 
vation  made  for  them  at  tiie  head   of  Hood  Canal.     Since   the  (h'ath   of 
S'llai-ak,  or  Kiii<r  fJeor{r<',  Tsitz-a-mah-han,  or  Diike  of  York,  has  hccn 
recof-nized  as  th(*  head  chief     Their  total  niind)er  is  now  !fj(i.    Their  priiici- 
])al  villa-jes  are  ( >kelio,  at  th<!  mouth  of  that  river;    Pishtst,  on  Klallam  Hay; 
I'lhva,  at  the  month  of  a  stn^am  so  called;   Yimiis,   at  False   Dniifjeness; 
Stcditlum,  at  Nc^w  Dniifroiiess;    Kahkwaitl,  at  Port  Discovery;  and  a  recent 
one  at  Kalitai,  or  I'ort  'i'ownshend. 

The  'J'semaknm  are  reduceil  to  !)()  soids.  'I'heir  ori^^nnal  country 
end)raecd  P(»rt  Townshend,  Port  Ludlow,  and  Port  Gand)Ie.  The  trihe 
])rol)ably  was  never  a  very  lar<ro  one,  but  has  been  noted  amon;r  all  its 
neijifhbors  for  its  j)Uf,''nacity.  It  has  been  successively  eniin^^-ed  in  wars 
with  the  Makah,  Klallam,  'J'oan-huch,  Snohomish,  and  Dwamish,  in  all  of 
which  it  surt'ered  severely.  Their  present  chief  is  Klsakweoit.  These  as 
before  mentioned  have,  like  the  Kwillchiflt,  been  classed  with  tlu;  Selish 
tribes.  Sinf,'-ularly  eiioufih,  while  their  lau<.niaf,'-es  exliil)it  ^n-eater  resenddance 
to  each  other,  notwitlistandin<r  their  relative  position,  than  do  either  to  their 
immediate  neighlutrs,  the  1'semakum  is  literally  an  unknown  ton;fue  to 
the  rest;  not  an  individual,  it  is  said,  out  of  the  tribe  ])einjf  acriuainted  with 


§1 


ill 


n 


178 

it,  M  ciiciiinstiiiicc  vd'v  iiiiii<ii;il  iiiikmi;;'  Imllims.  In  tlicir  iikkU's  oi'  sub- 
sistence, !i;il)its,  I'tc,  tli('\   ilo  imt  (litler  imticeiiMv  from  tlieir  iieii;!iliors. 

'I'liere  reiiiiiiiis  on  these  wiiters  wliiit  niay  Ix*  teniieil  the  NiskwiiUi 
iiiitiiiu,  uliich  is  thus  (h\iile(l,  |iiiisuiii'i"  tlie  j^CdiiTiiphiccil  (inler: 

1st.   'I"he   Skokoiiiish,  of  whuui     tlie   'i'oiiiihucli    seems    to    l)e    nimtlier 


IIIIIIK 


onI\',  s;;iil  t;i  uieaii  in  tlie  Klallani  toiijiMie  "a  porti 


iii(. 


Of  these,  there 


were  lonuei'Iv  scMTal  hands,  as  tlie  Kwiilseet  and  (itlusi's,  wlidse  names  are 
j)reser\e(l  in  tiiose  of  dilViTeiit  loealities.  Thev  occupy  hoth  sides  of  Hood 
Canal  above  I'ort  (Jaudde,  and  number  21)0  souls.  Their  chief  is  now 
1  lol-liol-tin,  better  kimwn  as  .Tim.  As  already  mentioned,  the  Skokomish 
wer(!  end)raced  in  thi'  same  treaty  with  their  neighbors,  the  Klallams  and 
'I'seinakums.  Their  lanji'uago  constitutes  a  distinct  one,  dill'erini>'  ao  far 
from  that  of  the  Niskwalli  as  not  to  be  {^'enerally  understood.  'J'he 
Skwawksin,  or  Skwawksnamish,  who  occupy  the  istluniis  between  Ibtod 
Canal  and  Case  Iidet.  in  some  rcs])ects  more  ju'operly  belony  to  this  con- 
nection than  to  the  Sound  Indians. 

:M.  The  bands  occupvin;^-  l'u;4et  Sound  and  the  iidets  openiufi-  into 
it  as  far  down  as  Point  Pullv.  These  all  speak  the  same  dialect,  the  Nis- 
kwalli pro])er,  and  were  all  included  in  treaties  made  at  Shenah-nam,  or 
Nfedicine  Ci-eek,  Dece.nber,  1S,")4,  since  ratified  by  the  Senate.  '^Ihey  num- 
ber collecti\"el\-  S'.);i.  A  division  mij^ht  lie  made  of  these  into  three  sub- 
tribes,  the  lirst  consistiuL;-  of  the  S'llotlemamish  of  (Jase  Inlet,  Saheh- 
wamish  ot'  llamerslv  Inlet,  Sawamish  of  Totten  Inlet,  Skwai-aitl  of  I''ld 
Inlet,  Stelitsasamish  of  Budd  Inlet,  and  Xuselitsatl  of  South  ]5ay  or 
Henderson  Inlet;  the  second  consistiuii' of  the  Skwalliahmish  or  Niskwal- 
li, incdudlu;.;'  the  Sciiwallitsfi,  Steilakumahmish,  and  other  small  bands; 
the  third  of  ;he  I'uvallupahmisli,  T'Kawkwamish,  and  STIomaniish  of  the 
I'uyallup  Kiver  and  \'ashon  Island.  The  first  are  properly  salt  water 
Indians;  the  secondare  for  the  most  })art  like  the  Staktamisli,  or  U])per 
'i'sihalis,  (•(pu'striau  in  their  hal.'its,  and  the  last  are  Kiver  and  Sound  Indians. 
Three  reservations  were  assi<)-ned  to  these  bands  as  permanent  homes,  each 
consistinji'  of  id»eMt  two  .sections  of  land;  one  being  the  small  island  at  the 
month  of  llamniersly  Inlet  or  Skukum  Bay,  another  upon  the  sound  near 
the  Niskwalli,  and  a  third   upon  Commencement  Bay.     These?  are  all  upon 


'!i'; 


170 


llio  water,  and  are  suital)l(^  lor  lisliini;'  stations.  As,  liowovor,  nono  of'tluMn 
adord  pnstnrt  land,  it  will  he  d(>siral)l('  that  when  iic^oliations  arc  conchidetl 
with  the  Uj)[)or  Tsilialis  sonic  [irovisions  lie  niadi-  of  a  tract  snitaltlc  for 
animals,  to  which  all  those  posscssiut;'  tlicin  can  rcsctrt  in  common.  \\\  the 
treat}-  lv\vi-c-milil  and  Sno-ho-dum-sit  were  desiyiiated  as  head  chiel's  of  the 
hands  endiraccd  within  its  |irovisIoiis. 

lielow  these  is  the  di\ision  of  which  the  Dwamish  and  Silkwamish  are 
the  jirincipal  l)ands,  occnpyinj^- l^lliott  Hay,  15ainhrid,i.;c  Island,  and  a  portion 
of  the  i)oninsnla  Ixtueen  Hood  Canal  ami  Ailmiralfy  Inlet.  Their  head 
chief  is  Se-aa-thl,  or,as  it  isnsnally  prononnced,  Seattle,  from  whom  thetow  n 
on  Klliott  Iky  has  been  named  In  this  connection  are  alsoth(>  Samamish, 
8ko])ahmi.sh,  Sk'tehlmish,  St'kamish,  and  other  small  hands  Ivini"-  ti])on  the 
lake  sand  the  hranclies  of  !)wannsh  K'i\cr,  who  are  claimed  h\  the  others  as 
\r,iYt  of  their  triije,  hnt  have  in  rt'ality  very  little  connerfinn  with  them.  A 
very  few  of  these  last  possess  horses,  lait  the  majoiit\-  arc  rixcr  Indians,  'i'he 
■iggreyate  nundier  of  the  wIkiIc  was  by  census  so7,  which  proliahly  falls  a 
little  short  of  the  truth.  Tln^y  dilfcr  hnt  .-li'  litly  from  the  Niskwalli  in 
language.  These  tribes  were  included  with  all  the  others  of  the  eastern 
shore  and  the  islands  in  the  ti'eaty  of  Mukleteoh,  or  I'oint  Mlliott.  A 
reserve  of  two  sections  was  retained  for  them  at  Port  Madison. 

■  (d.  The  Snohomish,  with  whom  are  included  tlu^  Snokwalmn,  Ski- 
whamish,  Sk'tahde-jmn,  K'.velitl-ma-mish,  ami  Stolutswhamish,  li\  ing  on  tlui 
SiudioinishandStolntswhamisli  Rivers,  '{'he  Snohomish  triiie  itself  occnjiics 
oidy  the  countr}- at  its  mouth  and  the  lowei' end  of  Whidbex  Island  :  the 
ui)pei-  ])art  of  the  river  belonging  to  the  Snokwalmil,  <Sn'.  'i'hey  mnnber 
441  souls,  and  the  other  bamls,  collectively,  Sod'.  At  tli(>  time  of  the  treaty 
they  wore  all  ])laced  under  Patkamnn,  the  chief  of  the  latter.  It  is  obsei'\- 
able  that  though  the  coimectioii  lietween  them  is  nmst  intimate,  the  Siioho- 
inish  assimilate  in  dialect  to  the  next  tribe,  the  Skagit,  while  the  Snokwal- 
niii  speak  the  Niskwalli  in  its  purity.  In  the  treaty  of  I'oint  I'dliott,  the 
reservation  for  this  di\ision  was  iixed  at  two  sections  on  a  small  creek 
emjitying  into  the  bay  forniod  by  the  month  of  the  Snohomish  River.  A 
centra]  reservation  of  one  township,  to  include  the  former,  intended  for  the 
general   agency  of  the   I'liget  Sound  distiict,  and  as    an  ultimate  home  for 


4 


( 


I  I 


I' ' 


180 

iill  tlic  trilios,  was  coiitciiiiiliitcd  at  tlu;  Haino  ])laro.  Tho  small  Itav  known  as 
'riilali|(  Hay,  upoi!  wliicli  is  a  saw  mill,  aflonls  an  excellent  site  tnr  lliis  pur- 
|i<)S(';  and  tlic  land  in  the  neiirhhorliood,  heinj"- easily  cloiinid  and  of  frond 
(jnality,  wonld  enable  the  Indians  in  a  fireat  measiu'e  to  subsist  themselves. 
Tiie  Snokwalmfi  an<l  titlier  upper  bands  of  this  division  ])ossess  a  tew 
horses,  and  are  much  intermarried  witli  the  Yakama  Indians,  here  indiscrim- 
inately calleil  Klikatat.  Tlioy  hunt  as  well  as  lisli;  their  neifjhborhood  to 
the  mountains  an<l  more  active  and  (.-nergetic  character  f^iviufj^  them  a  supe- 
lioiity  in  this  respect.  One  of  the  two  ))rincipal  trails  acro.ss  the  (Cascade 
.Mountains,  that  by  way  of  the  main  Yakama, passes  through  their  country; 
the  Xahchess  trail  leading  from  White  River. 

4th.  The  .Skagits,  including  the  Kikiallu,  Nukwatsamish,  Tow-ah-ha, 
Smali-hu,  Sakumehu,  Miskaiwhu,  Mi.seekwigweelis,  Svvinamish,  and  Skwo- 
namish.  occupv  tli(!  remaining  country  between  the  Snohomish  and  l)ellln<'-- 
ham  Hay,  with  tlu^  northern  \r,u-t  of  Whidbey  Island  and  Perrv  Island. 
With  them  a  dillerent  dialect  prevails,  though  not  so  distinct  but  what  they 
can  be  understood  by  th<  se  already  nuMitioned.  'rhe\-  altogether  amount 
to  1,17."),  and  have  been  .issigned  (Joliah  as  head  chief  Tiiis  division  have 
no  horses,  but  are  altogether  canoe  Indians.  With  the  (;xception  of  tho 
islan<ls  and  the  imuu'diate  shore  of  the  main,  their  eountry  is  altogx^'ther 
uuexploi'ed  They  foi  n<'rly  had  some  conmninication  with  tlie  Indians 
b(>yond  the  momilains;  but  ii  is  supposed  to  have  been  di.scontimied  in  con- 
se(|nence  of  ol)structions  to  their  trails.  The  Skagit  reservation,  as  agreed 
upon  in  the  treaty,  was  the  peninsula  forming  the  southeastern  extremity  of 
I'erry  Island. 

r)th.  The  Samish,  Lununi,  Nuksahk,  living  around  Hellingham  Hay 
and  the  Lununi  IJivcr.  The  two  former  are  salt  water,  the  last  ('xclusively 
river  Indians,  who  as  yet  have  had  very  little  countM'tion  with  the  wliit(>s. 
( "olli'i'ti\cly,  these  might  be  called  the  Nuh-lum-mi.  Tsow-its-hnt  was 
recognized  as  their  common  (dnef  by  the  treaty,  and  a  reservation  made  for 
them  of  an  island  at  the  forks  of  the  I'iver.  Altogether  they  numiier  <«S(). 
The  languages  of  the  iauumi,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river,  and  of  the  Nuk- 
sahk, :\  few  miles  higher  up,  ditl'er  so  nnuh  as  to  be  almost  miintelligil)le  to 
one  another.     The  latter  .seems  to  approa(  h  more  nearly  to  that  of  Frazer 


J 


V 


V 


f 


I 


ISl 

Kivcr,  ;iii(l,  ill  liict,  their  |>riiici|);il  iiiti-rcniii-sc  is  with  l''i.ri  |,.ni-l\  :iii<l  llu! 
Indians  in  that  direction.  The  ahove  filies  were  also  treated  with  at  Point 
Klliott.  It  is  believed  that  there  is  no  other  iierinaiieiitU  located  oii  tlu! 
main  shore  sontli  of  the  Ixamdary  line;  hut  some  of  the  N'anconver  l-land 
Indians  cross  over  in  the  (ishin;;-  si^asoii.  The  names  of  triltes  livinLi'  l<>  lh(^ 
north  of  the  Xiskwalli,  cited  h)-  Mr.  Ilalc  on  the  antlioritv  of  a  CanaiHan, 
it  may  be  mentioned  arc  rccoj-nizahlc  in  those  of  I'liyallu].,  Snkwamish, 
ISkaj^it,  and  Kowitsin  or  Kawitsheii. 

With  these  end  the  Xiskwalli  nation.  'I'he  enumeration  here-i\<'n 
may  he  relied  on  as  substantially  correct.  It  was  taken  bv  ('(donel  Sim- 
mons while  di.stributiii",'  presoiits,  aiul  when  almost  all  the  Indians  were  ■■•ot 
in.  The  result  is,  for  the  Niskwalli  connection,  a  total  of  '),'J  ll*;  for  tlu; 
total  jiopulation  of  the  -Sound  and  Straits  of  Fuca,  (;,:?.")S.  Addini^-  to  this 
the  most  recent  enumeration,  or  estimate,  of  the  coast  and  ('olnnii)ia  b'iver 
tribes,  the  Indian  poptdation  of  the  district  may  be  a.ssnmed  at  S,!;,^;. 

This  total,  as  well  as  the  detail.s,  difFers  considerably  from  the  estimates 
made  in  .January,  IS")!,  and,  indeed,  from  the  ccMisiis  taken  in  the  winter  of 
1854-;").'),  while  the  treaties  were  prooressing.  If  seems  to  be  pretty  certain 
tliat  the  lower  tribe.s,  instead  of  diminishin<r,  are  on  the  iiicrea.se.  This  is  to 
be  attributed  in  some  measun;  to  their  bein^r  at  peace  amoiiL;-  themselves  and 
protected  by  the  settlements  from  northern  invasion,  and  to  the  fa<'t  that  no 
epidemic  diseases  have  recently  attacked  them. 

POPULATION. 

In  my  report  to  Captain  McClellan,  I  made  --,  attempt  to  compare  all 
the  estimates  of  the  Indian  population  of  the  'i  errit.uy  which  was  within 
my  reach.  Since  then,  an  actual  count  or  census  of  most  of  tlie  tribes  in 
this  part  of  the  Territory  has  been  twice  attempted,  once  by  myseli'  and 

once  by  ('oh)nel  Simmons.     In  cmisidering  the  diirereiit  state nts  which 

have  been  made  from  time  to  time,  I  am  well  satisfied  that  none  of 
them  can  be  taken  as  the  basis  of  any  accurate  calculations  l■espectin.^•  tins 
ratio  of  increase  or  diminutiim,  and  I  am  further  inclined  to  tlie  opiiiioi"tliat 
the  airgrefrate  former  population,  takiiio-  one  period  with  another,  has  nevcT 
been  very  much  greater  than  within  our  knowledge  of  it.     In  arrivin.r  fit 


I 


9 


'  ill 


■'■ 


ii    • 


iiii\'  CMiicliisioii,  it  is  iicccssjiry  Id  I'cyMnl  imt  iiu  rely  tlic  intiiiil  t;ict>  <>l 
iiicrc;isc  (ir  iii(irtiilit\'  iiiiowii  to  us,  Imt  \\iv  capacity  ut'  tiie  cininliy  to  tur- 
iiisli  siil)>istciici',  tiic  iiKides  ul'  dhtaiiiiiij^'  it  Idllnwcd  l>y  tlic  liidiaiis,  tlit-ir 
^•■(.■iicriil  cliaracter  and  li>d)its,  tlieir  IVciiiidity,  tlicir  wars,  ;nid  various  other 
circunistaiicfs  directly  or  indirectly  heariii;^'  upon  lite.  That  the  estimates, 
.  \cn  of  residents,  cannot  he  rclie(l  upon  with  conrideiico,  has  lieen  made 
sidlicieiitly  evident  by  the  discrepaniies  in  our  diU'ei'enr  atti'Uipts  at  an  actual 
euiiniei'atioii,  and  those  ol'  travelers,  like  Lewis  and  Clarke,  are  likely  to 
have  hee:i  still  wider  tVoni  the  tact.  Still,  as  no  other  data  exist  upon 
which  to  I'ound  any  opinion,  we  art;  driven  to  assume  tlioe  ior  the  purjm.se 
o|  discussion. 

'1  he  popidation  <»f'  tlu'  Cohnnbia,  below  the  Cascades,  was  very  probably 
at  its  heijiht  early  in  the  present  century.  N\>ne  of  the  early  writers  men- 
tion the  indications  of  previous  mctrfality  as  reniarka])le  in  extent;  and  this 
ne^ati\c  evidence  is  almost  conclusive  when  taken  in  connection  with  their 
subse(pient  nndtiplicatiou  between  1S2()  and  ls;!().  Lewis  and  Clarke,  in 
isild,  estimated  the  total  nuud)er  at  alxmt  S,;-)()(),  whi(di  is  within  the  bounds 
of  probability.  They  in  fact  seem  to  have  rather  underiated  the  four 
lower  bands  ot'  Tsinfdv,  whom  they  place  at  1,100  souls,  whereas  .Mr. 
Jrvin;;',  on  the  authority  of  the  fur-traders,  but  a  lew  years  later,  j^ives  tlieir 
iuiml)er  of  warriors  alone  at  ■"),")4,  a  force  recjuiriny  a  much  larjivr  total. 
The  same  period  may  also  be  assumed  as  the  date  of  j^reatest  prosperity  of 
the  trii)es  on  the  coast  and  on  the  Kowlitz  and  the  Tsihalis  Kivers.  The 
e.-timat(>  of  the  former,  founded  on  Indian  authority  and  aiiled  by  the 
i-e'ported  nund)er  of  houses,  <iives  a  total  oi'  l,,")00,  not  an  excessive  one.  if 
the  .Makah  are  included,  as  seems  to  be  the  case.  ( )f  the  Kowlit/  and 
r])|)er  Tsihalis,  who  are  not  mentioned  liy  tliem,  4,000  may  be  inlmittedas 
the  extreme. 

Aceordinji-  to  Vancouver,  it  would  a])pear  that  the  Siauid  tribes  liad 
sulVered  from  .M»me  ^^reat  cahunit\'  previous  to  his  visit  in  the  sprin;^' ()f  IT'.fJ. 
In  all  those  waters  from  l\trt  l)iscovery  to  head  of  the  sound,  durin;^'  a 
minute  s\irvey,  lie  did  not  meet  with  over  1,"JOO  Indians,  and  at  least  half  of 
these  must  ha\c  beloiined  to  the  Ska^^it  and  Snohoini.-h.  'i'he  season  of 
the  year  was  too  I'arly  for  them  to  have  lell  the  walir  in  .search  ol  nxits  and 


J 


ii 


183 


1)crri('s;  iind  those  t1i:it  lio  s;iw  iiiMiiifcsftMl  no  iil.iriii  ;it  his  pivsciicr,  which 
WMiihl  Iii(hicf  the  idea  th;it  others  hud  (led  in  coiiseciiiciice  of  his  jippro.-uli. 
ik'siiU's  the  ([iinntity  of  hones  which  he  met  with  in  (hllerent  places,  and 
moi-e  pnrticnhn-ly  the  iie^ileet  with  which  they  were  treated,  iiKhcateil  the 
recent  presence  oi' some  ju'stih'nce.  As  nearly  correspondinL;  w  ith  llu'  lini(» 
when  Lewis  and  Clarke  supposed  the  small-po\  to  jia\f  \  isited  the  Dalles, 
it  is  not  improl)aI)Ie  that  this  disease  had  prevailed  here  also,  thouiih  N'an- 
eonver  does  not  speak  of  its  marks  njxai  the  snrvixors  as  helnL;' \ frv  recent. 
A\'ar  conld  not  have  heen  the  cause  of  such  widespread  elVects,  as  their  hos- 
tilities never  resulted  in  nnich  hkutdsiied  within  a  short  time,  (hoiinli  aciiiiM- 
as  a  steady  (dieek  on  popu]atit>n.  After  A'aiiconver's  \  isit,  there  nnisl  lia\c 
heen  u  very  eoiisiderahle  increase,  which  aceordiuL;' to  Indian  account,  has 
been  siiu-e,  at  two  or  three  ditl'erent  times,  affected  lt\   epiileniie  diseases. 

In  the  district  referred  to,  there  are  at  this  time  (i\  ei' o.OlM)  Indians; 
an<l  while  the  tril)es  lower  down  tluf  sound  are  increasiu;^',  as  appears  l)\  the 
ninnl)er  of  (  hililreii,  others  in  more  intimate  connection  with  lhi>  whiles  ha\(^ 
j^reatly  fallen  oil',  and  some  are  nearly  extinct.  I<  W(udd  seem,  therefore, 
as  if  constant  lluctnations  from  natural  causes,  not  arising;'  out  of  the  seltle- 
menl  of  the  country,  had  existed  amono-  them  from  an  earl\  time,  ami  the 
inference  would  he  that  their  total  nuiid)ei-  ha<l  never  ^i-eath-  exceeded  thai 
which  they  ha\i'  reacdied  since  the  discovery.      Too  ^ireat  stress  is  not  to  he 

laid  upon  the  assertion  of  tlu;  Indians  them.s(dves  that  they  wer icea.  "rtiat 

many,  for  their  ideas  of  mnnher  are  va^ue  at  the  hest,  and  the  iccollection 
of  any  former  mortality  would  pndial'.y  Ix;  exa;i;iicriiteil,  while  the  afier- 
imavase  would  he  disregarded.  I  should  consid(  r  a  population  of  S,(MM)  |nr 
the  trihes  within  the  Straits  of  Fuca  as  the  utmost  whicii  lhe\-  have  ever 
reached.  ;Mr.  jMiday.son,  of  the  ll'id.soii  Bay  (!omi)any,  made  a  count  of 
the  Klallam  in  1845,  and  ascertained  their  nundiers  to  he  l,7<;it.  Takinji' 
this  as  their  maxiumm  at  any  one  time,  the  t(jtal  nund)er  of  Indians  in  this 
Territory,  west  of  the  Casoafle  Mountains,  durin}^-  their  most  llom-ishin;;- 
c'i)oeh,  and  on  the  supposition  that  the  condition  existeil  simult.nieousix-  to 
all  of  thorn,  would  amount  to  2(i,8()0,  or  ahout  three  tinu'S  their  present 
iiunihi'r.  This  seoms  to  me  as  fi;'reat  a,  ho  ly  as  the  counti'\  could  have 
supported  ueeordinfr  to  their  modes  of  life,  and  certainl\-  is  in  itself  formid- 


Ib4 

!ibl<!.  It  is  most  probahlu  liowevcr,  tliut  tlic  wlutlo  were  uovcr  at  onco  in 
the  siuno  coiulitioii  of  pro.sjxirity,  Imt  tliut  iiiutiiatioiis  occuiTcd  aiiioiij;  dif- 
Ccrciit  tribc'H  at  various  times.  Mr  Halo,  to  whose  work  I  have  only  recently 
had  access,  does  not  touch  upon  the  Sound  tribes,  with  the  excejjtion  of  the 
Niskwalli  (Skwalc);  and  the  estimates  furnished  by  Captain  Wilkes  in  tlie 
same  year  (IHU),  althou<>h  coverinjf  a  portion  of  the  deficiency,  are  yet 
very  incomplete,  and  do  not  coincide  with  the  others  in  those  mentioned  by 
both.  The  census  of  a  ])ortion  of  the  Sound  tribes,  made  by  Dr.  Tolmie  in 
IS4I,  and  published  in  the  f(»rmer  re])ort,  '  thou<;h  undoubtedly  more 
accurate  than  the  above  so  far  as  it  f^^oes,  but  a  very  partial  one.  1  have 
endeavored  to  cond)ine  all  these,  on  the  as.sumi)tion  that  no  f,n'eat  changes 
had  taken  place  in  that  interval,  but  without  beiuf,'  able  to  arrive  at  any 
valuable  result  as  regards  details.  It  .seems  jjrobable,  however,  that  the 
total  population  of  the  western  district  at  that  time  reached  15,000,  and  that 
the  tribes  most  exempt  from  <liminutiou  since  have  been  those  of  the  eastern 
shore  of  the  sound  below  the  I'uyallup  liiver. 

The  more  recent  estimates  of  General  Lane,  in  1S41I,  I  have  passed 
over  as  being  mere  estimates,  and  not  entirely  complete.  They  cannot  aid 
in  any  way  in  drawing  accurate  conclusions. 

On  one  point  connected  with  the  subject  of  population,  a  fact  of  ethno- 
logical importance  may  be  referred  to,  \'v<.,  the  very  small  nuud)er  of  indig- 
enous half-breeds.  Notwithstanding  the  length  of  time  that  the  fur  com- 
panies have  occupied  the  country,  and  the  almost  universal  connection  of 
its  em])loyes  with  native  women  on  permanent  terms,  the  number  of  metifs 
is  hardly  appreciable. 

TiniUL  UliGANIZATlOX  AND  (JOVKUNMENT. 

No  division  of  tribes  into  clans  is  observable,  nor  any  organizntion 
similar  to  the  eastern  tribes,  neither  have  the  Indians  of  this  Territory 
end)leinatical  distinctions  resend)liug  the  totem.  Among-  some  of  the  northern 
tribes,  as  1  am  assured  by  Mr.  John  Work,  of  the  Hudson  Bay  Company's 
ser\  ice,  these  exist.  As  regards  the  chiefdom,  it  is  theoretically  hereditary; 
but  if  on  the  (le.ith  of  a  chief  the  eldest  son  is  objectionable  from  stu[)idity 
or  bail  reputation,  it  is  .siid  that  the  tribe  sometimes  set  him  aside  for  tho 


ff 


185 


t 


next.     If  ii  cliicrs  sons  aro  ton  yoinij,'-  to^rovcrn,  IiIh  hrotlicr  or  next  ivlativo 
siiccocils  liini  and  continnos  cliicf  till  liis  doatli,  when   the*   ollici^  rcvi'rfs  to 
tlio  son  of  tlio  fldcr.      It  is  not  unnsiiai  to  iiiul  nicn  livin<;-  ascliii-fs  oviTtho 
niotln'i-'s  tribe  instead  of  tlie  fathers.     'I'his  is  the  ease  with  Seahll  anionj;-  tlio 
Dwaniisli.     The  reason  seems  to   1>(^  that    on   the    death  of  the  fatlu'i'  the 
children,  if  young,  are  often  carried  hack  by  the  mother  to  her  own  people 
and  I)ronght  lip  anion ji-  tlunii.      It  does  not  appear  that  the  title  in  such  cases 
descoiuls  in  the  female  line.     With  the  exceiition  of  a  very  f«'W  men  of  whom 
reputation  for  courage  or  sagacity  is   c(»nsiderable,  and  whose  inlhteiice  is 
in  consecpieiico  extended  over  a  tribe,  their  noininal  chiefs  have  no  control 
beyond  their  own  petty  liaiids,  nor  is  it  jiotent  ev(Mi  there.      Weaitli  gives  a 
certain  (lower  among  them,  and  influence  is  purchased  by  its  lavish  distri- 
bution.    There  isnoda.ssof  braves,  or  warriors,  and  no  distinction  between 
war  and  peace  chiefs.     The  decision  of  all  (piestioiis  of  moment  depends 
upon  the  \vill  of  the  majority  interested,  but  then;  is  no  coiiijiulsion  u])oii 
the  minority.     To  this  fact,  as  will  elsewhere  bo  noticed,  seems  to  Iks  due  in 
some  degree,  the  splitting  up  and  subdivision  of  tribes.      In  fact,  society  is 
jierfectly  democratic,  because  in   the  absence  of  government  or  anthorily, 
it  cannot  be  otherwise.     There  is  no  priesthood  aside  from  the  tamahnous 
men,  or  doctors,  who  have  by  virtue  of  their  ollice  an  important  part  to 
jilay  as  leading  the  ceremonial  incantations  which  accompany  jiroceedingH 
of  general  interest.     In  their  councils,  every  one  has  tluu-ight  of  s[)eaking, 
and    assent  or  dissent  is  ascertained  liy  exclamation  or  silence.     Some  of 
them  are  effective  orators,  though  in  general  their  ehxpieiice  is  of  a  very 
noLsy  and  vociferous   kind.     The  women  are  jiresent  at,  and  join  in,  tlie.se 
talks,   speaking  in   a  low  tone,    their  words   being  rejieated  aloiul  by  a 
reporter.     On  occasions  of  less  ceremony,  they  sonietinufs  address  the  audi- 
ence without  any  such  intervention,  and  give  their  admonitions  with  a  free- 
dom of  tongue  highly  edifying.     In  a  few  instances,  matrons  of  superior 
character,  "  strong  minded  women",  have  obtained  an  inHuen;:e  similar  to 
that  of   chiefs.      Sally,  the  widow  of  Tsenahmus,  a  Tsinuk   (diief,   well 
known  on  the  Lower  Columbia,  enjoys  great  authority  among  tlus   Indians 
and  general  immunity  from   the  whites.     The   (pieen,  an   old  lady  of  the 
Tsihalis,  who  patronized  Caiitain  Wilkes's  party  in  1«41,  yet  rules  her  neigh- 


§ 

m 


St 


ISC, 


liorliood  \\\\\\  iiii(li>|iut('il  ^wiiy,  iiiid  ini  occasidii  iit'tlic  li.if  (•(Piiiicil  "put  in 
Iicr  djir"  with  considcriililc  cllcct  ii;4Jiiiist  ;i  rcinoval.  A'  '•  tlic  tiilks,  time  is 
j:ciicnill\'  t;il\cii  liy  the  ii^sciiiliiy  tn  cniisidcr  tin-  iiiatli  r  in  liiiiid  Ix-lon^  ii. 
Iliial  actinii  is  decided.  Tlie  leasts  at  uliicli  their  |ii-iiici|)al  ('(iiisiiltiitidii.s 
jieiierally  take  place  will  lie  iiieiitioiied  hereal'ter.  Tliev  ai'e  fiiveii  by  some 
leadini,'  chiel'  oi-  rich  man,  wiio  takes  the  dllice  m|ioii  liiiiisell  with  a  view  (if 
l)iiii;iiiiL;'  hiiiiseH' ciins|iicMniisl\-  helore  the  pulilic. 


I 


/'lOjiiil'/. — As  I'ai'  as  1  can  ;:athei'  tiie  \ie\\s  til'  tin-  Sdiiiid  tiilies,  tliey 
rec(i;4iM/.e  im  iiidi\i<liiai  ri^iht  t<i  lami  e.\ce|it  actual  nccupancv.  'I'his  seems 
tu  lie  respected  In  this  e\t<'iit,  that  if  a  man  has  cleai'ed  a  s|iut  dl'  land  lur 
cultivation,  lie  can  Imld  it  im  the  retiu'u  nl' the  seasmi  tor  planting;' i'nun  year 
t(i  xcar.  as  lnufi'  as  he  sees  lit.  Sn  in  their  \illa;i('s,  the  site  (il'  a  Ikmisc  per- 
tains t(i  the  individual  as  hnii^'  as  he  leaves  anv  vestige  iir  evidence  dl'  a 
liuildinj.i'  du  it.  Aukiu^'  the  'I'sinnk  imd  l-dwcr  Tsihalis,  the  ri;^h(  uiay 
have  lieen  carried  sumewliat  further,  liUi  unsettled  lauds  away  from  their 
usual  haunts  are  liut  little  rej^arded.  Trihes  are,  liowevor,  somewhat  tena- 
cious of  territorial  ri;^lit,  and  well  understaml  tlii-ir  respective  limits;  but  this 
seems  to  lie  merely  as  rejiards  their  title,  and  they  never,  it  is  believed, 
exclude  from  tliem  dther  friendly  trilies.  It  woidd  appear  rdso  that  tlioso 
lands  are  considered  td  survive  td  the  last  remnant  of  a  tribe,  after  its  exist- 
ence as  such  has  in  fact  ceased.  Tliere  seems  to  be,  in  siime  instaii(;es,  a 
vaji'ue  claim  b\-  chiefs  to  territdrial  sov creiiiUtN',  as  t'or  example  amonfi' tlio 
Makali,  where  any  wrecked  property  lloats  ashore  the  proprietor  claims 
from  the  linder  a  ]iortion  of  it,  and  it  is  said  payment  is  exacted  for  the  use 
of  jiartieular  pieces  of  ordiind.  ('ases  have  been  mentioned  of  a  claim  by  a 
chief  to  the  ownersliip  of  the  whole  country  occupied  by  liis  tribe;  but  these 
do  not  seem  to  have  an\-  foundation  in  acknowled<;ed  rij^ht,  oi'  to  be  actually 
maintained.  Sneetlmu,  the  former  chief  of  the  Skagit,  is  .said  to  have  niado 
such  pretensions.  As  regaids  the  fisheries,  they  are  held  in  connnon,  and 
no  tribe  jiri'tends  to  claim  from  another,  or  from  individuals,  seij^'niorayo  fur 
the  riylit  of  taking'.  In  fact,  su(di  a  claim  would  bo  inconvenient  to  all  i)ar- 
ties,  as  the  Imlians  move  about,  on  the  sound  particularly,  from  oiU3  to 
another  locality,  accordinn'  to  the  season.     Nor  do  tliey  have  disputes  as  to 


fi 


1H7 


I 


^ 


flu'Ir  limitliiji'  i^i-oiiiids.  I.iukI  imd  sou  ii)i|)ciir  to  In-  npcn  to  ;ill  witli  wliom 
t!it'\-  ;ir(^  not  ;it  war.  Tlicir  lociil  iittiiclmiriits  iirc  \(r\  sli-oiin,  ns  lui^lit  lir 
iiit'ciTi'd  witli  i-c^fir<l  to  a  race  liaviii;^'  llxcd  abodes,  and  tiny  part  iVoiii  tlK'ir 
iavoi'itc  grounds  and  liurial-|)la('('s  with  the  utnio>t  reluctance. 

As   regards  the  I'ltiht  ol'  |)i'o|)ei'ty   in    liouses   or   ;.;oods,  their  i(h'as  are 
naturally  idearer.     The  maker  of  anything-  is  its   necessary  owner  until  he 
voluntarilv  parts  nith  its   |iossessiou.      So  also   the   captor  ol    lish  or  i:anie, 
the  one  who  di;.is  I'ools  or  raisi's  ve^vtaliies ;   but  it  is  not  jn'olialde  that  t):ey 
liavo  over  speculated   upon  tlui  origin  of  this   ri^ht,  nor   would  their  minds 
comjn-C'hend  any  abstract  reasoning;' n|iou  the  subject.     They  have  customs, 
liowL'ver,  in  sonu^  respects  peculiar  to  themselves.      Not  only  de  the  men  own 
property  distinct  from  their  wives,  but  (which  is  a  conseipience  followin^i-  on 
poly}>'am\)    their   wives   own   eath    her    private   elVects,  separate   from   hei' 
husband  as  w(dl   as  from  the  others.      Ilc^  has  his  own   blankets,  sIk'  her 
mats  and  liaskets  and  i^^cnerally  speakin;^- her  earnin^'s  bcdouL;'  to  her,  except 
those  arisin;xfnim  prostitution,  which  aic  her  husl)and's.      On  the  dccwisc!  <>i 
a  nian,  his  ]iropert\   is  imnu'diat(dy  taken  possession  of  by  his  relatives,  and 
Avliat  is  not  destroyed  or  displayed  at  his  i>Tave  is  dividcnl  amon<;-  them,  his 
sons  if  j^rown  up  takin-^-  a  jiart ;   his  wives  rrft  nothing'  whatever,  nor  youn;.;- 
children,  but  unless  appropriated  by   tin-  men,  return    to  their  own  people, 
takinj.^  the  latter  with  them.     Another  custom  in  respect  to  property  is  that 
the  seller  of  ii  horse,  slave,  or  woman  "guarantees  life  and  safety  lor  a  time. 
If  tlie\'  escape;  or  dit;   within   perhai)s  a   month  or  two,  the  purchaser  can 
demand  back  the  price.      As  a  ;^'eneral  thin.L;-,  they  do  not  dispose  of  property 
before  death.      Instances  liai)])en  of  course  when  they  express  the  wish  that 
individuals  should    ha\e    jjarticular  articles,   but  is  n(»t  always   re{.!arded. 
Judge  Ford  informed  me  that  one  day  the  Indians  announced  to  him  tho 
death  of  a  man  near  by.     The  next  they  t(dd  him  that  ho  was  alive  again, 
and  that  he  said   he  had  not   disposed    of  his  horses  to  suit  him,  and  had 
come  back  for  that  i)urpose,  that  he  had  now  done  so  and  was  going  to  die 
again,  which  he  accordingly  did  during  the  day,  and  that  time  in  earnest. 
This  sort  of  coDia  preceding  death,  it  should  be  remarkeil  in  explanation, 
seems  to  l)t'  not  unconnnon. 


1,SH 


1 


'1 


Ski'oij. — Slavery  is  fli(troii<rlily  iiitcrwcnoii  with  tin*  sorial  polity  (if 
\\\\'    Iiiiljjiii.s   (if  the    coast  section    of  ()re;;oii  iind    \Vasliiii;^toM  'rciritoiv. 
I'jasf  of  the  ( 'ascades,  tlioiiyli  it  exists,  it  is  not  so  coiiinion;  the  i(iiiestriaii 
haliits  of  tile   tiilies  livinjf  there   jirohahly   renderiiif;^  it  less   prolitahle  <»i' 
coiiveiiieiit  than  ainon^  the   more  settled  iiduihitants  of  the  coast.     Sonth- 
ward  it  ceases,  s(»  far  as  my  ol)ser\  iitiiu  has  jfone,  with  th<;  Siskion  Mount- 
ains, which  divide  <  >re;roii  from  California.      Many  of  the;   slaves  held  her(! 
are,  howc^ver,  l»ron;:ht  from  ( "alifoi  iiia,  where  they  were  taken  l»y  the  war- 
lik<3  and    jacdatory    Indians  of  the   plains,  and  sold   to  the    Kallapiiiii  and 
'I'sinnk.      I'he   system  prohahly  originated   in    wars,  all   prisoni-rs   Itecom- 
in;^- slaves  as  a  matte.'  of  course,  thou;;h  as  usual   they  hav((  some  fancifid 
modes  of  accountin;,''  for  it.     Thus  some  of  the  S(»nnd   Indians  told  Colonel 
Sinunons  that  the  first  was  ma<le  on  the  occasion  of  a  <,''reat  feast,  when  one 
of  the  i^iicsts  criticiseil   the   cookinj^  of  the  fish.     The  others,  disf^nsted  at 
his  ill-hreedin;;-,  deliated  npt)n  his  punishment.     Some  were  for  killin;;'  him; 
hut   it  was  finally  (U'cidecl  to  mak(!  him  a  slave,  that  he  mi^lit  always  serve 
his  insulteil  host,  which  accordinj^ly  was  done.     However  this  may  be,  the 
occasions  of   makin^f  them  have  since  jjcreiitly  multiplied.      Thus,  if  one 
Indian    has    wron^^ed  another,   and  failed  to  make  compensation,  or  if  a 
debtor  is  in.scdent,  he  maybe  taken  as  a  slave.     Their  mode  of  procedure  is 
characterized  by  their  wonted  deliberation.     The  plaintilf  comes  with  a 
party  to  demand  satisfaction,  and  holds  out  to  the  other  the  option  of  pay- 
ment or  .servitude.      If  no  .satisfactii»n  is  j^iven  he  nnist  submit  unless  he  is 
stron<>^  enough  to  do  battle.     And  this  slavery  is  final  de<,''radation.     'J'he 
ride  of  once  a  slave  always  a  .slave  e.xtends  so  far  that  if  the  debtor  should 
have  ••iven  up  some  relative  in  his  power,  and  subsequently  redeems  him, 
ho  becomes  his  slave  in  turn.     If  a  man  ])urcliaso  his  father  or  mother, 
they  become  his  slaves,  and  are  treated  as  such.     The  children  of  slaves 
by  others  are  slaves  likewise.     And  the  children  of  a  man  by  his  own 
slaves  are  but  half  free  ;  they  do  not  rank  as  srahb-viri.     Even  if  one  pur- 
chases his  own  freedom,  he  is  yet  looked  upon  as  an  inferior.     A  distinction 
is  to  be  made  as  regards  women,  that  whereas  in  cue  sense  they  are  always 
slaves  or  property,  yet  when  a  man  sells  or  pays  away  hi«  sister  or  daughter, 
she,  if  born  of  free  parents,  becomes  the  wife  of  the  creditor  or  purchavser, 


m 


ISO 


iiiifl  !is  such  (Idc^  not  follitw  tlu"  rule  i»f*  distriliutitui,  liiit  uii  the  ilfiitli  of 
licr  liiisliiiiiil  ictiiriis  to  Ik  r  tiiltc  or  I'jiiiiilv.  TIh'  mmilH'r  of  ]t(  rsous  tliiis 
lu'lil  upon  tlic  Sound  is  less  tlian  fiirtlicr  north,  but  proltMlily  inuounts  to 
onu-tontli  of  the  |)opulnti(»n.  MiUiv  ot"  tlu'Ui  l)cIon;r  to  distiinf  trilx's,  muiI 
otlicrs  l)('h>n<i'in;^  to  llu-so  nrc  lichl  I'lscwlicn'.  'I'lic  system  h;is  liftn  thr 
(•iius(f  of  constiuit  (listurhnncc  jnuouf^'  thcinscKcs,  ns  well  ns  of  wjirs  with 
their  nei;ihhors ;  for  not  only  were  the  hitter  often  ninth'  for  the  purjiose  of 
olttiiinin;,^  them,  l)Ut  the  oeciisionnl  esea])e  or  steiihnjr  of  slnves  treiitetl 
(liOiculty  iind  led  to  retaliation.  For  this  reason,  it  was  ihonjiht  e.\p<'dient 
in  the  treaties  with  tlio  Sound  tribes  to  stipulate  it.-,  'bolitioii.  The  life  of  a 
shivo  was  entirely  at  the  disposal  of  his  master  or  mistress,  and  it  was  for- 
merly customary  anion}^  most  of  the  tribes  to  kill  ])art  at  least  on  the  death 
of  the  owners.  At  'I'sinnk,  as  lately  as  iSad,  an  attempt  was  made  to 
starve  a  little  slave  <;irl  to  death,  who  had  l)een  jjfiveii  to  a  child  in  th<' 
family,  jireviously  deceased,  and  her  lite  was  only  saved  liy  the  intervention 
of  the  citizens,  who  otVered  to  pay  her  ])rice,  representin*;'  that  it  would  be  as 
{rood  to  destroy  the  value  in  merchandise,  and  addinythe  weight  of  a  threat 
in  case  of  refusal. 

Dr.  Tolmie  informs  me  that  the  coiu'se  of  the  slave  trade  has  always 
been  from  south  to  north;  the  only  exception  in  his  knowledge!  bcMug  that 
the  Kowlitz  Indians,  formerly  a  very  strong  tribe,  usecl  to  make  forays  on 
the  Sound  and  carry  their  prisoners  to  the  Columbia  Jiiver. 


H'l 


Bdalialion. — 'i'lie  law  of  life  for  life  is  fidly  recognized,  subject,  how- 
ever, to  compromise  on  payment  of  damag-es.  The  ja-ocedure  is  al)out  as 
follows:  If  one  Indian  has  taken  another's  life,  tlie  revenge  is  not  iunnediate; 
it  is  talked  over  for  some  time,  perjiaps  months,  during  whicli  any  overture 
for  settlement  can  be  made.  If  noiu'  is  ofl'ered,  the  relatives  of  the  decea.sed, 
Avith  a  sufficient  party  of  their  friends,  proceed  to  tlui  nuu'dorer  and  iuake  a, 
demand  on  him  for  satisfaction.  If  he  or  his  friends  can  make  up  a  sufficient 
amount  of  goods  to  appease  the  next  of  kin,  the  affair  is  settled,  the  other 
friends  being  paid  something-  for  their  trouble  in  the  matter,  and  somt;  return 
IS  then  usually  made  by  them  in  token  that  [)(;ace  is  restored.  If  the  nnir- 
derer  cannot  himself  make  a  suitable  recompense,  or  his  frien<ls  will  not 


nil) 


ill 


1  ',t.- 


^Mi 


iissi>t  liliii,  llicv  tlicii  t;ikc  III-;  lil'c,  iiiul  tlic  ;ilV;iir  stops,  no  linstllify  Itclii;; 
|ir(i\(il<c(|  iiiicw  li\'  llic  act.  Tlic  iiiiiiMiiit  tn  lie  |iaii|  as  Idnixl-iiMiiicy  (lt'|K;iMls 
ii|iiiii  the  iiii|i()ilaiic('  (if  lIic  |icrs(iii  killed;  wniniii  liciii;;-  nl'  Juss  value  tliail 
men.  'I'eii  lilaiikets  will  ;;-eiienill\-  pav  i'or  a  eiiimiioii  |i('rs(iii.  (  K'casiinially, 
llie  iii(li\  idiiiil  .sitii^^lit  fni",  iiisteail  oreomiinmiisiiiL;',  makes  iijilit,  es|iecially  if  ii 
(ddel'  ur  a  man  (if  iniluence,  in  \vlii(di  ease  a  i/iiiisi  war  arises  lietweeii  tlie  two 
Irllies  or  I'actlons.  It  jieiierallv  terminates  without  nnuli  Idoodslied,  and 
leads  to  an  anncalile  arraniiement  'i'liis  system  of  I'etaliatioii.  wlii(di  is 
ciirric'd  out  in  excry  matter,  and  takes  the  ))laee  of  civil  process  for  lUdtt,  as 
wi'll  as  actions  for  toi'ts  or  criminal  prosecutions,  has  woi'ke(l  nincdi  niisidiief 
amon;;'  tlic  Indians,  and  been  ono  source  of  slavery,  as  well  as  of  the  break- 
in<;-up  of  the  tribes.  TIk.'  principal  cause  arises  in  the  event  of  death  inider 
the  hands  of  the  doctor,  as  Ik^  always  receives  his  fee  in  !"Ivance,  and  on  the 
nnderstandin^i'  that  he  is  to  cun'  his  ])atienr.  So,  if  not  successful  in  his 
conjuration.^,  '-■  '•••'l,.d  upon  to  refund,  perhaps  with  daman'cs,  or,  in  casts 
of  failure,  is  set  upon  ai.w  .."'led  in  turn.  Shoidd  the  patient,  howevi'r,  on 
his  death-beil,  attribute  his  late  to  the  malignant  tamaluio-ils  of  the  pi'acti- 
tioner,  his  friends  do  not  trouble  themselves  with  any  preliminaries,  but  dis- 
patidi  him  at  si;4ht. 

]V((rs. — I'util  the.inilu'  nee  of  the  whites  came  to  be  sensibly  ielt,  and 
their  numbers  thiniUMl  liy  disease,  a  state  of  ])etty  warfare  prevailed  between 
many  of  the  dill'erent  tribes.  Even  now  amon^^'  those  who  have  been  less  inti- 
mate in  their  new  r(  lations.  some  siu'h  condition  of  thinf!,'s  exists,  and  jealousy 
ol  each  other  is  mn'versal.  It  has  been  a  matter  of  j^'reaf  ;nuus(inent  amony' 
travelers  to  be  told  by  every  successive  band  that  just  beyond  them  the 
Indians  wviv  very  bad;  any  worse  than  the  last,  however,  never  ])einn' 
reached,  1»ut,  like  an  ii/nis /(ttiius,  keei)iu>;'a  little  ahea<l.  Their  wars  amonii: 
themselves,  it  is  probable,  were  never  very  bloodv.  Ross  Cox  f^-ives  a  very 
graphic  account  of  the  Tsimlk  inetluKl,  which  was  j)robably  not  far  from 
correct.  llavinj>-  once  detennined  on  hostilities,  thev  <;ive  notice  to  the 
enemy  of  the  day  on  which  tluy  intend  to  make  the  attack,  and  having- 
jireviously  enj<'a<>'e(I  as  auxiliaries  a  number  of  vouug'  men  whom  they  pay 
for  that  purjiose,  th  y  eml)ark  in  canoes  for  the  scene  of  action.     Several  of 


ilM 


101 


i 


tiicir  women  iici'i.m|iim\  tliciii  on  tlirir  ('Xpctlitions,  jinil  assist  in  workinii- tlw 
ciinocs.  On  ,nri\  inii' lit  tlic  cnrniy's  villiiii'c.  tlicv  tntcr  into  ii  ])iu'l.'\,  iiml 
cndciivor  liy  nc;4()tijiti<>n  to  tcrniiniitc  tlic  (|n;nTrl  .nnifiilily.  Soiiirlinn's  ii 
tliinl  piirtv,  wlio  |)ri'scivcs  ;i  strict  ncntniilts,  Miidtrtiikcs  tlic  iniicr  ol 
nu'tliiitur;   hut  sliould  their  joint  cll'orts  t'nil  in  proi'iu-inj;- redress,  lliey  iinnie- 

diiitcly  |irepiire  tor  iicfion.     Slioidd  tlie  d.iy  lie  I'm-  ;i(i\.'nced.  tlie  i I'lil  is 

dt'ft'rred  1»\-  nnituid  eonsent  till  the  lollow  in;:-  niornin--,  iind  they  |i;i>s  the 
ni;;ht  intervening;'  in  t'ri;;htt'nl  yells  and  nmkin^-  nse  of  ahnsivc  ami  insulting- 
hilij;-iia<f('  to  each  other.  They  <;iiierally  tin'ht  from  their  canoes,  w  hich  they 
take  carc^  to  incline  to  one  side  presenting-  the  !ii;;her  llald^  to  the  enemy; 
and  in  this  position  with  their  hodies  (piiti-  bent  the  liattle  commences. 
( )\vin;;'  to  the  curve  of  their  canoes,  and  their  impenetrable  .armor,  it  is  seldom 
bloody;  and  as  soon  as  one  or  two  men  fall,  the  l)arty  to  \\  hom  they  belong;- 
ackiiowlcdj.'e  thcnisebcs  vancpiished  and  the  cond)at  ceases.  If  the  assail- 
ants be  nnsut'c'cssfid,  lhe\-  retnrn  withont  redress;  bnt  if  con(pierors.  they 
receive  varions  presents  iVoiii  the  van(|uished  party  in  addition  to  their 
ori"-inal  demand.  The  women  and  children  are  alwa\s  sent  away  before 
the  enj.i'a^^'ynient  connnences. 

The  same  description  will  apply  to  most  of  the  battles  on  the  So'.^.l 
oxccpt  whore  northi'rn  tribes  are  conccirned,  who  are  more  wai  .  ■■  and 
ferocious.  Most  of  those  which  have  been  witnessed  by  early  s  ders  con- 
sisted chieily  in  howliiif--  at  niyht  and  llrin;;- tlieir  f-iins,  beyond  1)U  '-  t  ran^'e, 
in  the  (hiv:  their  faces  are  painted  in  accorilanc(;.  Ihit  there  ai,  -iome 
instances  of  more  deterniineil  conduct.  The  now  almost  extinct  tribe  ol 
Tsoinakuni,  living  on  Port  Townshend,  uere,  by  the  conunon  report,  very 
troublesome  iiei;4hbors,  and  on  bad  terms  with  all.  They  were  lirst  broken 
by  the  ]\rakah,  v.lio  jjartake  of  th(!  su])erior  eouraf^e  of  their  race.  'I'hey 
are  said  also  to  have  had  a  f>Teat  lij-'ht  with  the  Snoliomi.sh  nuiny  years  a;,^), 
and  some  seven  years  since  were  attacke<l  and  their  fort  destroyed  by  (he 
Sukwaniish,  under  Heahtl.  In  these  atVrays,  as  wcdl  as  in  a  fi-^dit  between 
the  Klallam  and  Snohomish,  a  number  of  lives  were  lo.st.  Ihit  the  real 
method  of  warfare  amoiij,^  them  was  by  unu'der,  overpowering'  indivhinals 
by  uuudjcrs,  or  killing'  them  by  stealth  and  unawares.  In  this  way,  their 
wars,  so  to  call  them,  were  kept  up. 


Ijrlil 


i 

9 


iL- 


\ 

1 
1 

1 

i 

I? 


IH  l. 


14 

4 

:      ,!■] 

^ii 

;    ill 

1'' 

li 

i 

II!: 


1U2 

Tlio  .'irnior  ni('iiti<nu'<l  ]»y  Cox  ronsistod  of  iiii  elk  skin  sliirt,  rcniiirkalilv 
thick,  <loul»l<'(l.  and  thrown  over  tlif  shi>uhh'rs,  with  hoh's  tor  the  arms.  It 
<h*sccinls  to  thi'  ankles,  and  IVoni  the  thickness  of  the  leather  is  peH'ectlv 
nn-ow  proof.  The  head  is  covered  witli  fi  species  of  lielmot  made  of  ce<hir- 
liark,  hear  ;rrass,  an<l   h-ither,  and   is  also   impenetrable   hv   arrows,     'i'he 

neck,  therefore,  is  tl nly  vital   ))art  of  the  hody  exposed   to   dan<^er  in 

action.  Ill  addition  to  the  ahove  they  have  another  kind  of  armor,  which 
thev  occasionally  wear  in  place  of  the  leathern  .shirt.  It  is  a  species  of 
corset  formed  of  thin  .sli])sof  hard  wood,  inj^enionsly  laced  toji^ether  by  bear 
ffrass  and  is  much  lijrliter  and  more  pliable  than  the  former;  but  it  does  not 
cover  so  much  of  the  body.     Neither  is  any  loiifrer  u.sed  in  this  '^rerritorv.* 

'llw  Soinul  Indians,  but  more  paiticnlarly  those  on  the  Straits  of  Fnca, 
sometimes  fortifv  their  dwelling's  by  stocdcades  made  of  liea\y  pun(dieons 
tw(  Ive  or  fifteen  feet  lii;,di,  set  in  the  ground,  and  stren  fthene<l  bv  large 
])osts  and  cro.ss  pieces.  These  were  loop  hole<l,  and  ealeulated  very  well 
to  serve  even  against  muskets. 

I'he  bow  and  arrow,  and  a  lieavy  club  carved  at  the  end,  were  their 
original  weapons.  'I'hey  have  gone  almost  entirc'ly  out  of  use,  not  being 
often  em])loved  even  for  game  except  anu(ng  the  Makah,  who  still  adhere 
to  them.  The  aiTows  are  pointed  with  hard  wood  or  bone,  and  reseml)le  in 
every  re.spect  the  tigiu-es  in  the  third  volume  of  Mr.  Schoolcraft's  work. 
'Hwy  are  in  no  respect  ecpuil  in  workmanship  to  those  of  the  interior  or  the 
coast  of  ( !alifornia. 

None  of  th(>  western  tribes  within  my  observation  have  pursued  the 
practice  of  scalping  the  slaii',  nor  do  ihey  wear  scalp-locks.  The  Indians 
on  the  Straits  of  Fiica  and  thence  northward  decapitate  their  enemies.  ". 
was  noticed  by  Vancouver.  While  surveying  Port  Townshend,  he  saw  on 
one  of  the  low  ])oints  of  Craven  Peninsula,  "two  upright  poles  set  in  the 
ground,  about  tifteen  feet  high,  and  rudely  carved.  On  the  top  of  each  was 
stuck  a  human  head,  recently  planted  there.  The  hair  and  flc  li  were  nearly 
peifect,  and  the  head  appeared  to  carry  the  evidence  of  fury  or  revenge,  as, 
in  driving  the  .stakes  through  the  throat  to  the  cranium,  the  sagittiv,  with 

*  Tilt)  abovo  Wiut  written  before  tbi^  breaking  »iit  of  tlio  exiHtiiiK  war,  in  wliich  it  is  nnneces- 
snry  to  huv  tbut  Ibc.v  I'livo  <li»iil.i,v  'il  a  liarc'ilinoil  and  iiertinacity  for  wliidi  credit  was  ni'Vcr  jjivcn 
tlii'in. 


^ 


I  3 


T 


i!i:5 

p.irt  uftlio  sculp,  woro  bnnio  on  their  ])olnts  somo  iiiclios  jil)ovo  llie  rest  of 
llic  skull.  IJctwcoii  tlio  stakes  m  lire  had  heeii  made,  and  iu»ai-  it  sciiiie  cal- 
cined i)()nes  were  (d)serve(l,  but  none  el'  these  appearances  enalded  lis  to 
satisfy  onrselves  concei'nin;.''  the  maimer  in  wliicli  tlie  IxxHes  had  heeii  dis- 
posed of."  No  suspicion  ol'  cannihalism  exists  aiiainst  aii\-  ol'  tliese  trilies. 
It  is  most  prol)ahle  that  the  lire  had  Iieeii  tiie  usual  cookin^-'-lire  of  Indians, 
and  that  the  heads  were  tiiose  of  enemies  slain  i)\  the  'IVemaknin,  ami  set 
lip  in  this  manner  in  didiance  on  leaving-  their  camp.  It  is  possilile  that 
tluiv  may  have  Imriied  the  bodies;  but  such  a  practice  has  iM)t  been  noticed, 
and  eertainlv  never  was  common  aiiioiiL;-  them. 


FOOD. 

The  principal  food  of  the  Indians  on  the  west  side  of  the  Cascades  ma v 
be  brieliy  s(^t  down  as  lish,  roots,  and  berries,  (lame  furnishes  to  but  few 
of  them  any  consideralile  item.  There  are  nioimtain-sheep  or,  more  |)rop- 
orly  ^'oats,  in  tlie  luLthi'i'  parts  of  the  ran^^c  :  but  (liev  probabK  never  ••oii- 
Htitutod  an  important  arti<'le  of  food,  their  wool  beiii;^-  tlie  principal  ol>jecl 
of  their  capture.  I'dk  and  (her  are  hunted  to  a  certain  e.xfeiit,  ehiellv  bv 
the  bands  nearest  the  moiintiiins;  and  the  Snokwalm.  in  fact,  kill  more  of 
the  latter  on  the  islands  than  do  the  Sound  Indians  themselscs.  Lewis  and 
Clarke  speak  of  <jaine  as  having-  rather  furnished  an  article  of  lii.Kiiry  than 
of  support  to  the  Tsinnk,  tli(uigh  abundant  in  their  coiintrv.  A  hunter  is, 
in  fact,  looked  upon  with  respect  by  almost  every  tribe  in  the  district. 

The  roots  iiseil  are  numerous;   but    the  wappatn,  or  saf^ittaria,  and  the 

kamas  are  the  principal.     These  are   found  in  f^reat  ipiantities,  the  former 

in  ponds,  the  latter  in  the  prairir^,  particularly  smdi  as  are  wet  ;   and  they 

wore  formerly  u  j^reat  article  of  trade  with  llie  interior.      IJesides   tlies<",  the 

roots  of  the  snnllower  and  fern  are  largely  used,  and  a  small  white  root   of 

rather  insijiid  taste.      I'^rom  tin;  fern,  they  make  a    species  of  tloiir  which   is 

Ijakod  into  bread.     The  kamas  season  is  in  the  latter  part  of  Ma\-  and  .liiiie, 

and  then  as  well  as  in  the  fall   when  the  sunllowi'r  is  dug,  the   prairies  are 

dotted  over  with  sipiaws,  each  arir.etl  with  a  sharp  stake  and  a  basket,  liiiNiU 

eng'Mf^ed  in  digging  them.     At   tin  se  times,  camps  are  geiierallv  found  near 

the  skirts  of  timber  whii'li  bordci-   the    open    lauds  for  the   coiivci"     :'e  <tf 
l.{ 


^;i: 


194 

jriitlicriiij^-  siikI  iircscrviiij^^  TIio  kiiiniis  Is  baked  in  the  <,n-()uii(l,  a  Iiolc  IxMiir"- 
iii'sf  dii^'  and  licatcd  with  stoiu^s,  and  tli<^  root  oov(;r('d  over  witli  t\vi;rs  and 
earth.  Tlicrc  an;  nnmcrons  othes'  roots  and  j)lants  used  in  tlu-ir  tivsli  state. 
Of  tli(!  hci'ries,  siicli  as  th(i  strawlM-rrv,  salnion-l)crr\-,  raspberry,  and 
others  wliich  are  not  suitalth?  Ibr  dryinfr,  are  consumed  at  once;  hnt  the 
lin(;kh!l)erry,  of  which  then;  ar<>  several  kinds,  sallal.  vt-.,  >)e  ih'ied  and 
stort^d  for  wiirter's  use.  "I'he  sahnoii-lH-rry,  a  larj^c  .rl  .-'  .  hat  coarse 
species  of  raspl terry,  is  abundant  in  the  river  Itottonis,  iind  "rows  to  about 
an  inch  in  lenjzth.  There  are  two  varieties,  the  fellow  and  pnrph'.  It 
obtains  its  nani(!  from  its  ripeninj»-  about  the  same  time  with  th(^  ]iei}.;lit  of 
the  .sahnon  season  on  the  ('(dund)ia,  and  its  association  with  tliat  iisli  in 
Indian  superstition.  Acorns  in  tliose  sections  of  the  country  where  the  oak 
is  found  an;  <;-athered  and  stored  for  winter.  But  tlio  great  staple  of  food 
thron^ii  a  vast  portion  of  the  country  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  as  well 
in  the  interior  as  on  the  coast,  is  the  salmon,  which  frecp.ients  in  extraordi- 
nary (piantities  almost  every  river  from  the  Sacramento  northward,  and 
l)ursues  his  way  to  th<i  very  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Of  this  tiu  ro 
are  several  kinds,  not  less  than  six,  it  is  supposed,  entering-  the  Coliiaibia 
alone  at  tlu'  dili'erent  periods  of  the  year,  and  others  beinj>-  found  '■'  otht ' 
localities.  Tiie  salmon,  which  enter  that  river  ',.\  .lie  spring  ai' ;!r«  ♦^i.,' 
oidy  ones  prized  as  food  by  the  whites,  do  not  seek  either  the  small  li  i  /s 
of  the  coast  or  tlu;  lower  tributaries  near  its  moittli  ibr  the  purpo.se  of  spa^v; 
ing,  but  push  directly  up  the  i)rincipal  branches,  such  as  the  Willamette,  tl  e 
Snake,  etc.,  to  the  colder  waters  of  the  mountains  In  this  they  areassis'ed 
by  the  simultaneous  occurrence  of  the  freshets  which  enable  them  to  (  ser- 
come  the  obstructions  with  gre^iter  ease.  In  some  of  the  forks  of  the  Co- 
lumbia tkey  jienetrate  to  the  m;/;u  chain  of  the  Rocky  ^lountaii.'s;  but  in 
other.s,  as  the  Snake,  they  are  .stopped  by  impassable  barriers.  I.ji  i  in  the 
season  interior  kinds  are  abundant,  and  these  also  succeed  in  l(<i.  '  :.■■  ihoir 
way  up  the  larger  I»ranches,  but  in  addition,  IcMve  detachments  in  (  very 
cret'k  tliat  eiiti'rs  tlie  coast,  every  brook  whicli  unites  with  the  rivers,  and 
even  in  the  sloughs  formed  by  rain  in  I'lC  prair'c; .  It  is  at  this  sea.son  that 
the  coast  Indians  lay  up  their  winter  supplie-;  icn  tho.se  later  species  pos- 
sessing little  fat  are  tins  easiest  dried  for  k<\ping.     The  Indians  of  tlie  into- 


i  !:i 


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I 


rior  prosorvo  tlio  fornior  kinds  nlso,  Mliidi  aftor  n  st,)v  in  the  fVcsli  wntor 
liMVc  lost  tlicir  superfluous  oil,  antl  these  are  oi'teu  aetualh'  traded  to  thi>s(> 
Indians  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  or  on  the  Sound.  The  nalle^j  was  for- 
merly a  <ireat  depot  for  this  eonuneree.  It  seems  that  the  s])rin^'  salmon 
ascend  <Miiy  those  rivers  whieh  take  their  rise  in  snow  or  which  an'  suhject 
to  spring-  freshets.  Thus  they  are  found  in  the  Sacramento,  the  Klamath,  the 
Columbia,  and  in  the  Kwinaiutl,  where  there  is  a  variety  considered  the  linesl 
on  the  coast.  Into  the  bays  howi-ver,  they  do  not  enter,  at  least  in  any 
mnnbers;  and  in  I'nyet  Sound,  though  taken  in  some  of  the  streams  rising 
ill  the  Cascades,  they  are  by  no  means  abundant  nor  so  large  as  in  tin* 
Columbia.     The  other  kinds  are,  however,  found  in  great  (ptantity. 

The  spring  salmon  are  taken  on  the  rivi'rs  with  tlit^  seine;  at  th(>  rapids 
and  in  the  small  streams  either  with  the  scoop-net  or  with  a  gig.  The  lat- 
ter is  usually  forked,  the  |)oints  or  barbs  attached  loosely  by  a  thong  so  as 
to  give  play  to  the  iish.  On  some  of  the;  rivers  where  th((  depth  permits, 
weirs  are  built  to  stop  their  ascent. 

The  Iish  are  split  very  thin,  the  backljono  being;  taken  out  and  then  a 
.slice  on  each  side,  and  all  parts  even  to  the  lieads  are  preserved.  No  salt 
is  used,  nor  are  they  properly  smoked;  but  a  small  tire  is  kept  lieiieatli  the 
])oles  on  which  they  hang,  to  hasten  their  drying.  'I'he  (piantity  put  up  at 
some  of  the  principal  fishing  grounds  was  formerly  immense,  and  even  now 
is  very  considerable. 

Besides  the  salmon,  sturgeon  is  taken  in  the  (!(dumliia,  and  a  variety 
of  other  fish,  though  the  two  former  only  an;  staples  of  food.  In  tli(  Straits 
of  Fuca  and  part  of  the  Sound,  halibut  is  found;  rock-cod,  and  several 
other  species  are  abundant  everywhere.  Tin;  triu;  cod  is  sometimes  taken 
within  the  Sound,  but  mostly  without  tlu;  headlands.  Off  the  Straits  of 
Fuca,  about  fifteen  miles  are  lianks  upon  which  the  Makali  are  in  the  habit 
of  fishing  for  these;  and  halibut.  What  salmon  are  taken  by  this  tribe  an; 
chiefly  got  by  trolling.  Among  the  Klallam  and  some  others,  tin;  flesh  of 
the  dog-fish  is  boiled,  and  when  dried,  pounded  to  the  consistency  of  fhtur. 

Shell-fish  in  great  variety  exist  in  tlie  liays  and  on  tin-  coast,  and  many 
of  tlie.se  are  dried  for  v.Miiter  stores.  Seals  are  also  occasionally  captured 
and  regarded  as  a  gi-eat  luxury  ;   but  a  yet  greater  prize  is  tlu;  whale,     'i'lie 


'4f 


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■  ■■':! 


.Miikiili  ;il(»iio  fil"  Jill  tlicsci  tril)(!.s  venture  \o  kill  it  in  wlialinj;-  stvle.  Tlio 
Kwillcliint  take  it  I»y  means  ot"  Iiar|»(>(»ns  liiiuved  with  seal-skins,  wliicli 
tli(!y  leave  to  mark  its  cdnrst;  nntil  it  tiies,  and  the  more  sonthern  Indians 
'•(•ntont  themselves  with  tlu^  animal  when  it  drills  i;shure  dead,  as  oecasi(»n- 
i  II  '  Mens.  'i'h(i  hlnhbei'  is  cut  npand  jncserxcd  1)\- jiartialU' smokini;.  <>r 
the  ied  out  and  sa\ed  in  the  pannehes  of  animals. 

As  the  salmon  form  the  most  important  staple  of  snhsistonce,  so  with  them 
are  eounected  the  j^reatest  number  of  snperstiti(.'  n.  Those  have,  with  many 
tribes,  in  a  measmv  (lie<l  away,  bnt  till  of  late  years  were  ri<foroiisly  main- 
tained. .Messrs.  iieuis  and  (  Marke,  mentionin<f  the  capture  of  the  lirst  salmon 
at  the  Dalles,  in  l.SOT,  an  oecasion  of  {.jroiit  rejoicing-  as  a  harbinger  of  the 
school,  .state  that,  "in  order  to  hasten  their  arrival,  the  Indians,  according 
to  custom,  ilressed  tlu;  lish  and  cut  it  into  small  pieces,  one  of  which  was 
given  to  I'ach  child  in  the  village."  At  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia,  the  first 
salmon  taken  could  only  Im*  eaten  by  the  medicine-men.  The  next  was 
eaten  l»y  the  inhabitant;;  of  tin;  lodge.  'The  taking  of  the  "first  li.sh  t»f  the 
seasoi\"  was,  in  fact,  everywhen!  tlu;  occasion  of  a  feast,  'i'he  .salmon  dance 
was  performed,  and  the  anticipations  of  plenty  lightened  the  hearts  of  all. 
The  earlier  fish  coidd  not  be  obtained  at  any  price  by  a  white  man,  unless 
thev  were  lirst  cooked,  lest  he  should  ojien  them  with  a  knife  instead  of  a 
stone,  or  cut  them  crosswi.se.  The  heart  was  always  roasted  and  eaten,  for 
fear  a  dog  shotdd  eat  it,  when  no  mtuv  salmon  would  be  taken.  I'he 
restrictions  upon  women  during  menstruation  and  pregnancy  were  stringent, 
and  there  were  numerous  other  details  observed,  such  as  eating  particular 
parts  with  tlu;  rising  and  falling  tide,  consuming  the  fish  before  sundown, 
Sii'.  ( )n  the  ripening  of  the  salmon-b(>rry  h<nvever,  these  rides  were  abate<l, 
the  incoming  of  the  schools  being  l)y  that  time  rendered  ci-rtain.  The  feasts 
have  of  late  been  discontinued,  and  the  salmon  danci^  neglected,  in  all 
these  I'espects.  tlu-  Niskwalli  had  the  same  ob.servances  as  the  Tsinfik. 

To  the  aliove  is  to  I)e  ;'dded,  as  a  limiied  resource,  the  potato,  which 
is  more  or  less  cidtivated  l>\-  all.  The  estimate  formed  by  ('(donel  Sim- 
moi's,  in  1S,'»4,  of  the  (piantity  raised  by  all  the  Soinid  tribes  was  .somewhat 
o\er  !l,tl(i(i  buslu^ls  of  potatoes;  no  proportion,  however,  existing  among 
the  various  tiibes  of  the  amount  to  the  ])o|)ulation. 


ik- 


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1U7 

AVitli  ;ill  tlu'sc  sdurccs  nf  subsistc'ift',  tlic  ^^^rciitcr  p.irt  kI'  wliii'Ii  is 
atVdrilctl  spoiitfiiK  (iiislv  Itv  llic  liiiul  or  wiitiT,  Jiotliiiij^  but  iiKlnlciicc  im- want, 
(if  tlirii't  could  lead  to  wiiut  ainonj,''  a  pojailatlou  even  <>i-('iitt'r  lliaii  we  have 
reason  to  believo  at  any  time  inlialiitcd  tliis  district.  IJut  llicy  ucrciit  par- 
ticular seasons,  undoubtedly  straitened  lor  food,  and  inucli  niortt  I'ornierly 
than  now  when  they  (djtain  assistance  i'roui  settlers  in  conipensation  lor 
services.  No  instance  of  cannibalism  has  ever  occurred  to  tlie  kn(  wleil;^*^ 
of  tlu!  whites. 

To  the  necessity  of  seekinj'-  the  ditferent  ariiides  of  food  at  dilVerent 
times  is  to  bi;  attributed  cliieHy  the  constant  locomotion  of  these  trib  's. 
Not  only  do  they  at  one  tim(>  freipieiit  the  prairies  or  marsli"s  for  roots,  .o 
another  the  forests  for  berries,  and  aj^ain  the  sounds  and  rivers  I'or  fish,  but 
they  have  particular  points  at  which  they  seek  the  last  at  vari<tu.s  seasons; 
and  althouj^li.they  have  their  permanent  villap's  where  their  winter  resi- 
dence chiefly  is,  and  their  potato  f^i-ounds,  they  are  seldom  to  be  lumid  ail 
gntherod  there  together  e.Kcept  on  special  occasions. 

Thefiir-trndc. — This  may  be'said  to  l)e  extinct  in  the  western  part  of  iIk* 
Territory.  The  Hudson  Bay  Company  <'ontinne  to  purchase  the  few  skins 
brought  to  them,  but  they  mak<!  no  accomit  of  the  trade.  Heaver  are  again 
abundant  on  all  the  .,tream.s  because  no  long<'r  sought  for.  Hhudv  bear, 
la'iil-otter,  muskrat,  miidc,  and  a  few  others  exist,  but  are  only  occasionally 
brought  in  for  .sale. 

SOCllOTY,  MARIUAGH,  AND  'I^IIE  DOMKSTIC  UKI. ATIONS. 

It  is  not  unusual  to  hnd  on  the  small  ])rairies  human  lignns  rudely 
carved  upon  trees.  These  I  have  understood  to  have  been  cut  by  young 
men  who  were  in  want  of  wives,  a.s  a  sort  of  practical  intimation  that  they 
were  in  tlu;  market  as  purchasers.  G(!nerally  speaking,  these  Indians  st^ek 
theii-  wives  among  other  tribes  than  their  own — whether  from  motives  of 
pcdicy  or  an  indistinct  idea  of  physi<dogica1  propriety,  it  is  dillicult  to  say; 
more  probably  the  former.  It  seems  to  be  a,  matter  of  pride,  in  fact,  to 
unite  the  blood  of  several  different  ones  in  tlx'ir  own  persons.  The  expres- 
sion, "lamhalf  Snokwidmu,  half  Klikatat,"  or  some  similar  one,  is  ofexcry- 
day  utterance.     With  the  chiefs,  this  is  almost  always  the  ca.se. 


M 

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■     1 

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111 

ill  11 

f'B  'I 


I'JH 

I  )iiiii«'slic   iill'cctioii    ciiiMKit  1»(*  ('(iiisidcri'd   slroiiji"   iiiiKHig'   llicsc   r;ux'S. 
'I'Ik.i  tics  helwccii  piin-iit  iiiid  child,  liiisljiiiiil  iiiid  wife,  sccni  little  cldscr  tli;m 
botwoc'ii  more  dislaiit  relatives,  or  even  others  of  the  same  tribe.     Iiid' "d, 
the  term  "itai/iu  tillctiDi",  my  rehrtion,  or  one  of  my  people,  is  more  oueii 
ill  their  mouths  thiiii  any  denoting  nearer  kin.     Mothers,  it  is  true,  sliow  n 
certain  dej^n-ee  of  alVcction  toward  their  children:  hut  even  this  is  suhject  to 
exc(^ptions,  or  rather  is  itself  an  cxce])tion,  as  mij^ht  he  expected  in  such  a 
•general  state  of  la'otligacy.      Men  have  a  certain  pride  of  otfsprinj,'',  l)nt  it  is 
ra.ther  as  an  evi(h'nce  of  virility  on  their  own  part  than  arising  from  parental 
car(\     As  an  evidence  of  this  condition  of  things,  the  occurrence  of  infanti- 
cide, now  less  common  than  of  old,  is  a  sufiicient  proof     rirand[)arents  seem 
t<t  liav(^  a  gnsater  attachment  to  their  descendants  than  do  the  innnediate 
j)rogenitors.     On  the  part  of  the  children,  the  affection  is  still  less.     Between 
husband  and  wife   there  is  probably  as  little.     A  strong  scnnual  attachment 
nndonb*"dly  often  exists,  which  leads  to  marriage,  as  instances  are  not  rare  of 
young  women  destroying  themselves  cm  the  death  of  a  lover;  but  where  the 
idea  of  chastity  is  so  entirely  wanting  in  both  sexes,  this  cannot  deserve  the 
name  of  love,  or  it  is  at  best  of  a  temporary  duration.     A  yomig  man, 
desirous  of  obtaining  a  wife,  usually  cohabits  with  her  for  a  time  before 
purchasing  her,  during  which  he  is  gathering  together  the  necessary  amount 
of  property  to  be  ])aid,  or  perhaps  the  c(nu'tshi[)  connuences  in  this  way — the 
girl  wishing  a  husband,  and  taking  a  straightforward  mode  of  attracting  one. 
The  condition  of  the  woman  is  that  of  slavery  under  anv  circumstances. 
She  is  the  property  of  liei  father,  of  her  nearest  relative,  or  <»f  her  tribe,  until 
she  becomes  that  of  her  husljand.     She  digs  the  roots  and  [)repares  them  for 
winter,  digs  and  dries  clams,  cures  the  lish  which  he  catches,  packs  the 
horses,  assists  in  paddling  the  canoe,  and  ])erforms  all  the  menial  offices. 
The  more  wives  a  man  possesses,  therefore,  the  richer  he  is;  and  it  is  an  object 
tor  him  to  purchase  others  as  his  means  increiuse.     The  accession  of  a  new 
wife  in  the  lodge  very  naturally  produces  jealousy  and  discord,  and  the  first 
often  returns  for  a  time  in  (bidgeon  to  her  friends,  to  be  reclaimed  by  her 
husband  when  he  chooses,  perhaps  after  pnipitiating  her  by  some  presents. 
The  lirst  wile  almost  always  retains  a  soi't  of  predominance  in  the  lodge;  and 
the  man,  at  least  after  his  appetite  for  a  subsequent  one  is  satisfied,  usually 


~    IIS 


f 


It  ID 


llvis  with  her.  Wives,  ))iirticiiliirl\-  tlic  liitcr  ones,  iirc  often  sold  or  Iriided 
oil'.  Divorce  is  uiikiiowii,  lor  the  simple  reiisoii  tliiit  tlie  iiiiiniii^ie  tit',  if  so  it 
cjiii  he  culled,  hiis  no  t'oree,  ex('e|)t  in  tlie  will  of  the  hush;ind.  A  ni.'in  sends 
his  wife  awiiv,  or  sells  her  iit  iiis  \\  ill.  <  )n  the  death  of  a  hrother,  ihe  survivor 
jienerally  takes  his  wife;  so  als(»  tin'  father  sonieiinies  takes  the  wife  of  his  son, 
and  even  the  son  his  father's  snljsecjnent  wives.  ''They  are,  however,  often 
sold  or  returned  to  their  own  people.  Prostitution  is  almost  inii\rrsal.  .\ii 
Indian,  perhaps,  will  not  let.  liis  favorite  wife,  ))ut  he  looks  upon  his  otheis, 
his  sisters,  dauji'hters,  femah?  relatives,  and  slaves,  as  a  lejiitimate  s(Uirce  of 
jindit;  and  thi.s  seems  tohavo  been  a  trail  of  th  •'.•t>asl  triltes  from  their  fn>it. 
intercour.se  with  the  whites.  Oeoasionally,  adultery  forms  a  cause  of  dif- 
licidty ;  hut  it  is  then  only  because  the  woman  is  reserved  for  the  time  beinj;- 
to  the  husliand's  u.se,  or  because  he  fears  to  be  cheated  of  his  just  enitdii- 
nients.  t'ohabitation  of  nmnarried  females  amonj.;'  tlieii-  own  people  brinj^s 
no  disjfrace  if  unaccompanied  with  childbirth,  which  they  take  care  to  pre- 
vent. This  connuences  at  a  very  early  aj^c,  jierhaps  ten  or  twei\.  years. 
'i'he  practice,  of  abortion  is  to  be  considered  in  its  co.nH'ction.  This  is 
•almost  universal,  and  is  produced  both  by  \i(dence  and  by  meilicines 
{!ertain  plants  are  known  to  them  which  ell'ect  it,  ami  it  is  ^icnerally  lielie\ cd 
by  the  whites,  that  tiiey  know  of  others  which  produce  sterility  at  will. 

The  ci'rirmony  of  a  weddinj^-  a)non<i'  the  'I'simlk  is  thus  desci-ibed  by 
Ross  Co.N,  and  is  much  more  correct  than  most  of  his  remarks  upon  Indian 
maniUM-s:  "The  negotiations  ))recedinj>' a.  marria<i(i  ar(!  sliort,  and  the  cere- 
mony itself  simjile.  When  a  yonn<>'  man  has  made  his  choice,  he  couunis 
sions  his  parents  or  other  I'elatives  to  open  the  !)nsiness  to  the  jilrl's  relali\ cs. 
I'hey  ar(^  ^t  receive  a  certain  (piantity  of  presents;  iuid  when  these  art! 
a<>Teod  <m,  thev  all  re))air  to  the  house  intendeil  for  the  futun^  residence  (kC 
the  you ny  couple,  to  whitdi  nearly  all  the  inhabitants  of  the  villajic  are 
invited.  The  i)resents,  which  consist  of  slaves,  axes,  beads,  kettles,  littibrii, 
brass  and  copper  bracelets,  &r.,  are  lutw  distributed  by  the  young  man, 
who,  in  his  turn,  receives  an  equal  orperha])s  greater  tpumtity  from  thtj 
girl's  relatives.  The  bride,  decorated  with  the  various  ornaments  couumou 
among  the  tribe,  is  then  led  forth  by  a  few  old  women  ami  presenteil  to  the 


,1 


1M)() 

Itridcf^rooiii.  lie  receives  her  as  liis  wit'c:  and  tlu;  ciders,  al'trr  wisliiiij^ 
tliciii  plciit}'  (d'  lisli,  I'nnt,  mots,  and  cliildivn,  ivtire  t'roni  tliu  huuse,  ticcuni- 
punied  Iiy  all  the  slraiiycrs." 

SKlTI/l'lKK. 

Tlui  romnion  inodoot'  disixisinyot"  tln'  d'.'adanionj'-tlio  iisliiny  tiibos  was 
in  canot's.  'J'lieso  are  {generally  drawn  into  the  woods  at  some  pniniinent 
|ioinl,  a  short  distance  from  the  villaji'e,  and  sometimes  jjlaced  hetween  the 
!'orks  of  trees  or  raised  from  the  <,n'onnd  on  posts.  Upon  the  C»dnin])ia  lliver, 
\\\c  '^I'sinfik  had  ii'  j.articnlar  two  very  noted  cemeteries,  ii  hij^h,  isolated 
l)lMl1",al)ont  three  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the  Kowlitz,  called  ^It.  CoHin,  and 
one  some  distance  above,  called  Coflin  lutck.  The  former  would  appear 
not  to  have  been  very  ancient.  .Mr.  Hroughton,  one  of  Vancouver's  lieu- 
tenants, who  explored  the  river,  makes  mention  only  of  scvcrul  canoes  at 
this  |ilace.  And  Lewis  and  Clarke,  who  noticed  tlie  nu)unt,  do  not  speak 
of  them  at  all;  but  at  the  time  of  Captain  Wilkes's  expedition,  it  is  con- 
jectured that  there  were  at  least  3,000.  A  fire,  caused  l)y  the  carelessness  of 
some  of  his  i)arty,  destroyed  the  whole,  to  thf^  <rreat  indij^nation  of  the. 
Indians,  (\aptain  Belcher,  of  the  British  ship  Sulphur,  wlu>  visited  the  river 
in  ls.")l),  remarks,  "In  the  year  iSiWI  [1^20],  the small-j)ox  made  great  rav- 
ages, and  it  was  followed  a,  few  }ears  since  by  the  ague;  consequently 
(Corpse  Island  and  CoHin  Mount,  as  well  as  the  adjacent  shores,  were  stud- 
ded not  only  with  canoes,  liut,  at  the  jjeriod  of  our  visit,  the  skulls  and 
skeletons  were  strewed  about  in  all  directions."  This  method  generally 
))revailed  on  the  neighboring  coasts,  as  at  Shoalwater  Bay,  &c.  Farther 
up  the  Cohunl)ia,  as  at  the  Cascades,  a  dilferent  form  was  adopted,  which  is 
thus  descril)ed  by  Captain  Clarke:  "About  half  a  mile  below  this  house,  in 
a  very  thick  part  of  the  woods,  is  an  ancient  Indian  burial-placo ;  it  consists 
of  eight  vaults,  made  of  pint?  or  cedar  boards,  closely  connected,  about 
eight  feet  scpiare  and  six  in  la-ight ;  tin'  top  securely  covered  with  wide 
boards,  sloping  a  little  so  as  to  convey  olV  the  rain.  The  direction  of 
all  these  is  east  and  west,  the  ih)or  "heing  on  the  eastern  side,  and  partially 
stoppe(l  with  wide  boards  decorated  with  rude  jtictures  of  men  and  other 
animals.     On  entering,  we  found  in  some  of  them  four  dead  bodies  care- 


|U  !-!; 


I 


201 


fully  wnippcd  in  skins,  tied  with  cords  of  ^riiss  and  Itark,  Iviiiii-  on  a  mat 
in  a  direction  east  and  west;  tlie  otiicr  vaults  containi'd  oidy  lioucs,  which, 
in  some  of  tlicm  were  piled  t(»  the  height  of  foiu'  ieet  ;   on  the  tops  of  the 
vaults,  and  on  poles  attached  to  them,  hun<;'  brass  kettles  and  frying-pans, 
with  hides  in  their  bottoms,  baskets,  bowls,  sea-shells,  skins,  pieces  of  cloth, 
hair-bajrs  of  trinkets  and  small  bones,  the  olVerin;4s  of  friendship  or  alfection, 
which  liiive  been  saved  by  a  pious  veneration  from  the  ferocity  of  war  or 
tlu^  more  dangerous  temptations  of  individual  oain.      'Hk'  whoh;  of  ihi^ 
walls,  as   well  as  the  door,   were  decorated  with  stran<r(>  lij-invs  cut  and 
painted  on  them;   and  besides  these  were  several  wooden  ima-^es  of  men, 
some  of  them  so  old  and  decayed  as  to  have  almost  lost  their  shape,  which 
were  all  placed  aj^ainst  the  sides  of  the  vaults.     These  images,  as  >vell  as 
those  in  tlui  houses  we  have  lately  seen,  do  not  appmir  to  be  at  all  the 
objects  of  a»h)ration  in  this  place;  they  were  most  probably  intcMided  as 
resemblances  of  those  whose?  decease  they  indicate;   and   uIumi  wr.  observe 
them  in  houses,  they   occupy  th(!    most  conspicuous  part,  but  are  treated 
more  lik<!  ornaments  than   objects  of  wor.sliii).     Near  the  vaults  which  are 
still  standing,  are  the  rema.ins  oC  others  on   the  ground,  comph'tely  rotted 
and  covered  with  moss;  and,  as  they  are  formed  of  the  nmst  durable  pint! 
and  cedar  tinil)er  there  is  every  appearance  that  for  a  very  long  series  of 
years  this  retired  si)ot  has  been  the  depository  for  the  Imlians  near  this 
lilace."     Another  depository  of  this  kind,  upon  an  island  in  the  rivcsr  a,  few 
miles  above,  gave  it  the  name  of  8ei)ulcher  Island.     Tlu!  Watlala.  a  tribe 
of   the    Upper  Tsimdc,   whose   l)urial    place    is   here   described,  ai-(?  now 
nearly  extinct;    but  a  number  of  the  sepulchers  still  remain  in   dilTerent 
states  of  preservation.     I'he  position  of  the  body,  as  notitied  by  Clarke   is 
1  believe  of  universal  obsei-vance,  the  head  being  always  jdaced  to  'he 
west.     The  reason  assigned  to  me  is  that  tlu?  road  to  tlu;  me-mel-fis-Illa- 
hee,  the  country  of  the  dead,  is  toward  the  west,  and  if  they  plac     'lem 
otherwise  they  would  be  confused.     Kast  of  the   (Jascade  Mount      i^  the 
tribes  whose  habits  are  equestrian,  and  who  use  canoes  only  for  f(  iriagt!  or 
rransi)ortation  purposes,  bury  their  dead,  usually   heai)ing  over  them  piles 
of  stones,  either  to  mark  the  spot  or  to  prevent  the  bodies  from  being  exinnne.l 

by  the  prairie-wolf     Among  the  Yakamas  we    saw  many  of  their  graves 


^ 


202 

plarcd  ill  cniisiiiciiHiis  poinfs  n|'  the  l)iisiiltic  wiills  uliicli  lliii'  tlic  luwi-r 
\,ill(\s,  :iiiil  ilcsijriiiilci!  l>y  ii  cliiiiii)  (if  poles  planted  over  llitiii,  i'loiii  wliicli 
lliitti  icil  Viiriiiiih  iirticlc's  of  dress.  Fonnei'lv  lliesc  pniirie  tribes  killed 
lidiscs  over  tlio  fcmves,  a  ciistdiii  now  fulling-  into  disuse  in  eonsoqnence  ot" 
llie  tciirliiiijr  of  the  whites. 

I'lioii  I'liji-et  lsl:in<l,  all  the  forms  obtain  in  different  localities.  Amonj^- 
the  .Makah  of  Cape  Flattery,  tlu^  j,n'aves  are  covered  with  a  sort  of  box 
rudely  constructed  of  boards,  and  elsewhent  on  the  Sound  tlu^  same  method 
is  adopteil  in  sonu'  cases,  while  in  others  the  bodic-!  are  placed  on  elevated 
scall'olds.  As  a  ^I'eneral  lhiii<r,  however,  the  Indians  upon  the  water  placed 
the  dead  in  canoes,  while  those;  at  a  distance  from  it  buried  them.  .Most  of 
tlie  firaves  are  surrounded  with  strips  of  doth,  blankets,  and  other  articles 
of  property.  .Mr.  ( 'anieron,  au  Kn;^lish  ^enth'inan  residirif.;'  at  Ks(piimalt 
1  bailor,  \'anrouver  Ishnul,  informed  nie  that  on  his  jilace  there  were  <>ravcs 
haviiifi-  at  each  corner  a  lar^e  -stone,  the  interior  space  filled  with  rubbish. 
The  oriirin  of  these  was  unknown  to  the  |iresent  Indians. 

The  distiiM'tions  of  rank  or  wealth  in  all  cases  were  very  marki-d;  pi-r- 
soiis  ot  no  consideration,  aiul  slaves,  beinj;'  buriecl  with  very  little  care  or 
respect.  \  anniiiver,  whoso  attention  was  particularly  attracted  to  their 
metho([s  of  di.sposinfi'  of  the  dead,  mentions  that  at  Tort  Discovery  he  saw 
baskets  suspended  to  the  trees  containiu}^  the  skeletons  of  younji'  children, 
and,  what  is  not  easily  exjilained,  small  square  boxes  containiufi' apparently 
food.  1  do  not  think  that  any  of  these  tribes  place  articles  of  food  with  the 
deail',  nor  have  1  been  able  to  learn  from  livinj^'  Indians  that  they  fonnerly 
followed  that  jiractiee.  What  he  took  for  such  I  do  luit  understand.  lie 
also  mentions  seein;,'-  in  the  same  place  a  cleared  s])ace  recently  burned  over, 
in  which  the  skulls  and  bones  of  a  niunber  of  persons  lay  amonr^  the  ashes. 
The  practice  of  burning-  the  dead  exists  in  parts  of  t'alifornia  and  amonjr 
the  ^rshimsyau  of  Fort  Sim])son.  It  is  also  pursued  by  the  Carriers  of 
New  California,  but  no  intermediate  tribes,  to  my  knowledjic,  follow  it. 
('ertainly  those  of  the  Sound  do  not  at  present.  It  is  clear,  from  Vancou- 
vor's  narrative,  that  some  great  epidemic  had  recently  passed  thron<>Ii  the 
comitry,  as  manifested  by  the  (piantity  of  human  remains  uncared  for  and 
exposed  at  the  time  of  his  visit,  and  very  probably  the  Indians,  being' afraid 


i 


T 


20;5 

(.r  fiPiitii;^i(>ii,  liiid  Ixininl  :i  house  iiiwliicli  tlif  iiiliiiMlMiits  Imd  |ii'rislicil, 
witii  the.  tlciul  ill  it.  This  is  iVcuiU'iitly  th>iic.  Tlicy  Mhm.sl  iii\;iri;ihly 
n'lr.ovc  fntiu  any  j»hic(^  wlu'rci  sirkiicss  h;is  prrvaihMl,  ncucnilly  di'stroyiii^- 
the  house  alsd.  At  IN'im  C'ovc,  Mr.  Whidhcy,  our  of  Viiiicoiivcr's  ofliccrs, 
nutict'd  "  .scvcnd  sepidchers  tunned  exactly  Hke  a  stutry-hox.  Some  ot 
tlicni  were  opon,  and  contained  tlic  skeKtons  of  many  yonn;.;'  ciiihh'en  lied 
up  in  baskets.  The  smalU'r  hones  of  aihdts  wei'e  hkewise  noticed;  hnl  not 
oxw.  ot"  tlie  hnd>  Itoni's  was  t'ound,  which  ^ave  risi'  to  an  opinion  lliat  llie>e, 
by  the  liviuf^'  iidiabitants  of  the  nei>;hliorhood,  were  appro|)rialed  to  nselul 
puri»uses,  sncli  as  jiointinjj,'  llieir  arrow.^,  spoiirs,  or  otlior  weapons."  It  is 
hardly  uc'cessary  to  say  that  snch  a  practice  is  altoj^-ether  forei;^!!  to  Indian 
character.  The  bones  of  the  adults  had  probably  been  reniovi'd  and  binied 
elsewhere.  'J'he  corpses  of  children  an;  varion.sly  disposed  of,  sometimes  by 
suspeudiufj^  them,  at  others  l)y  placin;:^-  in  the  hollows  of  trees.  A  cemeteiy 
devotcfl  to  int\iuts  is,  howevei',  a)i  unusual  occurrence. 

In  cas(!  of  chiefs  or  men  of  note,  nnudi  pomp  was  used  in  the  acoom]iain- 
nieuts  of  the  rite.  The  canoes  were  of  <,a'eat  sizi^  and  value,  the  war  or  stale 
canoes  of  the  dec(.'iised.  Freiiuently  one  was  hiverted  over  that  holding'  the 
body,  and  in  one  instance,  near  Hhoalwater  IJay,  tin.'  corp.se  was  de])osiled 
in  a  small  canoe,  which  apiin  was  phu'ed  in  a  lar->-er  one  and  covered  with 
a  third.  Anionji'  the  Tsiufilc  and  Tsihalis,  the  taniidmous  board  of  tlu^ 
owner  wa.s  jdaced  near  him.  •  The  Pii;>'et  Hoand  Indians  do  not  make  theses 
tamahaiuvii'  ioards,  but  they  sometimes  constructed  ellin-ies  of  their  chiefs, 
resembliuf,''  the  person  as  nearly  as  possible,  dressed  in  his  usu;d  coslnme, 
and  wearing  the  articles  of  which  he  was  fond.  One  of  these,  representin;^' 
the  Skagit  chief  Sneestum,  stood  very  (;on.spic.uonsly  upon  a  liigh  bank  on 
the  eastern  side  of  Whidbey  Island.  Tlu;  figures  observed  by  (Japtaiu 
Clarke  at  the  Cascades  were  either  of  this  description  or  else  the  carved 
pcstH  wdiieh  had  ornamented  the  interior  of  the  houses  of  the  deceased,  and 
were  connected  with  the  superstitions  of  the  tamahno-fis.  The  mo.st  valua- 
ble articles  of  property  were  put  into,  or  hung  up  around  the  grave,  lu-ing 
fir.st  carefully  rendered  unserviceable,  and  the  living  family  were  lit(!rally 
stripped  to  do  lioiun-  to  the  dead.  No  little  self-denial  must  have  been  prac- 
ticed ill  parting  Avitli  articles  so  precious,  but  those  chiefly  interested   fre- 


n 


I§ 


li 


IS. 


lis 


f|iH'iitly  lijul  tli(*  lea.*  tn  Hay  mi  tlio  siilijt'ct.  TIk^  j,'Tav('K  (if  women  wcro 
ilistiii;;iii.sli('<l  l»y  a  cup,  a  kainas  stick,  or  otiicr  im|»lciiu'iit  ol  llicir  occiipa- 
lioiis,  ami  l)y  articles  ol"  dress.  Slavits  were  killeil  in  proportion  to  the  rank 
and  wealth  oftii;'  deceased  In  s(»in(f  instances,  they  wen;  starved  t(»  death, 
or  <:,\en  tied  to  the  dead  hoijy  and  lel't  to  perish  thus  horriltly.  At  ])resent, 
this  pHM'tice  has  lieeii  almost  entirely  <;iven  up,  hnt  till  within  a  verv  tew 
years  it  was  not  imcoimnon.  A  case  wliicdi  occnrreil  in  IS.'dt  has  heen 
already  nientieniMl.  Still  later,  in  IS").'!,  'i'oke,  a  Tsinfdv  chief  livin;^  at 
Shoalwater  l)av,  undertook  to  kill  a  slave  ;^ii-l  helonji'in;^-  to  his  (lan;^hter, 
who,  hi  dyint;-,  had  reipiested  that  this  mi;;ht  be  done.  'Jh  vouian  lied, 
and   was   roiiiid   l»y  some   citizens   in  the  woods  half  starve  'er   master 

atttrmpted  to  reclaim  her,  hut  was  soinidly  thrashed,  and  n...iied  aj^ainst 
another  attempt. 

It  was  usual  in  the  case  of  chiefs  to  renew  or  re|)air,  for  a  consideraVdo 
leiij^th  of  time,  the  materials  and  ornaments  of  the  hiirial  place.  With  the 
coiimion-  class  of  persons,  family  pride  or  (h»niestic  atl'ection  was  satisti(;d 
with  the  piitlieriiig  to;.;'etlier  of  the  hones  after  the  flesh  had  decayed,  and 
wrappiiifi'  the  in  in  a  new  mat.  The  violation  of  the  j^rave  was  always 
regarded  as  an  oil'eiise  of  the  tirst  ma;4'nitude,  and  provoked  severe  reven;.;'e. 
Captain  Hidclier  remarks:  "CJreat  s(!CJecy  is  observed  in  all  their  hiirial 
ceremonies,  partly  from  fear  of  Kviropeaiis ;  and  as  amoiif^'  themselves,  they 
will  instantly  punish  hy  death  any  violatioit  of  the  tombj  or  wayc*  war  if 
perpetrated  by  another  tribe,  so  they  are  inveterate  and  tenaciou^'y  bent 
on  revonjj^e  should  they  discover  that  any  act  of  the  kind  has  been  perpe- 
trated by  a  white  man.  It  is  on  record  that  part  of  the  crew  of  a  vessel,  on 
lier  rctuni  to  this  port  [the  ('olumbia],  .siitlered,  Ijecauso  a  person  wiio 
belon<:-e(l  to  her  [but  not  then  in  li.'i']  was  known  to  have  taken  a  skull, 
which,  from  the  process  of  flattening-,  had  become  an  object  of  curiosit}-." 
lie  adds,  liowever,  that,  at  the  period  of  his  visit  to  the  river,  "the  skulls 
and  skeletons  were  scattered  about  in  all  directions;  and,  as  I  was  on  most 
oi'  their  positions  unnoticed  by  the  natives,  1  suspect  tlie  feeling  does  not 
e.xtend  much  beyond  their  relatives,  and  then  only  till  decay  has  destroyed 
body,  goods,  and  chattels.  '^Phe  chiefs  no  do(il>t  are  watched,  as  their 
canoes  are  repunted,  decorated,  and  greater  care  taken  by  jilacing  them  in 
sequestered  spot.s." 


i  l! 


205 


Tlio  niotivo  for  snorlficin;;  or  doHtroviiifr  property  oti  occiihIoh  of  dt'iith 
will  l)o  rcft-rrcd  K)  in  trciitiii;^  of  tlicir  rcli^^ioiis  iilcns.  Wiiiliii^'  for  tli(>  <lc;\il 
is  contiiiiicd  for  a  lon^^  time,  and  seems  to  he  rather  a  ceremonial  periorm- 
anco  than  an  act  of  spontaneons  <>rief.  'I'iie  duty  of  course  lu'lon^i's  to  tlu' 
women,  and  the  early  mornin;;  is  usually  chosen  for  the  pm-pose.  'I'heN  f;o 
out  ahine  to  some  place  a  litth^  distant  from  the  lod^e  or  camp,  and  in  a 
loud,  soliliiii<;-  voice,  repeat  a  sort  of  stereotyped  fornnda,  as  lor  instance,  a 
mother  on  the  loss  of  her  child: 

Ah  sealih!  shed-da  hitd-dah  <di  ta  hud!  ad-dc-duh! 

All  chief!      my       child        dead!  alas! 

When  in  dreams  they  see  any  of  their  deceasc'd  frieiuls  this  lamentation  is 

rcnowod. 

FEASTS. 

Vfirious  occasions  are  made  the  subject  of  festival,  of  which  the  arrival 
of  the  lirst  salmon  of  the  season  was  one;  marrla^^-es,  where  the  parties 
were  of  note;  the  ceremony  of  piercir.y  the  ears  and  nose  of  children;  and 
others  of  like  character.  These  were  always  accompanied  by  sin<^in^,^ 
dancin---,  j^anddin^^',  and  the  distriliution  of  jn-esents  by  the  host,  lint  the 
"■reatest  of  all  was  when  some  one,  desirous  of  securing'  or  extendiii}.--  his 
influence,  ••■ave  a  <;Tand  potlulch.  This  was  <,''enerally  some  chief,  or  what 
was  equivalent  to  it,  a  u\an  of  wealth.  Some  have  been  known  to  save  all 
their  means  for  years,  accumulating-  ])roperty  of  value,  haikini,  beads,  blank- 
ets, and  other  arti('les,  until  they  possessed  snilicient  to  nwdai  an  ostentatious 
display.  Then  all  his  friends  from  his  own  and  adjacent  tribes  were 
invited,  an  immense  house  built  for  the  express  juu-pose,  (juaiitities  of  food 
prepared,  and  duriny  the  feast,  which  lasted  f(u-  several  days,  tluf  wh<d(^  of 
his  stores  distributed  to  his  <^uests;  sometimes  particular  articles  beinj,' 
given  to  individuals,  and  again  others  thrown  indiscriminately  to  tlu;  crowd, 
who  snatched  ut  and  tore  or  (Mit  them  in  pieces,  that  each  might  secure  a 
token.  These  great  afliairs  have  gradually  fallen  into  disuse  among  those* 
tribes  most  nearly  associated  with  the  whites,  but  still  take  place  with  the 
more  remote,  as  the  Klallam,  Lummi,  &c.;  on  a  smaller  scale,  however, 
they  are  everywhere  practiced. 


''  11 
1 


If; 


I'i. 


f:i: 


200 

OAMlU;iN'G. 

Tlicrc  aro  sovcral  ganios,  tlio  principle  of  wliicli  is  tlio  same.  Ta  oiio, 
n  s?iiiill  piece  (if  hniie  is  passed  rapidly  frniii  liaiid  to  liand,  sliilted  lieliiiul  tlie 
Itack,  Cic  ,  the  object  of  the  coiiteiidiiij:'  party  Ijeiiia;  to  ascertain  in  wliich  hand 
it  is  lield.  I^adi  side  is  furnished  with  fi\e  or  ten  small  sticks,  which  serve 
to  mark  the  <^-ame,  one  stick  beiii;,^  given  hy  the  g-uesser  whenever  lie  loses, 
and  received  whenever  ho  wins.  On  guessing  correctly,  it  is  his  turn  to 
manii»nlate.  When  all  th.e  sticks  are  won,  the  gaitie  ceases,  and  the  winner 
receives  the  stakes,  I'onsisting  of  clothing  or  any  other  ai'ticles,  as  the  ])lay 
may  he  either  high  or  l(»w,  for  siinjde  anuiseniont,  or  in  eager  rivalry.  'J'he 
backers  (»f  the  party  manipulating  keep  U()  u  constant  drumming  with  sticks 
on  their  paddles,  which  lie  before  them,  singing  an  incantation  to  uttiact 
good  fortune.  This  is  usually  known  as  the  game  of  hand,  or,  in  jargon, 
It-hi-bihi.  Another,  at  which  they  i'.\lii))it  still  more  interest,  is  jdayed 
with  ten  disks  of  hard  wood,  about  tiie  diameter  of  a  Me.\i('au  <lollai-,  and 
.somewhat  thicker,  called,  in  the  jargon,  tsil-tsU;  in  the  Niskwalli  languag(>, 
Ja-hitlp.  One  of  these  is  marked  and  called  the  chief  A  smooth  nuit  is 
spread  on  the  ground,  at  the  ends  of  which  the  op])Osing  {)Iavers  are 
seated,  their  friends  on  either  side,  Avho  an-  provided  with  the  re(pusites  f(H- 
a  noise,  as  in  \\w  other  case.  The  party  holding  the  disks  has  a  bundle  of 
the  libers  of  the  cedar  bark,  ii  wliich  he  envelops  them,  and,  after  rolling 
them  about,  tears  the  bundle  into  two  jjarts,  his  opponent  guessing  in  which 
l)uudle  the  chief  lies.  I'lu-se  disks  are  made  of  the  yew,  and  must  be  cut 
into  shape  with  beaver  tooth  chisels  only.  The  marking  of  them  is  in  itself 
an  art,  certain  jx-rsiins  being  able  by  their  spells  to  indue  them  with  luck, 
aud  iheir  manufai-tiucs  bring  very  high  prices.  The  game  is  counted  as  in 
the  )irst  uieiilioiied.  Farther  ilown  the  coast,  ten  highly  polished  sticks  are 
used,  instead  ot  disks. 

'I'he  wonun  have  a  game  belonging  ])i'operly  to  themselves.  It  is 
]>layed  with  foin-  beaver  teeth,  having  particular  marks  on  each  side,  iiu'li- 
t(i--hi.  They  are  thrown  as  dice,  success  depending  on  the  arrangement  in 
which  they  fall. 

Each  species  of  gaudjliug  has  its  ai)])ropriate  tamahno-us,  or,  as  it  is 
called  upon  the  Siaind,  ShwoUdUiai,  that  is,  its  patron  spirit,  whose  coun- 


m 


207 

ton.'inco  is  invoked  l»v  tlic  fliiint  nnd  nois(\  The  tiiiii;iliiin-rs  of  tlu>  i<::\u\f  of 
liimd  is  cuIUmI  l)y  the  Niskwnlli,  J'sai/:;  (if  tlii'  ilisks.  Kinnrl,"!!.  It  would 
scoin  tliiit  this  fiivorisintt  iiioivly  sulicltcd  diiriii^- tlic  i^iniic,  Imt  sumctiiiics  in 
advance  of  it,  and  |)urlia|)s  for  licnci'id  tn'  conHinicd  lortuin'.  ("(tloncl  Sim- 
mons informed  uu)  that  he  saw  an  Indian  at  tiic  Falls  ol"  the  K<'nah|net 
die  from  exhaustion  and  ovei'exeitenient  while  under^'din^'  a  jiertornianfe 
intended  to  secin-t^  this  tainahno-us.  He  had  lain  lui  several  days  in  a  hxlm^ 
■\vitliout  eating',  while  his  friends  shouted  and  drunnned  until  deafh  himstdf 
"jumi)ed  thogame"  on  hiui. 

Of  horse  lacin;^'  it  is  nmu'cessarv  to  speak. 

MEDICINK  AND  DISEA.SKS. 

JJosides  the  re;i'ular  ])nietice  of  the  tauiahno  us  men,  who  may  he  con- 
sidered the  faculty,  the  Indians  used  a  nnnd)er  of  plants  as  medicines,  s(»me- 
wdiat  as  herb  doctors  intrude  their  nostrums  in  tlu;  States.  Anion;;-  these 
is  the  root  of  the  Oregon  ^rape  { liciliciis  (/■(/idjiiliKiii),  a  decoction  of  which 
serves  as  a  tonic,  and  is  also  their  remedy  for  venereal.  .\  decoction 
of  the  white-flowerin;;;  or  poisone.is  Kanias  fnrnislu's  an  emetic,  and  that  of 
the  ciu'undtcr  vim-  (Sicifos  Orcyoiiii.'i)  \n)t\i  an  emetic  and  cathartic.  I'lu;  root, 
of  a  speeies  of  fern  (rrowin;;-  anion^-  the  moss  whi(di  covers  the  limits  of  the 
ma])le  and  other  trees  in  damp  situations  is  (diewed  as  an  expeclorant,  aiul 
is  mad(^  into  a  tea  as  a  renu'dy  tor  <i'onorrhu'a.  TIk*  herbs  used  to  produce 
abortion  or  effect  st,'rility,  I  do  not  know.  A  jiowder  made  from  the  tail 
of  the  rattlesnake,  as  (irst  noticed  l)y  Dr.  ( ieor^c  Smddey,  rnlted  St.ites 
vVrniv,  is  employed  by  some  tribes  for  the  former  purpo.se,  as  well  as  to 
expedite  luitural  lal)or;  but  vi(dciice  is  ofteiier  resorted  to  by  tlu^  women  of 
the  coast.  Suiall-p<tx  the  coast  tribes  do  ii.it  pretend  to  treat,  w^itli  nuidicine; 
but,  as  menti(yiu'il  in  my  report  to  ("aptain  .McClellan,  those  of  the*  intcirior 
chiim  to  have  remedies  for  it.  'I'lieiuside  bark  of  the  skuidv-wciod  clujwed 
u[)  serves  as  a  poultice,  and  the  juic(!of  the  (H>lt's-foot  as  a  fomentation  for 
Ijrni.ses  and  sprains.  Wonujii  durinji' their  periods  of  nnMistriiatioii  bind  the 
twi^^s  of  the  hondock-spnice  iMuind  their  Ixxlies,  but  this  w(Uild  .seei:i  ttt  l)e 
a  species  of  charm.  The.se  twigs  are  also  used  as  a  bi'd  for  the  sick.  \'\)r 
gonorrhoea,  the  females  also  smoke  themselves  over  a   lire  ma(h'  of  I'ertaiii 


|. 


£i  I 


%\ 


20ft 

])lnnts  or  wood.  Tlicy  linvc  no  styptics.  Swr'lliiiff.s  ])ro(1ii('(Ml  liy  injur'os 
tlii-y  sonictiiiics  sciirity.  Sores  tliiJt  iiro  slow  in  liealinf^'  iirc  cautcrizt'd,  and 
tIi(!V  employ  iiioxa  by  the  application  of  coals  of  fiiv,  and  the  powder  left  by 
worms  under  the  Ijark  of  trees  is  also  strewn  ov(;r  to  dry  them  up.  This,  and 
also  potter's  clay  dried  and  powdered,  is  used  for  chancres.  Suction  by  the 
Hioiith  is  employed  as  a  toj)ical  remedy  to  alleviate  pain,  and  this  too  is 
p;ut  of  the  jmictice  of  the  tamahno-us  doctors.  Their  sweat-houses  ar(>  par- 
tially excavat('(l  in  th<'  firound,  just  large  enough  to  contain  the  body  of  one 
])ersoM,  and  covered  with  boards  and  earth,  the  heat  being  produced  by  hot 
stones;  after  the  operation  they  plunge  into  cold  water.  IVactured  limbs 
are  itaiidaged  and  splinted  with  strips  of  wood. 

Of  diseases  to  which  they  are  subject,  venereal  in  its  ditferent  forms 
and  the  small-pox  are  assumed  to  have  been  introduced  by  the  whites;  the 
latter,  it  is  true,  indirectly,  it  h.iviug  reached  here  through  other  and  more 
distant  tribes.  According  to  Mr.  Duim,*  "it  commenced  among  the  tribes 
residing  between  the;  sources  of  the  Missouri  and  the  Mis.sissippi.  Thence  it 
spread  its  devastations  iioithward  as  fur  as  Athabasca  and  the  three  horns 
of  the  Great  Slave  Lake,  and  wi'stward  aero.ss  the  Kocky  Mountains,  through 
the  whol(!  region  of  the  Oregon  Territory,  spreading  to  a  vast  distance  along 
the  shores  of  the  North  Pacitic."'  The  date  of  this  visitation  he  does  not 
mention.  Lewis  and  Clarke  supposed  that  it  had  swejjt  the  Col.imbia  some 
thirty  years  Ix^fore  their  arrival,  or  about  the  year  17S0.  There  have  been 
several  returns  of  it  since,  the  last  in  1852-.'i3,  when  the  coast  tribes  ])ar- 
ticularly  were  ravaged.  To  these  imported  diseases,  the  measles  are  probably 
to  1)(^  ad<led,  which  an;  scarcely  less  ftital  than  the  others.  The  great  mor- 
tality produced  l)y  congestive  fever  between  1S20  ami  IS.'iO  ujion  the 
Coliunbia  has  been  mentioned  by  various  writers.  This  the  Indiatis,  though 
doid)tless  erroneou.sly,  sujjposed  to  have  originated  from  an  American  ves- 
sel. Among  indigenous  disea.ses,  consumption  is  one  of  the  most  de- 
structive; their  carelessnes.s  in  reg-ard  to  dress,  the  slight  shelter  from 
rain  and  exposure  permitted  by  their  wandering  habits,  and  the  dampness 
of  the  climate  for  a  large  part  of  the  year,  rendering  it  exceedingly  connnon. 
And  it  seems  to  have  become  more  so,  since  the  partial  change  in  their  habits 

*  Tliti  Orn({<>ii  Territory,  &c.,  Iiy  Jiilin  niinn,  late  i)f  HikInoii'h  Bay  Coin|mtiy. 


: — MS 


by  association  with  the  wliitcs  A  very  conunoii  (M-iiptivc  disorder  MttJickiii}; 
tilt'  tliront,  iiiid  (•oiiinioidy  su])[)osed  tol)c  iVom  syphilis,  luis  hocii  rccon'iiizcd 
by  Dr.  (*.  M.  Hitchcock,  hito  sur«>-eon  Ilnitod  States  Army,  iis  the  "yaws", 
very  coniiiion  in  tho  West  Indies,  and  k  'own  anioii;.i-  t.ho  Oherokoes  and 
others  of  the  Atlantic  States.  Sore  eyes  and  blindness  occnr,  as  also  par- 
alysis. Diarrliu'a  is  a  common  and  often  fatal  disorder,  ])articnlarly  anion;^ 
children. 

DoMKSTic  :manneks. 

The  head  of  the  family  and  his  principal  wife  occupy  the  first  place 
near  the  fire,  and  it  is  an  impoliteness  to  pass  before  them.  They  are  also 
first  served  at  meals.  Where  a  man  has  several  wives,  each  has  her  own 
fire  ill  the  lodge,  and  takes  ca<'o  of  lu!r  gwi;  ;liil:'.ren.  The  oik-  with  wiioiii 
the  Imsbiind  sleejis  i'or  the  time  being,  though  in  the  smi../;  Ik, use  wilh  the 
others,  provides  the  articles  of  food,  which  it  belongs  to  the  woimii  to  fiu- 
nish,  and  cooks  them  herself.  The  man's  business  is  !o  do  tii;'  hunting 
(of  which,  however,  west  of  tlu'  Cascades,  there  is  l)iit  little,  game  not  being 
abundant  enough  to  form  an  item  in  the  general  economy),  to  catch  the  fish, 
make  canoes,  split  the  planks  of  the  lodges,  and  ])ut  them  up  or  reinovt* 
them,  lasso  the  horses,  and  in  fine  to  attend  t(»  such  things  as  art!  dei-iiKid 
manly  occupations  among  savag(!  nations.  That  of  the  women  is  to  gather 
roots  and  prepan  them  for  winter  and  cure  tlie  fish;  on  the  salt-water,  to 
dig  and  dry  cl.mis,  load  and  assi.it  in  paddling  the  canoes;  and,  on  the 
prairie,  to  pack  and  unpack  the  liorses,  make  the  cam}),  cultivates  tlu^  potato- 
patch,  and  generally  >    •■  j  where  to  do  the  drudgery. 

There  does  imi  seem  to  be  any  particular  government  of  children,  nor 
any  difficulty  gnnving  out  of  their  origin  in  different  mothers.  (Jhildreii 
continue  to  suckle  often  three  or  four  years,  a  practice  whiidi  probal)ly  has 
its  efi'ect  in  lessening  the  fecundity  of  the  women. 

Common  conversation  in  the  lodge  is,  as  might  be  siipp'  ,i;(i,  on  trivial 
subjects,  relating  to  their  own  concerns,  dogs,  horses,  &c ,  the  littKi  occur- 
rences of  the  day,  wdiat  each  has  been  doing,  every  triHe  being  thus  known 
to  all.  The  future  is  rarely  a.  subject  of  attention.  They  are,  on  tlu;  other 
hand,  fond  of  reciting  their  former  actions,  or  speaking  of  persons  deceasinl, 
relatlii"-  what  each  knows  of  them,  as  onv  civilized  would  discuss  the  char- 


ifii 


m 


'1 


'n 


210 


!') 


iiii" 


actors  of  history.  If  an  Indian  lias  l)0(m  on  a  jonrnoy,  perhaps  tlie  ni^^ht  ensu- 
ing that  of  liis  return  the  othf-rs  conu!  to  liis  lodj^c.  They  ask  no  questions, 
but  sit  (juietly,  and  when  ho  sees  fit  ho  eoTninences  a  history  of  what  lio 
saw  and  lieard,  even  to  the  minutest  details.  The  one  who  remembers  the 
most,  or  is  the  best  cairier  of  news,  has  a  con-esponding  im[)ortance.  They 
are  e.\ceedingly  lowd  in  their  common  talk,  the  most  indecent  subjects  being 
coolly  discussed  or  jested  upon.  AVlien  a  couple  of  canoes  meet,  for  instance, 
they  always  stoj)  to  talk,  to  exchange  news,  and  generally  to  "chaff"  one 
another,  in  a  style  that  would  electrify  a  Thames  waterman. 

Their  Hr.st  meal  wh(!n  at  home,  is  generally  about  ten  or  eleven  o'clock; 
the  previous  night,  till  a  late  hour,  having  probably  been  spent  in  gambling, 
tamahno-ns  making,  or  some  other  amusement.  From  that  time  forward, 
cooking  goes  on  with  very  little  interru})tion,  on  behalf  of  some  member  of 
the  family,  until  bed  time. 

Names. — Names  are  given  to  children  W'^ien  they  begin  to  walk  and 
talk,  and  are  gene- ally  family  appellations,  though  not  in  the  lir.st  instance 
that  of  the  father,  but  rather  that  of  the  grandfather  on  either  side,  or,  if 
there  are  several,  of  the  uncles.  These  are  changed  in  a^'ter  life;  sometimes 
in  honor  of  a  deceased  relative;  sometimes  in  connnemoration  of  an  event. 
On  the  dentil  of  an  Indian,  his  name  is  not  mentioned  for  a  long  time.  If 
spoken  of,  itisas"ho  that  is  dead";  but  after  some  two  or  three  years, 
when  the  grief  of  his  family  is  supposed  to  be  assuaged,  his  son,  perhaps, 
sunnnons  his  friends,  gives  a  feast,  and  announces  that  he  has  takea  his 
father's  nan\(\  On  occasion  of  the  council  at  Neeah  Bay,  an  Indian  named 
Ko-bet-si,  who  received  a  commission  as  a  sub-chief,  changed  his  to  Ko- 
bakh-snt.  At  the  Tsihalis  council,  An-nan-in-ta,  the  son  of  Tsinnite'h,  a 
former  great  chief  of  the  Upper  Tsihalis,  announced  that  he  had  taken  that 
of  his  grandfather,  Wa-kwin-nam.  Tlioy  are  unwilling  to  speak  their  own 
names ;  a  sentiment  for  which  I  was  never  able  to  obtain  a  reason.  Nt.)r  do 
they  use  names  in  calling  one  another.  They  attract  attention  l)y  the  word 
"  Do-teh!"  look  here!  if  hailing  a  stranger,  or  if  a  friend,  "Kug-weh-oh!'' 
yon  there!  Many,  but  not  all  their  names,  have  signilication,  as  8(|nu-shnm, 
smoke  or  fog,  the  name  of  a  sub-chief  of  the  Snokwalnnlh.  The  termina- 
tion knuan,  common  to  all  the  tribes  on  tlie  Sound,  but  t<>  which  they  attach 


.  ^  --_: — atf 


211 


no  meaninp^,  T  holieve  to  bo  adorivativc  fnnu  llio  Si'lisliword  "Ar/Hr",  lioad, 

wliifli  i)erva(U'M  many  proper  nanit'.s  tliroughout  the  castini  distrii't;  as,  Olci- 

nah'ine,  Tscmake'nte,  tlie  latter  si<^nii"yiii<4-  a  sj,riiiy-head  or  water  source.     As 

the  names  of  the  fatlier's  and  motlier's  families  are  alike  perj)etuated  in  this 

way,  and  as  different  tribes  intermarry,  similarity  in  tlu^  names  of  persons 

caimot  be  assumed  as  a  proof  of  similar  origin.     Tliey  are  all  exceediuj^'ly 

tbnd  t)f  receiving    "Boston  names",  and  particularly  court  such    as    are 

imdi'rstood  to  belong  to  distinguished  chiefs.     In  consequence,  brevet  titles 

of  all  the  generals  of  the  Army,  living  and  dead,  are  worn  by  tijevs  of  tho 

different  tribes.     A  few  of  English  origin,  bestowed  in   former  tinu's,  ;iro 

also  liighly  valued.     The  (Sound  Indians  certainly,  and  I  believe  the  others, 

give  names  to  their  dogs,  but  not  to  their  horses,  excejjt  the  descriptive  ones 

arising  from  color.     The  name  of  one  dog  was  explained  to  me  to  meiri 

dirt. 

PECULIAR  CUkSTOMS. 

Flattening  the  head,  <Cx. — Tho  process  of  flattening  the  head  has  been 
too  often  described  to  need  repetition.  It  is  contimied  for  about  a  year 
when  most  excessive,  aiul  is  confined  to  childr(>ii  of  free  parents;  slaves  not 
cnjoynig  the  privileged  distortion.  For  a  different  reason,  it  is  not  pcrfurmcd 
on  the  oflspring  of  whites  by  Indian  mothers,  it  being  a  matter  of  ))rid(^  to 
assimilate  them  to  their  fathers.  The  only  reason  for  this  practice  tl,;it  I 
could  ever  obtain  was  from  a  Klallam  Indian,  to  the  effect  that  Dokwcbudl 
ordered  them  to  do  it  in  tho  first  place  to  make  them  handsome.  The  oper- 
ation does  not  appear  to  affect  the  intellect,  juc'ging  from  a  comj)arison 
with  adjacent  tribes  who  do  not  use  it.  It  is  supjjosed  to  be  the  cause  of 
squinting  in  some  cases;  but  its  effect  upon  the  general  health  is  not  observ- 
able. Tho  custom  is  most  universal,  and  carried  to  the  greatest  extent 
among  the  tribes  upon  tho  Lower  Columbia  and  Puget  Sound.  Those 
immediately  east  of  the  Cascades,  and  near  the  river,  ])ractice  it  vo  a  limited 
degree  only.  It  extends,  according  to  Dr.  I'ohnie,  through  the  llaeltzuk 
connection  as  far  north  as  Milbank  Sound,  in  latitiule  02°  N.,  where  tho 
custom  of  distending  the  lips  commences  in  its  stead.  Southward  it  reaches 
to  tho  Coquillo  River,  latitude  43°  10'  N.,  upon  tho  coast,  and  about  thirty 
miles  back.     In  dejiarting  from  the  center,  it  gradually  diminishes  in  degree, 


' 


11 

'•sf 
11 

if! 


i  :^> 


f, 


Ifc! 


till 

4  si 


3  ! 


Si 


■i.) 


S  'i 


I 


SI 


iiiul  is,  oil  tli(>  (lutskirts,  liiiiitcil  to  the  women.  In  ronipnnitivo  cxiiminntions, 
it  should  !)(»  rcnicnibcrcd  tliiit  ms  slaves  are  tor  tli(?  most  part  ol)taino(l  from 
abroad,  skidls,  t'oiind  aiiionji'  llie  trilx's  adilieted  to  the  i)ra('tit'o,  wliich  aro 
not  coinprt'ssed,  may  he;  assumed  to  1)0  of  dilTereut  oi'ij^'in,  and,  on  tlie  other 
hand,  tliosc}  very  uairli  altered,  which  are  met  with  among  the  northern 
tribes,  are  jjrobably  likewise  so.  Tlie  care  bestowed  on  the  disposition  of 
the  dead  will,  however,  j^^enerally  indicate  his  rank,  and  therefore  his  nation- 
ality, "^rhese  observations  are  important  where  deductions  are  attempted  to 
be  drawn  from  dilferences  in  crania,  but  are  likely  to  bo  overlooked  by 
those  unac(|uainted  with  the  habits  of  these  tribes.  It  will  be  seen  that 
till!  rust(»m  is  a,  local  fine;  that  within  a  ])articular  district  it  is  connnou  to 
tribes  of  th.;  most  ditVerent  i'aniilies;  and  that  beyond  it  other  tribes  of  the 
same  families  do  not  })ractice  it  at  all. 

Arrival  at  ptibert;/. — The  iirst  prominent  event  in  a  woman's  life,  her 
becominj^  fit  for  marriage,  as  seems  to  bo  the  case  with  most  savage  tril)es, 
is  a  ])('riod  of  ceremonial  observance  among  these  Indians.  With  those  of 
the  district,  the  girl  usuall}'  retreats  to  some  secluded  spot  and  fasts.  The 
rigor  of  her  abstinence;  is  said  to  be  a  great  merit;  but  that  it  may  not  bo  car- 
ried too  far,  some  old  sipiaw,  who  is  acepiainted  with  her  hiding  jdace,  carries 
her  when  UL'odfid  a  little  water  and  dried  salmon.  The  time  is,  with  some 
tribes,  as  the  Kalla[)uia  of  the  Willanu^tte  Valley,  occupied  in  throwing 
up  small  piles  of  earth  or  stones,  a  practice  having  probably  a  mystical  sig- 
nilicatiou  akin  to  a  tamaluio-us.  The  subsequent  recurrences  of  her  periods 
are,  in  like  manner,  seasons  of  retreat  from  the  tribe,  although  less  formality 
attends  them.  The  nutst  peculiar,  as  well  as  universal,  observances  are 
those  connected  with  their  food,  '['his,  the  first  object  of  care  and  anxiety 
with  ])eople  who  dep.  id  upon  natural  productions  for  their  subsistence, 
seems  to  have  in  their  minds  a  relation  to  many  events;  and  more  especially 
those  of  a  se;.ual  character,  or  the  privation  of  ])articidar  kinds  of  food,  may 
have  b(;en  shown  b}  experi'nce  to  be  requisite  to  speedy  recovery  of  health. 
Among  the  fishing  Indians,  the  salmon,  during  the  early  season  of  its  caj)- 
ture,  is,  so  to  speak,  tabooed  to  women  undergoing  menstruation.  Among 
those  M  ho  live  by  game,  elk  and  deer  meat  are  ecjually  prohibited,  and 
similar   restrictions  are,   to   a    more   limited   extent,    imposed   on   pregnant 


2i;5 

woiUL'ii.  T  know,  liowcNfr,  ol'  iioihiiiL;'  like  jicridds  ol'  purificMnini,  Sumo 
ui"  the  coast  ti'ibfs,  astliosc  at  I  liuulpoMt  li.i\  in  ('aliloini,i.  iiiakf  a  luafticc 
ot"  batliiii<i',  the  woiiicii  a('('oiii|)an\  iii^.llK'  voiin;;-  </\v\  on  the  orcasioii;  luit 
this  is  in  eonsonuni-e  with  thi'ir  i^cncral  lialiits.  'I'lic  olisc  rvaiifc  ha>  Incn 
iihsunlly  considercHl  as  a  Jewish  rite,  and  cited  in  ]irool'  of  the  prciiostcKnis 
idoa  that  they  aie  di'seenchmts  <it'  the  l>raeHtish  tiilies.  It  seems  natural 
eiiouyh  that  such  a  custom  should  prevail  amoiiii'  liari)arians,  lio\\«\ir  dis 
connected.  With  tiieir  Hunted  lieid  lor  mental  exercise,  the  ^|lecnlali\e 
powers  are  likely  to  he  most  acti\'e  upon  points  of  this  \ei'\'  nature;  |iei-io- 
dicity  being  a  fact  which  attracts  (d)servation  and  suj:j.;csts  at  once  the  id.a 
of  cause.  The  relined  objects  of  a  dilVerence  in  .sex  bein;^  foreijiu  to  their 
minds,  that  event  which  anm)nnces  litness  for  sensual  purposes  is,  of  all  others, 
the  most  important.  Amoiij.^'  the  Wafko,  at  the  hallesol"  the  ( 'olundiia.  it 
is  stated  the  event  is  celebrated  more  publicdy.  As  the  jieriod  approaches 
its  close,  the  father  of  the  jiirl  makes  j^-reat  preparations,  invites  his  friends, 
and  has  a  <^eneral  feast,  which  reaches  its  lieiLrht  on  her  re-appearaiu'<'.  'I'he 
yiumii'  men  who  wish  to  bnv'  wives  are  then  ready,  with  their  horses,  i\cc., 
to  treat  for  the  purchase. 

MKx\8UKK8  OF  VALUE,  TIMK,  K'i'C. 

Distances  were  only  marked  l)y  day.s'  journeys,  oi-  their  fractions,  as 
mad(!  on  horseback  or  in  canoes.  AUjasiu'es  of  length  wen^  pr(diably  all 
referred  to  parts  of  the  body,  the  jirincipal  bein<4'  tiie  extent  of  the  out- 
stretched arms,  which  was  n^'cd  in  vahiinj^'  llitMr  money,  the  liaikwa,  or 
wampum  of  the  I'acilic.  This  .^hell,  a  species  of  Dciitd/iiiiii,  was  procured 
on  the  northern  coast  l)y  lettinjf  down  loii;jf  poles,  to  which  was  atiached  a 
l)iece  of  wood  filled  with  spikes,  or  teeth,  between  which  the  shell  becanui 
hxed.  Its  j)rice  depended  entirely  upon  its  leiij^th;  forty  to  the  fathom  bein}^' 
the  standard  of  vauic.  When  the  shells  were  so  short  that  it  required  more  to 
make  up  the  nnjuired  leiig'th,  they  were  ot"  V(  ry  iid'erior  account,  but  ro.se 
proportionately  with  im/reased  size.  A  hithoin  of  forty  was  ibiiiiei'ly  woith 
a  slave,  and  even  now  will  brinj;-  five  (hdlai's  in  money.  Single  shells  went 
shown  111  on  the^  Tsihalis  for  which  tla;  owner  icfused  a  dollar  apiece, 
'riiis  money  is,  howevei',  becoming  .scaice.  and  is  far  le.--..  used  than  formeiI>', 


w 


»](; 


.t 


211 


I  i 
il  ■ 


T  ■ 


at  Iciist  liv  tlic  Irihcs  wlm  Ii.ivc  niiicli  iiitcrcnurx'  witli  the  wliiti's.  It  Wiis 
till'  iiiiivcrsiil  ciirreiu'y  tliroiij;li  an  extensive  district.  ( >n  the  Klainatli  Kiver, 
it  is  valued  even  more  lii^hlv  than  on  the  Somid  and  the  ("olmnhiji ;  an<l 
those  alxiri^^inid  peddlers,  the  Klikatat,  lre(|iiently  carry  it  to  Southern 
<  )re;,foii  for  sale.  The  rehitive  valne  ol'  skins,  1  unilerstand,  to  have  been 
li.xed  hy  the  I'nr-traders,  who  assunieil  the  heaver  as  the  unit  of  coini)Utation. 
The  Indians  are  now  all  well  ac([uainto<l  with  our  coins,  from  the  eajjj'le  to 
(ho  dime,  for  which  thei'e  arc;  corresponilinji'  names  in  tlu;  jartj'on.  Tliero 
does  not  seem  to  have  been  any  system  of  keeitinq'  accoimt.s  peculiar  to 
them  or  o.\tendin<r  beyond  the  simi)le.st  idea.  'I'lieir  computation  was  by 
visihlo  objects,  as  the  fnif^ers,  small  pebbles,  or  bits  of  stick,  and  very  prob- 
ably notched  sticks,  th(3  most  primitive  of  all  records.  In  their  dealinj^s 
with  tlio  traders,  liowev(!r,  they  s})ee(lily  conqireliend  tlio  more  ordinary 
wei;4lit.s  and  measures,  to  which,  in  the  jar},a(n,  names  were  applied;  as, 
ihht  ill,  one  weight  for  our  pound;  iUit  s//'/-,  or  rthlou,  one  yard  or  fathom; 
ikht  tamanllkh,  one  tub  or  bushel;  ikhtk  sack,  one  .sack,  &c.  I  have  never 
met  with  mnemonical  signs  or  pit;torial  help  to  memory. 

Time  was  measured  \)\  moons,  say  from  full  to  full  and  by  Avarm  and 
cold  seasons;  one  warm  and  one  cold  constituting'  the  year.  Names 
for  the  intermediate;  seasons  exist,  though  I  am  not  certain  that  the  same 
signiiication  is  attached  to  them  as  with  ns.  Mr.  Hale  assigns  appella^'ons 
to  the  various  months  in  the  language  of  some  of  the  Flathead  tribes.  The 
Indians  on  this  side  of  the  mountains  also  had  a  name  for  each  moon,  by 
which,  as  they  say,  they  could  know  how  long  it  would  be  before  the  salmon 
came,  &c.  Heyond  a  few  days,  they  did  not  apply  that  period  as  a  meas- 
ure, for  instance,  not  as  determining  the  length  of  the  moon;  nor  can  I  learn 
that  they  had  any  times  corresponding  to  our  week  or  to  part  of  a  moon. 
With  the  tides  and  their  periods  of  recurrence,  those  who  live  on  the  salt- 
water are  of  course  familiar;  I  have  not  been  able  to  ascertain  whether 
they  have  speculated  on  their  cause. 

HOUSES. 

"^riie  plaidcs  of  their  houses  are  split  from  the  tree  with  a  tool  made  of 
elk-horn,  or  with  wooden  wedges,  driven  by  a  stone  mallet,  and  are  then 


21') 


adzed  down  to  tlio  r(>(|iiisitf  tliickiK'ss.  i^nuio  of  iIkvsc  lioards  nrc  of  n;n.;it 
am:  One  that  I  iiR'asiuvd  was  24  feet  loii>;  and  1.]  in  width.  They  arc,  in 
prefiTciu'c,  split  IVoni  tlu!  (tihor  rif(/\  or  as  it  is  iisiiallv  called,  cedar,  hut 
sonietinies  I'roiii  the  iir.  There  is  some  variet\'  in  the  I'orm  adttpted  ;  the 
houses  of"  the  'J'siimk  usually  sloping;  each  wa\  Iroiii  a  rid^''e-])ole  in  tin- 
center,  while  those  ot"  the  Sound  Indians  have  hut  one  pitch.  They  are 
usually  intended  to  aeconnuodato  several  t'aniilies,  and  frecpiently  a  wliole 
villngo  was  under  the  same  roof.  An  excavation  of  a  foot  or  more  in  deiilii 
is  made  throu<,di  the  center  of  the  lionse,  in  which  the  lires  are  Imilt,  and 
where  the  cookinjif  is  done;  tin;  raised  portion  h'ft  on  either  side  hein^- 
covered  with  boards  or  mats  to  serve  as  a  seat,  and  thcf  hunks  for  sleeping- 
])laced  against  the  sides,  sometimes  in  two  tiers.  At  one  end  of  the  house, 
there  is  frequently  a  jjlatform  for  dances  or  tlu^  tamahno-us.  The  lion.s<'s  of 
the  Makah  have  been  already  described,  and  the  better  class  of  houses  on 
tiio  Sound  diiVer  from  them  only  in  size.  J5ut  the  triinnph  of  their  archi- 
tecture is  displayed  in  the  buildings  erected  for  festivals.  Tlie.se  wens  of 
extra  )rdinary  size  and  strength,  considering  tlm  means  at  their  dispo.sal. 
]\Ir.  U.  A.  Goldsborougli  measured  one  at  Port  Madi.sou,  erected  by  tlio 
brother  of  Seat'hl,  some  forty  years  before,  the  frame  of  which  was  .stand- 
hig  in  1855.  This  was  520  feet  long,  (10  feet  Avide,  15  feet  high  in  front, 
and  10  in  the  rear.  It  was  supported  on  puncheons,  or  s[)lit  tind)ers,  71  in 
number,  from  2  to  3  feet  wide,  and  5  to  8  inches  thick,  carved  with  grotesque 
figures  of  men,  luiked  and  about  half  size.  The  cross-beams  were  round 
sticks,  37  in  number,  GO  feetin  length,  and  from  12  to  22  inches  in  diameter. 
There  was  another  similar  house  at  Dungeness,  built  by  King  (ieorge,  and 
one  at  Penu  Cove,  by  Sneetlum,  similar  but  somewhat  smaller  than  this. 
They  were  erected  for  special  occasions,  and  afterward  dismantled. 

CANOES. 

Various  descri})tions  of  canoes  aroused  by  thed''  oretit  tribes,  suited  to 
the  waters  on  which  they  dwell.  Those  generally  used  ci  fli(«  Columbia 
above  the  Dalles  are  mere  dug-ouis,  of  very  rude  shape  and  inish,  and, 
though  well  enough  adapted  for  carrying,  have  no  particular  mc.it.  'i'hese 
are  also  used  on  the  Kowlit/.  anil  Tsihalis,  and  generally    those  streams 


^'.\ 


L'Hi 

wliicli  nu-  shallow  iiinl  oltstnictcd  Ity  rapids,  as  hciii;^-  litter  lor  such  Avatcrs 
than  \\\i'  shar|M'r  and  iiion;  clcjj;!!!!!  varieties.  IJelow  the  1  )alles,  several 
kinds  were  lunnerly  eoiiiiiioii,  one  of  which,  nearly  strai^iht  on  the  ;^nnwale, 
and  ornamented  at  the  how  with  a  carved  iifrnre-lK  ad,  reiiresentinjr  some 
liird  or  animal,  seems  to  have  been  chielly  nsed  romul  the  Willamette  ami 
l\.(»wlitz.  A  small  i'lid  lijiht  canoe,  of  sim])lu  I'orm,  hut  very  yruceliu,  was 
nsed,  principally  amon<^  the  marshy  islands  toward  the  month  of  the  river, 
fur  hnntin<f  sea-fowl.  Another  kind,  particnlarly  mentioneil  by  i^-wis  and 
Clarke,  i«  ii(»w  almo.st  entirely  cotdint'  to  Pu^et  8onnd.  It  varies  <freatly 
in  size,  .some  (tf  them  1)(iin;.j  as  mnch  as  thirty-five  feet  lon^-,  the  stern  ])ein<,f 
roiwided  and  risin;;  to  a  point,  tlio  bow  terminatin}^'  in  a  kind  of  billet- 
head.  'I'he  one  by  far  the  must  used  at  jnx'sent,  and  the  mo.st  olo<fant  in 
shaj)e,  is,  howev(;r,  that  which  has  popniarly  obtained  tlu^  name  of  the 
Tsinnk  canoe,  the  1k)W  of  which  rises  hi^h  and  ]irojects  forward,  taperin<^ 
to  a  point,  while  the  stern  is  sharp,  cut  off  perjH-ndicnlarly,  and  suniioiuited 
by  a  block.  'I'he.se  canoes  are  usnally  painted  black  outside  and  red  within, 
and  ornamented  alonj?  the  gunwale  with  the  opercula  of  a  sea-shell,*  set 
in  row.s.  This  kind  is  by  no  means  coidined  to  the  river,  but  is  eni])loyed 
far  U)  the  northward  also.  These  are  admirable  sea-boats,  with  the  excej)- 
tion  that  they  are  exposed  to  be  boarded  by  a  stern  sea.  A  niodilication  of 
this  is  sometimes  employed  by  the  northern  Indians  lor  a  Avar-canoe;  th« 
])eak  ))ein<^  very  hif^h,  and  flared  out  at  each  side,  so  that,  when  bow  on, 
it  j)resents  a  shield  against  arrows,  and  to  a  certain  extent  against  balls. 
The  management  and  appearance  of  a  first-class  canoe  on  the  Colundjia 
Kiver  is  thus  described  by  Alessrs.  Lewis  and  Clarke  : 

"The  fourth  and  largest  species  of  canoe  we  did  not  meet  with  till  we 
had  reached  tide-water,  near  the  grand  rapids  below,  in  which  place  they  are 
found  among  all  the  nations,  e.s})ecially  the  Killanuik.s,  and  others  residing 
«)n  the  sea-coast,  rhey  are  upward  of  fifty  feet  long,  and  will  carry  from 
eight  to  ten  thousand  pounds'  weight,  or  from  twenty  to  thirty  persons.  Like 
.ill  the  canoes  wo  have  mentioned,  they  are  cut  out  of  a  single  trunk  of  a  tree, 
which  is  generally  white  cedar,  though  the  fir  is  .sometimes  used.  The  sides 
•«re  secured  by  cross-bars,  or  round  sticks,  two  or  three  inches  in  thickness, 

*  I'mhiijioma  ijibhiiosiiiii. 


'••assBss^ 


217 


wliicli  iiro  iiisiTtcd  tlimiifili  Imlcs  lUiuU' jii>1  IkIow  tlu'^iiiiwiilc,  iind  uiiMlf  t'list 
\\\\\\  ((inls.  'I'lic  upper  cdLl't'  ol  llic  <^llli\\;ilc  itself  is  iiImhiI  rive-ci;.',lillis  <^\'  :\]\ 
inch  lliiek,  aiul  I'lHir  (ir  li\e  in  l)reiultli,iiii(l  lolds  outwiird.so  iis  to  t'onii  ii  kind 
i)t'  riin,\vliicli  prevents  tluMvatcrfVoiii  bciitiii'i'intollie  lioat.  At  earh  end. also, 
tiro  pedestals,  tunned  ol'  the  same  s(did  piece,  n\\  which  are  placed  strange, 
j;^roto.s([no  iifj^ures  oi"  men  and  animals,  ri>inir  sometimes  to  the  height  ol'  li\e 
Ibi't,  and  composed  ol'  small  pieces  ol'  wood,  lirmlv  nnitcd,  withizreat  in;;'e- 
ninty,  by  iidayini;-  and  morlisinji',  without  ;i  spike  of  any  kind.  The  pad- 
dki  is  usnally  from  fonr  feet  and  a  half  to  li\'e  !'eet  in  leuiilh,  the  handle 
bcin;^'  thick  for  oiu'-third  its  length,  wh'ii  it  widens  and  is  hollowed  and 
thinned  on  each  side  of  the  center,  which  forms  a  sort  oi'  rili.  U'iien  they 
cud)ark,  one  Indian  sits  in  the  stern  and  >teers  with  a  paddle,  the  others 
kneel  in  pairs  in  the  Itottom  of  the  canoe,  and,  sitti)iji'  on  their  heels,  paddle 
over  tlu^  ^.^imwale  next  to  them.  In  this  way,  they  riile  >vitli  safety  the 
hif^-hest  waves,  and  ^•entnre,  witl'out  the  least  concern,  in  seas  where  otiier 
boats  conld  iM>t  live  an  instant.  The\-  sit  (|uietly  ami  paddle  with  no  other 
iiiovemout,  exccj)t  when  any  hw^c  wave  thi'ows  the  boat  on  her  side,  and 
to  the  eye  of  the  .si)ectator  sho  seems  lost;  the  man  to  windward  then 
steadies  her  by  throwinj;  his  bfidy  toward  the  upper  side,  and  sinkinf>'  his 
paddle  deep  into  the  wave,  ajtpears  to  catch  tlu;  water,  and  fon-e  it  under 
the  boat,  wdiich  the  same  stroh  •  pushes  (Hi  with  j^reat  velocity.  In  the 
inanag'enietit  of  these  canoes,  the  women  are  e(pially  expert  with  the  men; 
for,  in  the  smaller  boats,  which  contain  four  onrsmen,  the  helm  is  i^vnerally 
given  to  the  female.  As  soon  as  they  land,  the  canoe  is  <ivnt-rally  hauled 
on  shore,  uidess  she  be  very  lieavily  laden  ;  but,  at  night,  the  load  is  lud- 
versally  discharged,  and  the  canoe  bronj^ht  on  .shore. 

"Ouradnuration  of  their  skill  in  these  curious  constructionsAvas  increased 
by  observing  the  very  inadefpnite  implements  with  which  they  are  made. 
These  Indians  pos.se.ss  very  few  axes,  and  the  only  tool  emjiloyed  in  their 
building,  from  felling  of  the  tree  to  the  delicate  workmanship  of  the  images, 
is  a  chisel  made  of  an  old  file,  about  an  inch  and  a  half  in  width.  lOveii  ol" 
tlii.s,  too,  they  have  not  learned  the  management,  for  the  chisel  is  sometimes 
fixed  in  a  hirge  bhxdv  of  w'ood,  and,  being  held  in  tin-  right  hand,  the  block 
is  pushed  with  the  left  without  the  aiil  of  a  mallet.      Ihit  under  all  tluse  dis- 


1'' 


\i 


vM 


iiii 


21H 


;i(h.iiit;i;^i's,  ilicsc  caiiiK's,  wliicli  one  wkiiM  Mippiisc  tn  lie  tlic  work  ol'  yciirs, 
iiic  rii;i(l('  ill  a  lew  weeks.  A  caiiiH',  liowevcr,  is  very  |ii;^lily  prizeil.  In 
tiallif,  il  is  an  article  (if  the  ;ireafesl  value,  except  a  wile,  wlii«li  is  til'  eniiiil 
<•niisitleratit.il,  sti  that  a  Itiver  {feiierally  <iives  a  caiitiu  tti  the  lather  k  ex- 
rhaii^''<(  I'ttr  his  ilaiii^hter." 

The  Cannes  eiiipltiyed  liy  the  iiiiire  luirtheni  Imliaiis  are  soiiietiines 
even  III'  irreater  size  anil  nit>re  snliil  constructitiii  than  this.  'I'hey  are  also 
better  adapted  tn  sea-J,''f»in<,^  as  they  are  iVet^  trmn  the  iiit  iiinhnince. 
With  them,  the  Indians  vt^iitiirti  Irtnu  Qneoii  Cl.arlt)tto  Islands,  and  e fii 
fVtiiii  Sitka,  as  far  south  as  l*ii<fet,  Si)iind,  h."  i),;;in^'',  hesiiles  their  crew, 
their  whnle  worldly  prnperty,  hy  lu)  means  an  inctiiisiderahle  c  r^ti. 
One  which  1  saw  at  Victoria  carrietl  Miive  masts,  and  was  estiinate''  'i*  'ot 
less  than  stn-eiity  I'eot  in  leiif^th.  The  usual  nietlioil  t)f'  constructing'  caimt^s 
is  to  cut  tir  liiirn  the  tretj  ilown  ami  intti  a  snitalile  lenirth,  rouirh-lunv  the 
oiitsiile,  cut  out  the  inside  with  a  hatchet  and  chisel  or  hand-uilze,  then  turn 
it  over  ami  hew  the  oiitsiile  to  correspt)ml  with  the  insiile.  When  in  this  stato 
it  is  lilleil  with  water,  which  is  lioih'd  hy  means  ot'  hot  stones,  a  lire  lieiuff 
madt^  all  around  the  caniH' on  the  t)utside.  This  is  f'tir  the  juirposeot' spread- 
iii^f  tho  cant)e,  which  is  too  narrtiw  for  its  tleptli,  ami  the  thwarts  are  put 
ami  secured  by  cords  passed  thronj-h  small  holes  in  the  siile  to  keep  it  in 
Khapt!.  The  pmw  ot"  the  Tsinuk  canoe,  and  pr(tjectin<4'  parts  of  tithers, 
which  art)  too  lar<fo  to  be  cut  from  a  sinf^le  tree,  or  would  cross  the  <;rain, 
are  mortised  in  and  secured  by  corils  in  likt>  manner.  Shoulil,  nnluckily, 
knots  or  other  defects  apjiear  in  the  sides,  the  piece  is  cut  out  ami  another 
set  in  in  its  place.  Thi.s  is  tloiie  by  boring  small  holes,  thronji'li  which  tho 
jiatch  is  Hnnly  sewetl  with  twine,  and  which  are  then  ]dug<j^ed.  The  seam 
is  caulketl  with  pitch  ami  cedar-bark,  si:rapetl  tt)  tho  consistence  of  tow. 
When  iinished,  tho  outside  is  .slij^ditly  charreil,  and  jainted  with  coal  made 
from  rushes;  and  mixed  with  whalo-oil.  Tho  inside  is  colored  with  a  chrome, 
which,  when  burned,  becomes  red.  In  constructinj^-  their  canoes,  the  Indians 
iiso  no  lines  or  artificial  aid.  Tho  whole  is  modeled  by  the  eye.  Of  course, 
there  is  a  groat  difference  in  ipiality,  according  to  the  skill  of  tho  builtlers, 
and  pailicular  persons  have  a  high  rei)utatiou  for  their  superiority  in  this 
respect. 


('i.()'riiiN(j.  I'lKxsiLs,  i:'i'(\ 

'riii3  iiitroiliu'lidii  ot'  l']iiro[Mjiii  or  Ainericiiii  iulitlfs  li;is,  in  ^^rciit  iiii'ii- 
HUl'O,  (loiiK  awiiy  wllli  tlicir  nun.  Alino>t  iill  tlir  liidiiiiis  ol'tln«  ili>lri(t  me 
now  principally  t'lotlictl  like  the  wliitcs,  and  avail  tluinsi'lvcs  of  many  ol 
flicir  tools  and  utensils ;  hnt  llicir  original  niainitintmcs  possessed  a  ^n'cat 
(leal  i>r  nieiil.  Tiu!  ordinar)'  dit'ss  ot'  liie  men,  w  lien  they  ^aw  lit  to  nsc  any, 
was  a  deer-skin  shirt,  lej;-j;in^s,  and  nioeeasins,  which,  amoni;'  the  prairie 
Indians,  was  often  embroidered  with  the  (jiiills  of  the  porcnjiine.  <  »n  the 
coast  tlieso  (piills  were  scarce,  beinjf  id)tained  fntni  a  distance  and  liy  ex- 
clianffe,  and  since  the  openiti<x  of  trade  with  tlu'  whites  they  have  nsedheads 
and  various  colored  threads.  The  skins  are  vvell  dres.sed,  Itein^  worked  over 
a  frame  and  softened  with  the  brains  of  thc^  animal.  Hefore  \wh\ix  used,  they 
are  smoked  over  a  lire  of  <^reen  twii^s,  whij-h  prcivents  them  iVom  permanently 
shriidiiiij^'  or  Ix'cominjj:  hard  from  wet.  'I'hoy  nlso  wore  on  occasion  lobes 
nisido  of  the  skins  of  small  animals,  siu'h  as  the  rabbit,  sewelell  (Aftltxlontia 
leporina),  niuskrat,  &c.,  or  of  lar;fer  ones,  as  tlio  ctJUffur  and  beaver.  I''nr 
cups,  of  a  form  suited  to  tho  faiu-y  of  the  wearer,  wore  used  occasionally  ; 
l^ut  the  most  noticeable  coverinj:^  was  a  broad,  conical  hat,  with  an  inner 
rim  iittin<f  tho  head,  mado  of  a  ton^di  j^rass  re.sembliuf,''  hemp,  which  came 
from  tho  interior.  This  was  mado  water-])roof,  and  painted  with  li;^in-es. 
The  women  universally  wore  a  breech-clout  of  strands  jrathered  round  \\u\ 
waist  and  falling'  usually  to  tho  knees,  which  served  tho  ;,urpo.se  of  conceal- 
ment. With  tho  men  no  idea  of  Immodesty  existed.  Decency  had  not  even 
its  %-loaf.  Tho  clout  was  sometimes  mado  of  twisted  grass,  at  others  of 
cedar-bark,  hackled  and  split  into  a  fringe.  Of  later  years,  they  have  adopted 
the  dress  of  the  whites,  ami  it  is  only  in  remote  districts,  or  among  old 
people  too  poor  or  too  obstinately  attached  to  the  hal)its  of  their  yi>uth  to 
change  them,  that  one  now  sees  this  pristine  typo  of  the  petticoat, 

"A  ganiiout  of  mystical  8iil)liiiiity." 

Tho  Indians  of  tho  Sound  and  the  Straits  of  Fuca  attained  considerable 
skill  in  manufacturing  a  species  of  blanket  from  a  mixture  of  the  wool  ol'  the 
mountain-sheep  and  thf;  hair  of  a  particular  kind  of  dog,  though  in  this  art 
they  never  equaled  the  more  northern  trib<!s,  some  of  whose  workmanship 
equaled  the  conunon  kind  of  Jlexicaii  serapi-.  Vancouver  descriijes  thi! 
dogs  as  "resendjling  tho.<e  of  l'(»meraiiia,  though,   in  genei-al,  .somewhat 


'I 


Ii20 


■  U' 


; 

1  *  . 


H' 


lurpfor".  'I'licir  usual  rolor  is  white.  'I'iir  Wdol  is  (ihtfiiiicd  tVoin  the  hunt- 
hv^  trilx'S  next  to  the  CJascack'  .Mountaius,  and  is  an  ai-rK-lc  dl'  trade.  TIkj 
two  liciu;^'  mixed  an;  twisted  into  yarns  l»y  rollin^^  upon  tlie  tlii^h,  and  the 
\varp  is  iornied  l»v  stretchin*.,''  tlie.so  siii^^'ly  over  a  I'ranie,  tyin;^-  lh((  ends 
to;^-ether.  I'he  woof  is  then  passed  tlu'ou;^!*  with  a  lonj;-  woo(Umi  neciUe. 
'I'lie  Khdhmi  and  Sound  Indians  (h)  not  make  much  use  ot"  eoh)rs  in  orna- 
mentin;.'-  their  l)hud<.ets,  l)ut  those  farther  north  inti'o(hu'e  (juite  complieutid 
(i<;'ures  of  s(v<'ral  (-(dors.  Another  kind  of  robe,  usually  sfjuare  and  worn 
over  the  slmulders,  is  made  l)y  twistinji^  in  with  the  hair  oi-  wool  the  down 
of  sea-1tirds,  the  wh(d<'  bein;^'  hand-woven  in  the  same  way  as  the  last,  'i'his 
makes  a  very  thick  and  warm  stulf.  The  ilakah  alom;  manufacture  the 
cedar-bark  into  texturi'  suitaldc  foi-  weiivin;^-  l''<"i'  <his  purp(».se,  the  inner 
bark  is  selected,  boiled  or  m.iceiati'd,  and  then  ])ounded  and  hatcliele(l  out. 
The  bark  is  n>ade  to  form  the  warp;  th(i  woof  beinn'  made  of  ^rass  thread. 
This  stulV  is  pliable,  and  makes  a  conveiuent  oiner  <.;'arnient.  Very  pretty 
capes,  edji'ed  wilh  the  sea-otter  skin,  are  made  of  it.  This  tribe  also  ar<'  th<' 
principal  manufacturers  of  the  ccflar  mats,  wlii(di  are  used  on  the  Sound. 
These  are  entirely  of  bark,  formed  into  narrow  strips,  am;  woven  on  the 
iloor.  I'liey  are  thin  and  perh-ctly  even  in  texture.  The  other  trib(>s  em- 
plov  for  mats  two  kinds  of  rushes,  the  flat  or  conmutn  cat-tail,  and  the  round  or 
tule.  These  are  used  for  a  <jreat  variety  of  jjui'jioses,  as  to  line  theii-  canoes, 
for  beds,  covering  for  pxids,  ten;porary  huts,  tSiv.  In  fact,  an  Indian's  roll 
of  mats  Is  his  constant  traveling'  com]»anion.  Of  baskets,  they  make,  oi 
rather  did  make  untd  lately,  an  almost  endless  variet\',  mam'  of  them  oi 
beautiful  textuiv,  tasteful  shape,  and  ornamented  with  c(dored  iii^ures. 
Home  were  used  as  pails,  and  even  to  l)oil  in,  beini-'  tilled  with  water,  and 
heated  stones  thrown  in.  Cups,  di.shes.  and  platters  were  carved  i'rom  wood 
by  the  .Makah  in  a  very  neat  manner.  Larj>e  bowls,  holding-  over  a  (piart, 
were  made  from  the  bonis  of  the  bi<,f-horned  sheeii,  and  s|)o()ir-,  from  that 
material  and  those  of  the  mountain-iioat.  These  last  arti(des  prcbabh-  canu' 
from  the  north,  but  found  their  way,  in  the  coui'se  of  traile,  far  down  the 
coast,  and  even  into  California.  The  nets  and  seines,  manufact'u-ed  tVoni 
the  j^rass  in;]  vtcd  from  bcvond  the  Cascade  .Mountains,  deserse  mention 
as  very  wel'  n   'de,  the  twine  benii;-  perfectU    ev<'n  and  well  twii-teil.      The 


Hilt 


1^ 


221 

hows  and  arrows  iiiid  ilcfciisivc  iirnior  liavc  Itccii  incntloncil  in  nnoflicr  ron- 
nection. 

In  all  tlit'ir  native  ni.niul'iicturts,  tin'  Imli^ins  di' iliis  TcrritorN'  were  not 
wantni;^'  in  sivill,  alriionuli  tliry  were  I'ar  Ix  hind  the  northi'm  races,  wliosi; 
inyennity  is,  in  i'act,  extraordinary  anionu'  savages. 

DOMKSTU;  ANIMALS. 

The  liorsc!  inid  dojj;-  constitute  the  only  ones,  excejtt  ihnt  ;i  very  i'ew 
individnals  may  jjeihaps  own  a  little  stock.  I'mtnts,  a  Klikiifat,  livinj;-  at 
the  month  of  the  Kathhtiintl,  until  recently  killed  l)y  his  trihe,  aloiu;  pos- 
se.ssed  a  <^ood  lierd.  CJenerally  speakina',  the  Indians  we.st  of  the  mountains 
do  iK)t  keej)  them.  Their  horses,  also,  are  i\i\\',  comparatively,  and  of  mod- 
ern introduction. 

The  date  of  the  introdiuiion  of  the  hor.se  amon<^-  tlu^  trihes  in  tlu;  i-astern 
district  c;nniot  I)e  arri\('d  at  with  ;niy  certainly.  The  Snake,  Nez  I'erccs, 
and  Spokane  had,  accordint;'  to  Lewis  and  Clarke,  innnen.se  munhersaf  the 
time  of  their  visit.  (<arry,  cliief  of  tiie  latter  trihe,  informeil  mv,  that  they 
first  got  theirs  from  the  Flatheads,  who,  he  believed,  procured  them  from 
the  Snakes;  anil  there  c;in  ))(>  hut  little  doubt  that  they  were  first  brouiiht 
northward  )»y  the  lattci-  in  their  interctmrse  with  the  Comanches.  'The 
Cayuso  added  to  their  stock  ])y  theft  from  the  Spaniards,  as  I'Vanchere  men- 
tions (ieoing-  them  with  Spanish  brands. 

Dr.  Suckley  considers  the  doiSf^  to  be  of  two  bi-eeds,  one  resembiiii;^- 
the  coyote,  or  j)raij'!e-wolf,  and  very  probaldy  cro.s.sed  with  thiit  iniini.il, 
which  is  the  kind  used  foi-  huntinj:';  the  other,  a  lont;-bodied,  short-lej^'g-ed, 
turnspit-lookinji'  cur,  which  is  the  peculiar  j)roperty  and  jx't  of  the  women. 
To  these  ai'e  prob.ibly  t(t  be  adiled  a  third,  tlu;  doy  used  by  the  Ska;;it, 
Klidlam,  and  others  of  the  lower  jiart  of  the  Sound  and  Uulf  (»f  (Jcorj^iii, 
which  is  shorn  for  its  fleece.  Vancouver  mentions  these  as  re.semblin;^''  tlie 
Pomeranian  dog.  They  are  of  i)retty  gooil  size,  and  generally  white,  with 
much  longer  and  softer  hair  tlian  eitiier  of  the  others,  but  having  the  same 
sharp  muzzle  jnid  curling  tail  as  the  hunting-dog.  Among  some  of  the  tribes 
of  Northern  California,  as  on  the  Klamath  Kiver,  tlien;  is  a  variety  with  a 
broad  tiiil,  not  more  thiOi  six  or  eight  iiK'lies  in  length,  which  iippe;n-s  to  be 


11. 


1 


U.'t 


■'I  i 


Mr- 


Q^ 


111 


222 

iiiitiiiiil,  Jiiiil  nut  tlie  result  of  docking.     'This  I  .suppose  to  be  a  (listiiict  --^le. 

'Hie  Iii(li:ui  (logs  Jire  much  /alued  by  their  owners,  particuhirly  those  em- 

iiloyed  in  luuiling. 

SYMBOLIC  WRITING. 

I  am  not  aware  liow  far  tliis  may  Ije  carried  among  the  Sound  ti'ibes. 
I'njbably  there  is  no  great  essential  difference  between  them  and  their 
luMgliboi's  of  riie  plains  in  this  art.  It  may  perhaps  be  best  exphiined  by 
an  example  given  me  by  a  veteran  mountaineer,  Dr.  Robert  Kewell,  of 
( "liampoeg.  A  party  of  Snakes  are  going  to  hunt  strayed  horses.  A  figin'O 
of  a  man,  ,  ith  a  long  queue,  or  scalp-lock,  reaching  to  his  heels,  denoted 
Slioshonee;  that  tribe  being  in  the  habit  of  braiding  horse-  or  other  hair  into 
their  own  in  that  manner.  A  number  of  marks  follow,  signifying  the  .strength 
of  the  part}-.  A  foot-print,  ])ointed  in  the  direction  they  take,  shows  their 
course,  and  a  hoof-mark  turned  backward,  that  they  expect  to  return  with 
animals.  If  well  armed,  and  expecting  a  possible  attack,  a  little  powder 
mixed  with  sand  tells  that  they  are  ready,  or  a  square  dotted  about  the 
figures  indicates  that  they  have  fortified.  These  pictograi)hs  are  often  an 
object  of  study  to  decipher  the  true  meaning.  The  shrewder  or  more 
experienced  old  men  consult  over  them.  It  is  not  every  one  that  is  sufli- 
ciently  versed  in  the  subject  to  decide  oirectly. 

There  are,  I  believe,  no  permanent  symbolic  writings  below  the  Cas- 
cades like  those  which  occur  upon  some  of  the  rocks  on  the  Colund)ia  River 
above  them,  and  attributed  l)y  the  present  Indians  to  the  I'JVq)  TiUkum,  or 

primeval  race. 

]\IOUNL)S  AND  lOARTIlWORKS. 

Mention  has  been  made  in  my  former  report  of  a  circular  work  on  the 
Vakania  River,  the  construction  of  which  those  Indians  disclaimed.  That 
was  the  iinst  of  the  kind  which  had  ever  fallen  under  my  observation,  or  which 
I  had  been  informed  of  within  this  Territory  or  Oregon.  Since  then,  Dr. 
Newell  his  informed  me  that,  in  sonae  parts  of  the  Willamette  Valley,  as  on 
the  Twallatti  jdains,  for  instance,  there  are  indubitable  earthworks,  some 
of  them  of  various  forms,  of  which  he  mentioned  the  letter  L-  None  of 
them,  to  his  knowledge,  presented  the  figiu'es  of  animals.  I  am  aware  of 
none  on   the   Lower  Clolumbia  or   I'uget   Sound  which  ileserve  the  name. 


22;{ 

Indosures  for  ganlon-patclios  were  soniotimos  iiiado  by  biuikiiij,''  u))  iinmiid 
tliein  with  refuse  tlirowii  Diit  in  eleiuiiiig  the  grouiul,  wliieli,  uf'ter  a  loiij^ 
while,  eamc  to  reseni])]e  a  low  wall,  and,  in  aomo  cases,  as  at  the  old  Sno- 
lioiiiisli  fort  on  Kwultsehda  Creek,  they  ina<le  external  ditches,  which  were 
fdled  with  pointed  stakes  and  coveied  over;  but  these  do  not  belonj;'  to  the 
class  spoken  otf.  Near  the  house  of  ilr.  Cameron,  at  EsquiniaU,  Vancouver 
Island,  1  noticed  a  trench,  cutting-  off  a  small  point  of  rock  near  the  shore, 
which  seemed  to  have  been  about  six  feet  deej)  and  eight  wide.  Covernor 
Douglass  informed  me  that  these  were  not  unfrequent  on  the  island ;  tliat 
they  generally  surrounded  some  defensible  place;  and  that  often  an  escarp- 
ment was  constructed  facing  the  sea,  but  that  the  earth  was  thrown  indis- 
criminately on  either  side  of  the  ditch.  The  present  Indians  have  no  tradi- 
tion of  their  origin.  He  supposes  them  to  have  been  made  by  their  ancestors, 
and  the  authors  forgotten  by  their  descendants.  There  are  also,  near  \'ic- 
toria,  a  number  of  small  mounds,  which  I  was  unfortunately  unable  to  visit. 
Governor  Douglass  mentioned  that  one  had  been  dug  into  wllh(»ut  iinding 
anything.  Some  of  the  gentlemen  of  the  company  sui)pose(l  them  to  b(^ 
kamas  ovens.  Until  an  examination  has  been  made,  both  of  these  and  tlu; 
works  in  the  Willamette  Valley,  the  question  may  be  ('onsidere<l  as  still 
open,  whether  any  works  analogous  to  those  of  the  Ohio  Valley  anil  others 
of  the  States  exist  on  the  Pacific  coast.* 

MIGRATIONS. 

The  various  tribes,  as  a  general  thing,  claim  for  themselves  to  have  sprung 
from  the  identical  country  which  they  nowoccuj)y,  and  their  legends,  sd  far 
as  I  have  been  able  to  co  them,  give  no  account  of  remote  changes  ol 

place.  A  Tsimlk  story,  relau-l  elsewhere,  points  to  a  northern  origin  for  the 
ancestors  of  the  tribe,  but  not  for  the  people  themselves.  In  reply  to  direct 
interrogatories  upon  the  subject,  they  invariably  state  that  they  have  always 
lived  where  they  now  do;  but  this  is  far  l(>ss  satisfactory  than  indirect  (evi- 
dence, as  they  are  quick  at  suspecting  some  object  in  regard  to  their  lands. 

"  In  cdiiin'ctiun  willi  tlm  sii'ijcct,  ri  riiciirc  iiiiiy  lii>  iiiiiilc  luTcto  tlii'  iiuiiiikIiiioUiii'iI  l)y  Sir  Kihviinl 
HclcliiT  ill  ii;iil8  ol'  tlic  .Sacvaiiiciilo  Viilliey,  wliicli,  I'c  stutcH,  win^  raisi'd  lij-  tlii^  I'xiNliiin  raci'  ol'  ImliaiiM, 
for  tlu^  imipiiHo  lit'  t'Icvatiiif;  Uirir  Iionscs  bcyoiiil  tbo  rcai'li  of  iiiMiKlalloii.  W  lift  her  kiicIi  ii  iiiolivc  giiv- 
enicil  the  niuiiinIbiiildoiM  of  Oliio,  under  any  circuL-iataiicrH,  I  nni  uniuforinod. 


I 


. 


I 


'Si 


9 

h 


221 

i\rcnti(ii)  Iiiis  iilrciuly  Ix-cn  niado  of  tlio  niovomoit  of  jvirt  of  tlio  Klikii- 
tiit  soiitli\v;\)(l  iit  ii  very  recent  ))eri()il,  and  of  tlie  statoiuent,  by  the  WiUo- 
]).ili,  that  tlie  Khitskaiiai  Iiail  Hki'wise  ehanj^^Ml  tlieir  hieation.  In  addition, 
1  have  bee;i  informed  that  the  Tsen\akuni  and  Toauliucli  once  lived  <tn  the 
upper  waters  of  tho  Niskwalli  and  Kowlitz  Rivers,  and  tlie  Satsop  and  the 
Satsall  upon  tho  south  fork  of  the  latter;  but  the  Indians  who  made  this 
statement  declared  that  tlieir  own  people,  the  Staklamish,  had  never  moved. 
Their  country,  they  said,  was  tlie  "navcl  of  the  world".  On  the  other  side 
of  tlie  mountains,  it  is  well  known  tha,t  the  Snakes  have,  in  modern  times, 
been  driven  southward;  and  Dr.  Huckley  was  positively  assured  by  aj^ed 
Indians  that  the  Klikatat  and  Yakama,  branches  of  the  Sahaptin  family,* 
had  pushed  their  way  into  the  country  formerly  occupied  by  members 
of  the  Selish.  This  latter  extension,  bein<^'  to  the  northward  as  well  as  west- 
ward, is  out  of  the  usual  line  of  travel.  Suflicient  investigation  has  not 
been  nvuh  jet  to  determine  with  certainty  the  routes  followed  in  many 
cases;  still  less  to  ascertain  the  relative  periods  at  which  the  variou.s  offsets 
from  the  fi^reat  families  have  moved.  Some  have,  in  all  probability,  after  a 
temporary  stay  in  one  place,  passed  over  others  of  an  earlier  date,  and 
located  themselves  beyond.  The  sul»ject  is  capalde  of  much  curious  specu- 
lation, and  possibly  of  a  near  ajiproacli  to  a  correct  conclusion. 

If  1  may  hazard  a  conjecture  at  [)resent,  it  is  that  the  Tah-kali  and 
Selish  families,  with,  perhaps,  the  Shoshonee  and  some  others,  originated 
(fast  of  the  Rocky  Mountains;  tli;it  the  country  between  that  chain  and  the 
great  likes  has  been  a  center  I'rom  wliicli  pojiulation  has  diverged;  that 
these  two  trib''s  crossed  by  the  northern  passes  of  the  mountains;  and  that 
their  branches  have  since  been  pushing  westward  and  situthward.  Whether 
the  soutlieni  branches  of  the  Tahkali  havp  been  separated  and  driven  on  by 
the  sulj-^eipient  iriMiption  of  the  Selish,  or  whether  they  have  passed  over 
their  heads,  can,  [lerhaps,  be  ascertained  on  a  severe  comparison  of  the  dif- 
ferent dialects  into  which  each  has  become  divided;  it  being  reasonable 
to  infer  that  those  which  dill'er  most  from  the  present  are  oldest  in  date  and 
emigration. 

The  route  of  the  Selish  has  obvlou-'lx-  ]h'v\\  alony-  thf  c(mrses  of  tlio 
two  great  rivers,  the  Frazer  and  the  Columbia.     15y  the  former,  they  seem  to 


i\^ 


Till'  V:iUii'i:i  ;iti-  ilw«  li.  ri'  rcCii  nil  in  iIh-  .Sijivli.— [I'.d.I 


jlj 


liave  ponotr.Mtcd  t<t  the  soa,  wliilc  mi  tlic  l.ittcr.  tln'V  were  stopiicd  liy  llif 
Saliiiptin    anil   tlic  T-^inrik.      S.imi'  luniulic^   iindipiihtcdly  (■rM>>cd  tiic  ( 'as 
rade  l{anji'i\  at  dillcrcut  points,  to  tlic  Souiid.  and  llic  cnmiiry  iiilt  rincdialc 
betwocn  tliat  and  the  ('(ilniiil)ia.     And  tlic  'rilainuk  lia\c  overstepped  lli;it 
boundary  and  iixed  tlieniselves  on  the  eonst  ot"  ( treL;oii.      'I'lie  soiilliern  limit 
of  the  Tahkali   is  not  yet  aseertaiiied.      .Mr.  I  Inle  ideiitilied  the   I'liikwa    as 
ill!   offshoot.      Lionti-tiant    Kaut/,    has    lately    sliowii    the  Tu  til  ten   to  he 
another,  and  it  is  possihle  that  some  of  ihe  ( 'alii'ornia  lan^naues  may  also 
bo  assimilated.      Dr.   Newell   states  that,  siiiee  he   was   lirst    in   the    Indian 
coiiutry,  all  the  j,n-eat  tri])es  have  lieeii  uradualiy  breaking'  'i|)  into  bands. 
Whfiievur  two  chiefs  attain  alxmt  an  e(pialily  if  powei-  and  iiiilneiice.  jeal- 
ousies arise,  which  li'ad  to  a  separation  of  the  tril)e.      'I'liese  are  l'oiiiente<l  by 
many  causes,  tlie  chatteriuji- of  tlu^  women,  of  course,  amoii^dtlieis.      Helore 
the  introduction  of  iirearins,  the  rani>e  of  tiie  ditiereiil  tribes  was  more  lim- 
ited than  now.     They  did  not  travel  so  far  from  their  own  coiiiiliy.     'I'liis 
last  is  less  ap})Hcable  to  the  coast  trilies  than  to  those  of  the  interior.      'I'lio 
fornuM-  are,  however,  e';en   more  split  up.  and  those  oi   the  Siuiml  country, 
perha})s,  most  of  all.     The  iuiluence  jjossessi'd   e\cn   by  tho-e  claiming- t<t 
be  head-chiefs  has  become  ahnost  nothinji-;   and,  in   case  of  any  tlisa<iree- 
ment  in  a  ban<l,  the  dissatislied  party  move  olV  to  a  little  distance  and  take 
the  name  of  the  ground  they  occupy,  or  any  one  desirous  of  establishiiifi;  a 
band  on  his  own  account  induces  a  ])arty  of  his  immediate  iollowers  lo 
accompany  him,  and  start,  as  it  were,  a  new  colony,      it  is  to  this  sejiara- 
tioii,  and  to  the  petty  hostilities,  which  often  i^rew  out  of  it,  that  we  must 
mainly  attribute  the  diversity  of  dialects  prevailing-. 

NOTICES  UF  EARLY  TRAVJCEEIJS. 

The  first  notices  of  the  Indians  of  Orej^on  and  WashinjitoiriVrritoriits 
that  we  have  are  by  Vancouver,  whose  voyage  was  performed  in  17'.)"2.  1 
have  (pioted  them  much  at  length,  because  they  present  a  view  of  the  con- 
dition of  these  tribes  before  they  ha<l  he.Mi  affected  by  interccuirse  with  the 
whites,  and  as  suggesting  a  numlier  of  points  which  reijuire  exjjlanatioii  or 
suiro-est  in(|niry.     So  far  as  the  coast  is  concerneil,  his  oijservatioiis  are  very 

meager;   for  that  navi'^ator.  ilioiigh  seeking  the  great   river  of  Oregon  and 
15 


Ivi 


I 


fii 


22(3 

llif  Straits  (if  .liiaii  dc  l''ii('ii,  sciins  to  lunc  liad  a  lio!\'  lidi'idi'  of  laml,  aiul 
sciliilniislv  kc|it  at  >iicli  ii  (listaiicc  tliat  lie  made  no  (lispovcrics  whatever. 
1'u.ssiiij^'  I  )esti'iu'tioii  Island,  lie  noticed  a  canoe  or  two  paddling' near  the 
shore,  and  remarks:  "  It  was  a  tact  not  less  sin;:nlar  than  worthy  of  obser- 
vation, that  on  tlie  whole  extensivtM'oast  of  New  All)ion,  and  more  ])articu- 
larly  in  the  \icinity  of  thos((  fei'tile  and  (h'lightful  shores  \\v  had  lately 
passed,  we  had  not,  excej)tin,i;'  to  the  southward  of  Capo  Orford  and  at  this 
pliU',(^,  seen  anv  inhahitaiits,  or  met  with  any  circumstances  that,  in  tlie  most 
distant  manner,  indicate(l  a  prol)aliility  of  tlu;  country  bein<"'  inhabited." 
Of  the  Klasset,  or  Makah,  lu^  says:  "The  few  natives  who  came  oil' 
resembled,  in  most  n  spects,  tlu^  ])eople  of  Nootka.  Their  persons,  yar- 
inents,  and  behavior,  are  very  similar;  some  difference  was  observed  in 
their  ornaments,  jjarti 'ularlv  in  those  worn  at  tlu;  nose;  for,  instead  of  the 
crescent,  generally  adopted  by  the  inhabitants  of  Nootka,  ti:ese  wore  straight 
])iec,es  of  bono.  Their  canoes,  arms,  and  im])lements,  wei"  exactly  the 
same.  They  sjioke  the  same  language,  but  did  not  apj)roach  ns  with  the 
familiarity  ol)served  by  those  people  on  visiting  the  Ivesolu^ion  and  Dis- 
covery, which  mav))robably  be  owing  to  their  ha\ing  become  more  familiar 
with  strangers."  'i'lie  village,  he  observes,  which  is  situatcnl  about  two 
miles  within  tiie  cape,  had  the  appe  "ance  of  being  extensi\e  and  populous. 
The  maimer  of  the  Indians  was  very  civil,  orderly,  and  friendly.  'I'h<'y 
requested  permission  i»efore  entering  his  shiji,  and,  when  receiving  s(tme 
presents,  "  politely  and  earnestly  solicited  "  him  to  slo})  at  their  village. 

His  notices  of  the  KhiUam  are  not  much  more  extended,  for  he  had 
but  little  intercouise  with  them.  Of  those  at  New  Dungeness,  he  Siiys : 
" 'I'he  aj)|)earance  of  the  lints  we  now  saw  indicated  the  I'esidence  of  the 
natives  in  them  to  be  of  a  temporary  nature  only,  as  we  could  perceive 
Avith  (uu- glasses  that  they  ditl'ered  very  materially  from  the  habitations  of  any 
of  the  American  Indians  we  had  1  'lore  seen,  being  com])osed  of  nothing 
more  than  a  few  mats  thrown  over  cross-sticks  ;  whereas  those  we  had  passed 
the  preceding  day  in  two  or  three  small  villages  to  the  eastward  of  Cla.sset 
were  biult  exactly  after  the  fasln'ovi  of  the  houses  erected  at  Xootka.  The 
inlial)itants  seemed  to  view  us  with  the  utmost  indifference  and  unconcern; 
they  continued  to  lish   before  their  huts  as  regai-Uess  of  <tur  being  present 


227 


i)s  if  sudi  vessels  had  l)ei'ii  lamiliMr  to  tlwui,  iiml  iniwnrtliy  of  their  iitteii- 
tioii.  On.  the  lowhind  (if  New  Diin^cness  wd'e  erected.  i>eriieiidieul:irly  iiiid 
seeiniii.tih-  with  iiiucli  re,i>id;irity,  a  miiidter  df  \cr\-  tall  straight  jinlcs  hke 
ilaii'-stavi's  or  hcaeoiis.  siipiiorted  from  the  ;ji'oiiiid  liy  spars.  Their  liisl 
appearaiieo  iu(hioed  an  opinion  of  their  lieini:-  intt'iKh'd  as  the  npriiihts  lin' 
sta<'i's  on  which  the\  nii^ht  dv\  tlieir  lish  ;  hnl  this,  on  a  iiraivr  view,  seemed 
improhahU',  as  llieir  heij;'lits  and  distances  froiii  each  other  wonid  have 
reipiired  spars  of  a  <zTi'ater  size  to  rt'ach  from  one  to  the  other  liian  the 
sid)Staiiee  of  tlie  jioh's  was  eapalih'  of  snstainin.u'.  'I'he\  were  nndoiihtedly 
iiitei\de(l  to  answer  some  particuhir  purpose:  hut  wliether  of  a  reiiijions, 
civil  or  mihtury  nature,  must  he  hft  to  some  future  investiiiation." 

A  hherty  pole  or  a  <>-allows,  jirohahly,  would  have  tilled  tlic  alternative 
su"''>'ested.      'i'he  (d»ioct  of  these  erections  is  mentioned  h\   Captain  \\  ilk 
as  serviiij;-  to   suspend  the   nets  with    which   the    Indians  catch    wild  towl. 
\'ancouver  was  greatly  disyiisted  at   the  small  importance  atlacheil  to  his 
visit.     Ho  says  further  that  on  Mr.  ^^'iudl)ey's  landing- to  seek  lor  water,  the 
Indians  continued  to  iisli,  "without  payint^'  any  more  reiiard  to  the  cutter 
than    if  she  hail  hei-n   one   of  their  own   canoes."     'The  circumstance   was 
certainly  remarkahle,  and  can  only  Ix;  explained  hy  tin-  fai't  that  the  no\- 
eltyhad  worn  oil',  as  there  is   no  douht,  althonii'li  N'ancouver  sujipiised  him- 
self to  he  the  iirst  who  had  jienetrated  thus  far  up  the  straits,  that  Kcmlrick 
ami  others  had  preceded  him.     At  I'ort    Discovery,  lu'   says,  "a.  few  of  the 
natives  in  two  or  three  canoes  favored  us  with  their  company,  and  hrou^ht 
vsith  them  some  tish  and  venison  for  sale."     "These  jieople,  in  tlnir  i.ersons, 
canoes,  arms,  imidemeuts,  i^c.,  seemed  to  re,send)le  chielly  t\\(:  iidiahuanls  of 
Nootka,  though  less  hedaubeil   with   paint  and  less  iilthy  in  their  external 
aiii)earance.     They   won-  ornameiUs  in  their  ears,  hut  none  were  oh.served 
in  their  noses;   some  of  them  understood  a  lew  words  of  the   Nootka  laii- 
<>-uage;   they  were  clothed   in  the  skins  of  deer,  hear,  and  some  other  ani- 
mals, but  principally    in    a    woolen    gannent   of  their    own    manufacture, 
extremely  well  wrought.     They  ilid  not  appear  to  possess  any  lurs.     Their 
bows  ami  implements  they  freely  bartered  for  knives,  trinkets,  copper,  etc., 
and,  what  was  very   extraordinary,  they  olfered  Ibr  sale  two  children,  each 


2M 


T 


I 


I'Si 


iil)oiit  six  or  seven  NCiirs  of  iiiic,  niiil   lieiiie-  shown   some  coppor  wore  very 
iinxious  lli;it  the  Idir^nin  shmihl  lie  cIosimL"" 

At  I'ort  'lownsheiiil  he  siiw  no  Indi.'insjmt  ji  rloserted  village  at  the  slteof 
the  'IVenifilvinn  town,  appiiicntlx   in  ;i  stnte  of  decny. 

A  few  liidiiiMs  were  met  with  ;it  Oiik  (,'ove  (I'nvt  Linvreiice),  iuul  mar 
the  liendof  Hood  ( 'anal  ahout  sixty.  imdudif.j,Mvomeii  and  children,  iiiidoiiht- 
edlv  of  tlie  Skokoniish  trihe,  wliieh  were  all  that  he  met  with  on  that 
<'Xtens!\-e  line.  "  The  rej,non  we  hiid  lately  passed,"  he  says,  "seomcdnearly 
destitute  of  human  l)ein;^s.  Nowliere  diil  the  appearanee  of  the  party  creati! 
any  alarm  or  much  astonishment,  the  Indians  always  treatin,i;-  them  in  a 
friendlv  manner,  and  harteriii;;' their  arms  and  other  articles  for  iron,  copper, 
and  trinkets."  Tlie  following'  <4'eiieral  ohservatioiis  are  extracted  entire,  as 
they  hear  upon  the  apparent  po])n1ation  of  tlu^  eonntry  at  the  time.  They 
refer  more  particularly  to  tlu^  Klallam,  Tseniakum,  and  Skokomish.  \'an- 
conver,  it  ma\-  he?  mentioned  in  passini,'',  does  not  seem  to  have  sonplit  for 
the  names  of  an;/  of  the  tribes,  and  none  are  mentioned  in  his  book.  Other 
points  aic  omitted  which  ap[)ear  singular.  In  speaking  of  the  iish  taken  in 
the  Sound,  he  never  refers  to  tlu;  salmon:  and,  what  is  most  extraordinary, 
he  sa\s  nothing  of  the  custom  of  flattening  the  head. 

"  Having  considere(l  with  imparlialit}  the  excellencies  and  defects  of 
this  couiUry,  as  far  as  came  under  oin-  observation,  it  now  remains  to  add 
a  few  words  on  the  chara<'ter  of  its  iidiabitant.s.  None  being  resident  in 
I'ort  Discovery,  and  our  intercourse  with  them  having  been  very  much  con- 
iiiHMl,  the  knowledge  we  may  have  acquired  of  them,  their  manners  and 
customs,  nuist  necessarily  be  very  limiteil,  and  our  conclusions  drawn  chiefly 
from  comparison.  From  New  Dungeness  we  traversed  nearly  one  hundred 
and  fifty  miles  of  their  shores  witlauU  seeing  that  nundjer  of  inhabitants. 
Tho.se  who  came  within  our  notice  nearly  resembled  the  peojde  of 
Nootka,  their  hair,  as  l)efore  mentioned,  being  in  general  neatly  cond)ed 
and  tied  behind. 

"In  llieir  wea])ons,  implements,  canoes,  and  dress,  they  vary  little.  Their 
native  woolen  garment  was  most  in  fashion,  next  to  it,  the  skins  of  deer, 
bear,  i^c.  :  a  few  wore  dresses  manufactured  from  bark,  which,  like  their 
woolen  oms,  were   ver}    neatly   wrought.     Their  spears,  arrows,  lish-gigs, 


( 


229 

i\ii(l  (illicr  weapons  were  sliiipi'tl  cxjirtlx  liko  flinsc  nt'  Noiitkii.  Imf  innic  Wi'vv 
IKiiiiti'd  with  rojijicr  or  with  jiiiisch'shciis.     The  thi'fc  tni'iiK  r  wnc  p'iicr,ill\ 
hiiihcd,  and   \]\i»v  ])uiiiti(l  with  (•iPiiiinnii   Hint,  aL'alf,  and   Imnc   srtincil   nl 
thi'ir  original  wnrl<nian>hi|i.      ^  it  nidic  of  their  arrows  were  ohsrr\iil  to  In- 
pointed  witli  thin,  ll.it  iron  than  with  iionc  or  Hint,  and  it  was\cry  sinL;nlar 
ihat  \hv\  should  prdci'  cxchanfiin;^'  those  poincd  witli   iron   to  any  ot    tiie 
others,      'liieir  Ixiws  were  ot'  a  superior  ■,  onstrnetion:   tlioe,  in  ji'^neral,  were 
I'roni  two  and  a  haU' to  tliree  feet  in  le  ijitii:   tlie  hroachst  part  in  the  niiddh- 
was  ahout  an  inch  and   a   half  and  aliont   thri'e-(piarfers  ot'  an   inch   tliirk, 
neatly  made,  nnidually  taperin;,'  to  each  end,  which  ferniiiiated  in  a  -liouMn- 
and  liook  for  the  security  of  tlie  l)ow-strini(.     'I'hey  were  all   made  oi'  y.w  , 
and  chosen  with  a  natnrally-iiiverted  cnrve  suited  to  i!;;    method  of  nsini^- 
them.      I'Vom  end  to  end  iif  the  concave  side,  which  when   strnnt.'-  hecame 
the  convex  part,  a,  very  stronii'  stiip  of  an  elastic  hide   is  attached    to  some, 
and  the  skins  of  serpents  to  others,  exactly  the  sha|  e  and  len^ith  of  the  liow , 
neatly  and  iirndy  atlixed  to  the  wood  hy  means  of  a   cement,  the  adhesi\(' 
])rop{  rtv  of  wliich  I  never  saw  or  heard  of  liein^'  e(pialed.      It  is  not   to   lie 
aifected  by  eithei-  dr\'  or  damp  weather,  and   forms  so  slrcm^-  a   connection 
witli  tho  wood  as  to  prevent  a  separation  without  destroyin<i'  the  coni])onent 
parts  of  both.     Tlu^  how-string''  is  ma.de  of  the  sinew  of  s(tme  marine  animal, 
laid  loose,  in  order  to  he  twisted  at  ]>1easnre,  as  the  temperatiu'e  of  tluNitmo- 
spliere  may  require  to  preserve  it  at  a   propei-   length.     Thus  is  this  very 
neat  little  weapon  icndiTed   ]iortahle,  cdastic,  and   eifecti\t'   in   the   hii^hest 
degree,  if  we  ma\   be  alhjwed   to  judge  by  the  (h-xterity  with  which  it  was 
used  by  one  oJ' the  natives  at  l*<u't  Discovery. 

"We  had  little  opportunity  of  ac(piiiing  any  satisfacti>ry  information 
with  regard  lo  the  j)ublic  regulations  or  }»rivate  economy  ol'  these  people. 
'i'he  situation  and  ajipearancc^  of  the  places  we  found  them  generally  inhab- 
iting indicating  their  being  much  accustomed  to  cliangt!  of  residence  ;  the 
deserted  villages  tend  to  strengthen  the  conjectnic  ol'  their  being  wanderers. 
Territorial  prupi'rty  appeared  to  bi-  of  little  imjiortance;  tliere  was  jdeiity 
of  room  for  their  ii.xed  habitations,  and  tho.se  of  a  temporary  nature,  which 
we  now  found  them  mostly  to  occujiy.  being  principally  ((ini|iosed  oi 
crossed  sticks  covered  with  a  few  mats,  as  easily  found  a  spot  I'or  their erec- 


If 


L';!() 


1 


>ii 


tioii,  iis  tlicy  wi'ic  rciiHiscd  IVimi  one  stiitioii  to  Jinnilicr,  eillicr  .'is  iiicliiiiitiiui 
llli^i'llt  Irail  or  licccssiiy  cnlilix-l  ;  ;ill(|,  lliivill^-  ;l  \ci-\-  cxtcli^iNt'  r,lll;^c  iil 
(luiimin,  tiny  wfii'  not    liable    to   iiitciriiptiuii   ur  (i|i|i(isiti(iii  iVniii   tli'ir  t»-u' 

«lllTniniilill^'  IH'iulllxil  s 

"  I'Vinii  tlicsr  circmii-^laiHcs  iilmic.  it  iiia\'  lie  sniiicw  liat  |iniiiatiirc  to 
(•(iiicliidc  that  this  (Iclinhtt'iil  (•(umtry  has  always  liccii  thus  thinly  iiiliahitcil; 
on  the  coiitiaiN,  there  are  I'easons  to  iiclievc  it  has  l)ccii  infinitely  nioi'e 
populons.  I'lacli  ol'  the  deserted  villa<;es  was  nearl\-,  if  not  (juite,  ('(jlial  to 
contain  all  the  scattered  iniiiibitauts  we  saw,  according'  to  the  cnstoiii  (d'tlie 
Nootka  people,  to  whom  these  Iiav((  f^reat  uilinity  in  their  lixud  habitations 
and  in  their  general  idiaiacter.  it  is  also  p(^ssi!)le  that  most  of  the  (dear 
Hpac(is  may  have  been  ind(d)ted  lor  the  removal  of  their  timber  and  iimler- 
wood  to  mainial  labor.  Their  <4'eneral  appearance  f'nrnished  this  opinion, 
and  their  sitnation  on  the  most  ))leasant  and  commandinj^'  eminences,  pni- 
tecteil  1)\-  the  forest  on  ever^'  side  except  that  which  wonld  liaxc  preclnded 
a-  \iewot  them,  seemed  to  encountf^'O  the  idea.  Not  man\'  \ cars  since,  ea(  h 
of  these  \acant  spaces  miirlit  ha\'e  been  allotted  to  the  habitations  of  dilfer- 
eiit  societies,  and  tlu;  variation  ol)served  in  their  extent  mi^ht  have  been 
coid'ormable  to  the  size  of  eacdi  villaj^c,  on  the  site  of  which,  since  their 
abdication  or  extermination,  notliinf:;'  bnt  tlie  smaller  shrubs  and  plants  liad 
yet  been  able  to  rear  their  heads. 

"In  our  difl'erent  excursions,  ])articularly  those  in  the  nei<^hborliood  of 
I'ort  Discovery,  the  skull,  lind)s,  I'ibs,  and  ba(d<-l)ones,  or  some  other  vi'stip-s 
of  the  human  Ixxly,  were  I'ound  in  many  places  pronii.scuously  scattered 
about  the  beatdi  in  j^Teat  numbers.  Similar  relics  were  also  frequently  met 
with  duriuL;'  our  siu'vey  in  the  boats;  and  1  was  informed  by  the  oflici'rs 
that,  in  their  several  perambulations,  the  like  jipjjearance.s  had  presented 
themselves  so  repeatedly  and  in  such  abundance  as  to  produce  an  idea  that 
the  environs  of  I'ort  Discovery  Aveve  a  general  oenietery  ff)r  the  whole  sur- 
rounding country.  Notwithstanding  these  circinustaiices  do  not  amount 
to  a  direct  ))roof  of  the  extensive  population  they  indicate,  yet,  when 
condiiued  with  other  apjjeavances,  they  warranted  an  o])inion  that,  at  no 
very  remote  period,  this  country  had  been  far  more  popidous  tlian  at  pi'esent. 
Some  of  the  human  bodies  were  found  disposed  of  in  a  very  singular  nian- 


L';;i 


IHT.      ('iilKM'S  were  sms|i(11(1(mI  lic'wcin  two  or  inoir  liccs,  ;il>iiiil  iwcUr  l''''t 
from    llu'  <;toiiii(1,  In   wliifli   wire    ilic   >kclftniis  ol    two   of  tlirrc    |it'rsoii- 
Utlicfs  of  n  liifiicr  si/c  \\rw  liniilcil  up  ii.lo  llir  oiilslvirts  of  the  woods,  wliicli 
coiitaiucil   Iroiii  four  to  xxcii   skeletons,  covt  rid  o\cr\\ilIi;i   liroad    plank. 
In  some  of  tlioc,  lirokcn  liow>  and  ari'ows  were  found,  wliicli  ,1  iir>t  uav  '■  i'is<' 
to  a  conjectuir  tlial  these  mi^lit  have  hcen  wanioi's,  who,  alter  liein^  mor- 
tally wound. m1,  had.  whilst   tlirir  streULilli  remained,  hauhd  up  their  canoes 
for  the  purpose  of  expirini:  i|uietl\  in  them.      I'.ut.oii  a  lurther  examination, 
this  l)(;eame  improliahle,  as  it  would  hardly  ha\e  been  possiMe  to  have  pre- 
served the  re;^idarilv  of  position  in  the  agonies  of  death,  or  to  have  detended 
their  sepidchers  with  the  broad  plank  with  which  each  was  eoveretl.     'I'he 
few  sk( 'etoiis  we  saw  so  earefidly  deposited   in   the  e.inoes  were  prohaldy 
the  chiels,  piiests,  or  leaders  of  particular  triixs,  whose  follow,  r>  most  likely 
continue   to  possess  the  highest    respect  for  liieir  memory  and  remains;   and 
the  n-eneral  kiiowled-c  1  had  obtained  tVoin  e\perien<'e  of  the  reji'ard  wliii  h 
all   savai'f   nations  iia\   to   their  fiuuMal   sidenAiities  made   me  particularly 
s(dicitous   to   prevent   any   indiuinty  from   beinj:'  waiitotdy  offered   to  then- 
departed  friends.     JJaskets  were  also  found  suspended  on  hijih  tree.s,  each 
contaiiiiji;^'  the  skeleton  of  a  youn^-  child;   in  some  of  which  were  also  small 
square  Ix.xes  lille<l  with   a   kind  of  white;  j.aste,  resendilin^i-  such  a-  1  had 
seen   the   natives  eat,   supposed   to    be   made  of  the  saraima   root.     Soiue 
of  these  boxes  were  (piite  full;  others  were  nearly  empty,  eaten  jirobably  by 
th(!  mice,  .sciuirn  Is,  or  bird.s.     On   th<'  next  low  poim   south  ol   our  jacsuut 
encampment,  where  ihejiiiniiers  were  airing' the  powder,  the}- met  with  several 
holes,  iu  which  luunan  boilies  were  interred,  sli;'htly  covered  over,  and  in 
different  states  of  decay,    some    ajipeariiiH'    to    have    been   very  recently 
depo.sited.     About  half  a  mile  to  the  northward  (.f  our  tents,  when!  the  lan<l 
is  nearly  level  with  liiyh-water  murk,  a  few  paces  within  the  skirtin;^-  of  the 
wood,  a  eanoe  was  found  sus])ended  between  two  trees,  in  which  were  three 
human  skeletons;   and  a  few  paces  to  the  ri^ht  was  a  cleared  space  of  nearly 
forty  yards  round,  where,  from  the  fresh  appearance  of  burned  stumi)s,  mo.st 
of  its  vegetable  produetitms  had  very  lately  been  consumed  by  iire.    Amon;-st 
the  ashes  we  found  the  skidls  and  other  bones  of  near  twenty  persons  in 
different  stages  of  calcination;   the  tire,  however,  had  not  readied  the  sus- 


f 


Mi 


liilll 


!  « , 


232 

jH'iidfil  cniinr.  iiiir  dill  it  ii|i]i(';ir  ti»  li:i\c  )iccii  iiitciHlcd  tlint  it  slimild.  'I'lic 
skclt'lniis,  I'uiiiid  lliiis  dis|i(is('(|  ill  (Miiucs  or  in  li.iskrts,  liurc  ii  wvy  siiinll 
|irn|)urtinii  to  tlic  iiiiiiilii'i'  of  sIviilU  ;iiid  otiicf  liiiiiiiiii  lioiics  iiidiscriiiiiiifitcly 
>ciilf('l'cd  ,'iiioiil  liic  sliorcs.  Such  iiic  tlic  cllccts;  liiil  o|'  the  ciiiisc  or  cjinscs 
lliiit  litnc  ii|M'riiti'd  to  |irodii('('  tliciii,  we  rciiiiiiiii'it  totalK'  iiu:i('i|iiiiiiit('d. 
w  lictlici' o('cii>ioi|{(|  li\  ciiidciiiic  dixiisc  or  rciciit  \\;iis.  'riKMliiinictfi' mid 
{ifiicriil  dcpoi'tiiiciit  ol'  tlic  lew  iiilial»it;nits  \vc  occiisioiiidiv  siiw  liy  iio  mk  aiis 
(duiitciiiiiiccd  tlic  liittcf  o|iiiiioii;  tlic\'  were  iinil'oriiilv  civil  and  iViciidly, 
without  iiiaiiitestiii^-  the  least  sij^n  of  Icar  or  suspicion  at  our  approach,  iior 
did  their  appeiiraiu'c  indicate  their  Imviii;^'  been  much  iinireil  to  hostilities. 
Several  of  their  stoutest  men  had  heeii  seen  perfectly  naked,  and,  contrary  to 
what  nii^lit  have?  l)e»;n  expected  of  rude  natives  lial)ituated  to  warfare,  their 
skins  were  niosth  unhleinished  hy  scars,  exceptiuf;'  such  as  the  small-pox 
S(f(^meil  to  Iwnc  occasioned,  a  ilisease  which  there  is  <ireat  reason  to  beliexc 
is  very  fatal  amongst  them.  It  is  not,  however,  vei-y  easy  to  draw  any  just 
contdiisions  on  the  ti'iie  caiisf'  from  which  this  havoc  of  the  Inmiaii  race  |)ro- 
ceeded:  this  must  remain  for  the  investifi'ation  of  others  who  may  have  more 
leisure  and  a  lietter  opportunity  to  direct  such  an  inipiiry;  yet  it  may  not 
be  unreasonable  to  conjecture  that  the  present  apparent  de[)opulation  may 
have  arisen, in  some  measure,  from  the  inhabitants  of  this  interior  part  hav- 
ing been  induced  to  quit  their  former  abode,  and  to  have  moved  nearer  the 
exterior  coast  for  the  coincnience  of  obtaininji',  in  the  immediate  mart,  witii 
more  ease  and  at  a  cheaper  rate,  those  \aluable  articles  of  commerce  that 
within  these  last  years  iiave  lieeii  lirou^^lit  to  the  sea-coasts  of  this  continent 
by  iCnropeans  and  the  citizens  of  America,  and  Avliitdi  are  in  ji'i'eat  estima- 
tion amoiifi'st  these  peojile.  beinj;' pos.sessed  b\-  all  in  a  greater  or  less  degree." 
While  surveying  Admiialty  Inh't,  \'ancouver  met  with  further  parties 
of  Indians.  Ol'  thi'  Skokomish,  he  says:  "'i'owards  noon,  I  went  ashore  at 
the  village  point  (southern  end  of  IJainliridgo  Island)  for  the  piu'pose  of 
observing  the  latitude:  on  which  occasion  1  visited  the  village,  if  it  may  be 
digniiied,  as  it  ap])eared  fiie  iiio.st  lowly  isnd  meanest  of  its  kind.  The  best 
of  the  huts  were  |)oor  and  niiseral)le,  constructed  something  after  the  fashion 
of  a  soldier's  tent,  by  two  cross-stick.^,  al)out  live  i'eet  high,  connected  at 
each  end  by  a  ridge-jiole  from  one  to  the  other,  oyer  some  of  which  was 


■ml 

n 


thrown  ii  conrst"  kind  ul'  iiint:  over  oIIhtx.  a  fm  I.m,sc  l.iam  Iks  nf  trc's, 
slii'uhs,  Jin.l  ^Tiiss.  Nc.nr,  linurvcr.  apiiniir,!  to  l.c  .MiLstnirtid  tor  pr..I.rl- 
iiin>  ilicni.  cither  apiiiist   llir  lical  nf  simuiicr  or  llir  iii«liiii.  ncy  nf  uiiil.M'. 

In  tllolll  Wcfc  llim.U'  lip.   tn  lie  fUlvd   l.V   til.'  Mlinls.nf  till'  fllV  ll      \    K<l'l    '"'l- 

Htantly  l)iiriiiiijr,  clams,  muscles,  and  a   few  mher  Uiiid>  nf  fi>li.  >eemiii-l> 
intended   fnr  their  winter's  siih>i^tcnce.     'I'h.-  clams  iieihajis  weiv   tint   all 
reserved  fnr  that  i.m-pnse,  as  we  fivqiieiitlv  saw  them  Mnm-aiid  wniii  ahniit 
the  neck,  whidi,  as  incliiiatimi   directed,  were  eaten,   twn.  three,  nr  h.df  a 
iln/.eii  at  a  time.     'I'his  station  did  not  api^'ar  to  liave  lieeii  preferred  fnr  the 
purpo.se  of  lishin^',  as  we  saw   few  of  the  penplc  s(.  employed;   nearly  the 
wh(de  of  the  inhabitants  Ixdoiif-in^r  to  the  villat>-e,  which  e(.nsisted  of  al.niit 
oifrhty  or  a  hundred  men.  women,  and  children,  wen   l.iisily  en-a-ed.  like 
Kwine,  rnotin^'  up  this  heantifiil  v.'rdant   meadnw.  in  .past  ..f  a   sp.'cie>  ..t 
wild..ni..n,  an.l   tw..  other  r.u.ts,  which,  in   apiiearan.v  an.l   last.',  f^r.atly 
resembl.Ml  the  saranna.  parti. nlarly  the   lar-.'st.     The   cnlle.lin-'  ..f  iIk'sc 
roots  was  most  likely  th.'  «d)ject  which  attract.'.!  them  to  tliis  spot;  they  all 
seemed  to  gather  them  with  mmdi  iivi.lity,  and  t..  preserve  them  with  -r.'at 
care,  most  probably  lor  tli.'  i.m-pose  of  makin;;'  the  paste   1    have  alrea.ly 

nientione.l." 

"These  i)e.tj)le  varied  in  im  essential  Jtoint  frmn  the  natives  \\v  had  seen 
since  our  entering  the  straits.  Their  persons  wen*  equally  ill  ma.l.'.  an.l  as 
much  besmeared  with  oil  an.l  dilVer.mt  .•.dored  paints,  parti.'ularly  with  ivl 
ncher  and  a  sort  ..f  shining  .•halVy  mh  a,  very  pni,.h.r..us,  an.l  in  .'..Inr  nm.  h 
reu-mbling  black  lead,  'i'hey  likewise  p.)s.sessed  more  ornam.'iits,  ..sp..ially 
such  as  were  made  of  copper,  the  iirticle  most  valne<l  an.l  .-steemed  among 
them."  SubsHiuently,  about  eighty  of  the  Dwamish  visited  the  ship,  whos.' 
appearance  he  mentions  as  more  cleanly  than  that  .)f  the  pe.iple  on  th.' 
ishind.  The  latter  were  undoid)tedly  there  merely  temp.)rarily,  and  for  the 
purpose  of  digging  the  roots  referred  to. 

A  party  of  Indians,  it  seems,  turned  the  tables  on  \'an.-nuv.-r,  so  far  as 
the  suspicion  of  cannibalism  is  c.mcerued,  an.l,  alter  subjecting  .some  of  a 
venison  pastry  to  a  very  severe  examinati..n,  rejecte.l  it  with  great  .lisgust, 
pointing  to  their  own  bodies  t.)  iiuli.-ate  their  idea  ..f  its  origin,  lie  satis- 
fied them  .)f  its  character  with  .some  .liiUculty,  and  drew  th.-  inf.r.-n.'.-,  c.^r- 


'if.'  . 


! 

I!     ^ 


H 


l?l 


t 


Ml  i  I 


I  I 


2:}4 

t;iinl\    iMiiiTi.    ili.it    tlic    rli.irMrtcr   n-iiiln-d    in    \\\f    imriiiwcst    Iinli;iii-;    i>t" 

Alliri  ir;i    ill    hi-  il:i\-    \\;i-..   ill    lf;i-l    mi   l;ir  II-   tll(--i'   WClr   i-i  ilircriliil,    llll]M-.t 

I  In-   iiiiii.iitT  <'!    lii(liMii>  tin<iiiiit(i(il    1)\'  Mr.    I'n;^ri    in   i-.\|il(.|  in;^    ihc 

\;irinll>     illicit     li-.iilili;^     In     ihr     -nllln!     wllicll     llnW     lie, IIS     lli.s     liaillC     (Ino     lliil 

M'i'iii  III  li;i\c  liiiMi  '.'I'Mii'i'  ill  |iniii'irli(iii  lli.ni  llin-i-  itift  with  in  A(hnlr;ih\ 
liili'l  ;ini|  liiiml  < '.iii.il,  ;iv,  ihiiiiuh  \';iiicnii\ cr  spcnks  nl  hi>  iiicctiiiu'  ."-cNfial 
trilic-.  hi'  ill  If-  I  ml  rrlcr  In  I  heir  iiuiii1mi>  11  ir  niil\  (litliciiIlN  hiiil  with  ;ni\ 
III    till'  iiiili\c<  \\:i--    111(1  wilh  li\    tlii>   Liiiill'iiiaii  in  what  i-  imw   calltil  Hair 

l'a>>aL'i'.     wilii'll,     lldW  (■\  i-r,     nvsilli;-     tn      IiIn      jiniiltlicr,     i|  (I     lint     prncrci       In 

<\triiiiilii'>.  It  is  I'ciiiarkalili-  that  mi  liii>  m  rasinii  thc\'  slinwcd  tin  sur|irisc 
at  the  lire  nt    small  anii>.  Imt  iiirrch    iinitalcil  the  sminil  ni'  llu-  iniiski'ts  1)\- 

rSi'laiininiJ-   jmnl    |inn:    al|i|    nil    till'   ilisrhaTL;!'   Ill     till'   S\\i\cl   >llntti'il,    ill>|('ail   111 

thinu',  nil  Ti'U  iiii.-lnini;'  tlii'ii'  Imws,  am',  caiiii'  Inrwanl  with  Iciiiiiiibtratidns 
ol    lili'iiil-hiii. 

Ill  >MrM'\  iiiL!  \\  hiiHii  \  Islaiiil  ami  the  passa^i's  Kiii^i'  cast  nl'  it,  .Mr. 
W'hiillii'N  imt  \vi;ji  till'  Siinhninish  ami  Ska;.;it.  <  )t'  this  districi,  Naiicoincr 
>a\s.  "  'I'lii-  II 11  111  111' I'  III'  its  inlialiitanis  is  a  limit  six  laimlrcil.  w  liicli  1  >limil(l 
sii|)|ii«sc  wmilil  cM'ccd  the  tnial  ni   all  tlir  nati\('S  li  'rnrc  sccii," 

Alnad'.  the  jinidiictiniis  nl'  I'lurniican  art  iian  ln';;iin  tn  lind  their  wa\' 
hiri'  Nut  iiiiK' wcrr  the  Indians  tnli-raliK  well  shjijilicil  w  illi  irmi  and  ('n|i- 
|ii  T  arinw -jinint-.  Imt  \\i'a|inns  al.-o  had  ln'iii  iiii|inrti'd  "'I'lit'  cim!  "  sa\s 
\'am'nii\  I'l',  "t'nrsn  we  iinist  disiiiiii'uish  him,  hail  two  haniici'-^,  mic  ()F  S]i,m- 
i^h  and  tlir  ntlu  r  ni'  l'.ntili>!i  inamil'actiirt'.  mi  which  lir  sccincd  tn  sc-t  a  ^  "r\- 
lijijli  \alii('."  !''rntii  tlii'ir  riirinsit\-  in  kiinw  ir  he  was  all  w  hitc,  Mr.  ^\'hldl)(  y 
cmiclndi'd  thi'\  had  imt  liitiirc  seen  an\  l^iirn|K'aiis,  lliniij;li  tVi  m  tli(3  (liU'ri'- 
ciit  articles  ihcx'  |inssessed  it  \\,is  e\ident  a  i 'oininunicatie  had  taken  jilace; 
|ii'nlialil\'  'iv  means  nt'  intertvilia]  trade. 

.Mr.  Iirmiuhtmrs  account  of  the  C'oliuiiliia  River  hidiiins  is  i'ar  less 
luiniite.  Ill'  makes  no  estimate  of  their  apjiareiit  numbers,  which  do  not 
;!|i|iear  In  lia\e  struck  him  as  ver\-  lireat,  merely  remarking  that  the  farther 
he  |iriic('cdid  till-  iiinr.'  the  country  was  inlialiited.  It  is  tn  he  noticed  that 
the  de-i  rti'd  villaii'es  referred  to  \)\  \  aiicmixer  and  his  ditVereiit  jiarties 
wen  jirnhalily  lett  i'nr  the  time  Iteiii;^-.  The  perindof  Mr.  Brouti'liton's  visit, 
the  mmitli  ni'   I  >ei'enilii'r,  was  one  at   which   must  nt'  the   liands  livint:'  near 


tiir  int.iitli  nt'  thf    ii\.-r  \\>-v  <<u  SIi.mIw.U.t    \\:\\  .  cii^iip-il  in  l.ikin-  wiiil.T 
salmon       Tin-  loll.iu  iiii;-  .str.ict  .nili.-lii--  lii-  primiiml  ..listTViitious  : 

••'I'lic  natives  .liti.'ivd    in    nuihinL;-  very    nialcriaily   In. in   lli^r   \m-   ha.l 
visitcil  (hn-inu-  tin'  .-uiiuu.r.  i.nt    in   tlw   .If.'nratiuii  ,<\    lli.ir  iMr-';i~:    in  this 
iv>i..Ti  ili,-\    <nr|ia-sc(I   all  llie  .'IIht  trilirs,  uiili    painls  of  ililV.r.  m    .•..|..r>. 
|'railicr>.  an.l  cilnr  uinamcnt-.      ■riuir  li..u-r- >.  ,nic.l  \.<\'r  nmr.    .■,.ail..rla!.lr 
than  ihoM'al  Nnutka:  tin-  roof  liaviii<?  ii  f^Wator  iiirlinalinn.  aii.l  tlir  j-lankinir 
hcin-  ihat.'h.'.l  over  with  tlu'  l.ark  ot  tiv,  .      Tli.'  .iitian.  ,•  i.  ihiounl,  a  l.olr 
in  a  Wrnail    plank.  .Mrvrd    in   Mirli   a    niann.r  as   to   iv.-Tiiil.lr   tlir  larr  ol    a 
man.  tlir  month    -.rvin-  tor   the  ]M|-]iom>  of  a    iloor-wav.      'I'll.-  Inv  plarf  is 
.sunk  in  the  earth,  aial  con'oied    from   spivaiiin.L;'  al.ov  I  v  a  wooden  frame 
Tile  iidial.itants  are  universally  addieted  to  >:n..kiu--.      'i  heir  \,\\n-  is  snndar 
tooursiusha|.e.     The  howl  iMuadeolverx  h.ard  w  ood,  an.l  is  e\ieriially  orna 
niente(l    with  rarviu,-,-;    the    luhe.  ahoul    tuo    feet    Ion-,  is    made  of  a  Muali 
l.ranc'h  of  tlio  ehler.      In    this  they   smoke  an   hei-l.  whirli   the  country  j.ro- 
duce.s,  of  a  very  mild  nature,  and  hy  no  means  uniilea.sint  ;    they,  howi^xer, 
took-l-eat    pleaMire   in  s.a.d^ill-    toliaeeo;    heliee    it    is    UlltUial    torouehldcit 
Mii-li!    heronie  a  valiial)le   arlirle  oi    tiallir  anu.n-s1    them.      in   I'loM  other 
iv.si)ect.s,  tlu-y  ivsend)le  their   -.ei-hhor.-,  as   to  their   mauu.rs   an.l   mo.h'  of 
Ii\in,ii',  hciii;:-  t'i|ually  filthy  and  uncle.iidy. " 

Mr.  \Vliidbe>'N  a.i'onnt  of  the  cxamiuatlon  of  Ciax  llarhor  .■outams 
<-veu  less  iutonuation.  Th.'  total  numl.cr  ..I'  iidiahitants  s.^en  hy  him  was 
estimated  at  one  hundred;  most  of  the  remainder  liein;^-.  iu  all  |a'ohahility, 
at  Shoalwater  Uay,  uhh'h.  as  hefore  meulioued,  was  the  wiute:'  nnuim!  of 
the  'rsihalis  e(|ually  with  the  ('hiiHlk. 

'rhe  next,  and  a  lar  more  valuahli'  account  of  tin-  ( 'olimdiia  Ifiver 
Indians,  Is  that  of  Lewis  and  (  iarke,  thirtei'U  years  later,  'i'heir  dcM-rip- 
tions  of  lu.lian  maiuiers.  dwelliu;is,  and  life  are  ac, •urate,  an<!  they  hase 
not,  likomau)  other  writ.'is.  indul-ed  Iu  speculation,  or  attempted  to  draw 
infereiici's  rud  assign  motives  for  .utiou  oil  insuiricieut  l.asis.  The  iioineu- 
(datnre  assigned  l.v  them  to  many  of  the  hands,  with  which  the_\  met  or  ol 
which  thi'V  ohtained  luformati.ni,  is  uot  recooni/ahle  at  the  pn  m-uI  day, 
Theiv  are,  iu  fact,  no  tieueric  names  used  l.y  the  lii<llans  aniou;!'  their  own 
tribes,  hut  each  Imiid  is  distiiifinished  l.y  its  .ipproi.riate  appellation,  that  <.l 


ii 


flic  i.'riinii'!  wlilili  it  Dcciijiio  <  ii'iicric  nv  triliiil  iiaiiM's  \\iy  (itlicr-  lUf  ^miie- 
liliics  ii>ici;  liill,  ;i-  liclnrc  inclitii  i!ic(l.  1  In- ci  ilic-ii  p|i  ;iinn|i^'  tile  li;il|il--  "  >,♦'  tile 
.siiiiii-  t;!iiii'\  is  sii  sriiiill.  ili;ii  it  i-;  nuTc  iisuiil  !>>  Iii'iir  tlicii  >(|iiii'iitcl\  im-ii 
timicd,  (■\,-ii  liy  tli>ii'  ii(i;iiiliMis.  As  til*-'*'  aji]i<-II;iti(>iis  (litlcr  with  tiic 
(lltli-rciii  trihcs.  ainl  iii(iii'ii\  <-i  ilii,- uut  u  iih  ihr  ,ili:iiiili>iuiiciit  n!  a  |)arti<'nlar 
l<i(alit\,  it  l.>  ic\t  tu  iiii|iu--ilplc,  all<-i'  >ncli  a  lapse  -it'  liiiir,  in  iilc!itit\'  all 
III    lliciii,  i'-.ti-j)i   l)\'  llicic  lucaiitx   (if  (iidcf  (it    siiccissidii. 

SulisiMjiiciii  til  Lrwis  and  ('laikc  is  l'"raii(luri',  wlmsc  siiiijilicitN  nt 
iiaiTaiit.il  aiii|  air  i if  tnilli  indiKH;  a  ic^^fct  that  liiswnrk  is  udt  inure  in  detail. 
I   |hmi  iliis  iiiiu'li  fit  Mr.  Ir\iiiii"s  desci'i|tti(iii  is  iiased. 

Ii'(is>  ( 'ii\".-~  ad\eiitiii  s,  tlidiij^li  lii;:lily  aiiiusiiijr  and  suflieienti\  a*  ciiriite 
\vli(  re  de>rri|)ti.iii  alone  is  conccnied,  uixi  lialile  to  ;:ive  very  t'alse  inipres- 
sioiis  ol"  motive  anil  idc;i. 

Of  tile  i-xtei'iials  of  s;i\iiji'e  life  on  (he  ( )re<idn  coast,  tliere  are  nian\' 
)^ra|iliir  ai:d  full  aecoiints;  luit  an  insi^ilit  into  their  minds  is  not  so  eas\  to 
reatdi.  and  tlio>e  who  hn\('  most  carefiillv  sonjilit  it  are  likely  to  lie  most 
iloulitfnl  ot  tliei.-  sneces.s. 


iP 


KAKM.Y  VISITS  OK  WiiriK  .MKX. 

The  Indians  at  the  mouth  of  the  ('ohimli'a  jiru!ser\i'  sexeral  ti'aditioiis 
of  the  early  yisits  of  white  men,  the  llrst  of  \vlii(di  must  lune  hecii  many 
years  anterior  to  the  arrival  ol'Oray.  The  wit'e  ol'  .Mi-.  Sdloiiioii  11.  Smith, 
who  lielon^'i'd  til  the  Klatsop,  and  vvas  liorii  ahoiit  the  \  ear  islo.  inl'urmed 
me  that  the  first  white  men  seen  hy  her  tribe  were  t1i:i  >  who  came  ashore 
in  a  hoat  i'rom  a  wrecked  ycssel.  •■The\  landed  on  Klatsop  I'oint  (  I'oint 
Adams),  vvheie  one  soon  afterward  died.  'J'hey  were  lifHt  descried  li\  a 
woman  who  had  lost  her  idiild,  and,  after  the  Indian  fasliicii.  had  o(,iie  out 
in  the  mornin^^  to  moiirii  tor  it.  She  .-aw  a  lar;i'e  oltject  lying  on  fhe  Ije.icli, 
;'i  d.  while  loukin!4'  "'  i'  '*'  wonder,  the  seamen  came  asliore  and  approached, 
holdinu'  a  hrij^ht  kettle  and  motioning-  her  to  liriiin'  wafer.  She  was  afraid; 
Imt  they  )»ut  it  ilowii  and  ri'tired,  w  hen  she  t«iok  it  ami  ran  to  the  yillae'( 
i'he  1  ndians  then  came  down  in  a  hody.     The  new -comers  hx  'ike  mi'ii, 

except  ill,  t  they  had  loiiji-  he.ards  like  liears.      Tlie\  had  already  \«\\  the  sick 
man  into  :\  oo.x  to  lie  Imried,  a.s  he  was  nearly  dead.     The  Klat.sop  Indians  sent 


t'lir  till-  <ifln  IS  nil  fill'  liver,  ^^lll>  cnmi'  \\,  'jrc-M  iniinl)riN       A-^tmii-licil  ;it  iii<> 
valiif  I't  tliiir  prizr  aini.  licijiiiiLT  to  i^i't  tin-  \\  liolr  .it  liu'  iii-.  I.ii>  w  liicli  it  nni 
taitici!.  lliiv   -I  I    till'   111   till'  wreck.  l'\   which   iiie.iiis   ihe\    hi>!   ;il!.       Ili'ie 

WcrC'    culilier   Lerlle-^    oil    the   \e>>el>    iillil    |)ie('eS(it    llli>Ile\,    hllvillL;'   ;i    >ijll,ire 

hi'h'  ihripiiu'h  ilsc  center. 

'ihe  t\\  I)  sur\  i\  illLT  >e;lliiell    reillliiutil   ;is    sjavis    in    ihe     lvl;ll-ii|i   milil   it 
\\;i>  tiiuinl  lh;it  iiiie  \v,\r.  a  iVi.rkcr  ill  irmi,  nf  w  hich  t!ie  Iiii!i;ni>  he-, in  in-^e. 

thie   N.lllle.   wllell   lhe\    lllilih'hiui   11    chiet'.        .\t'te.r\\  .■Hi!  !  lie  t  W  m  st.li'teil  t'l  ir  I  heir 

own  ciiiin!r\.  whicli.  thev  >aiii.  A\a>  fou.anl  the  risin^r -iim  Ihey  went  as 
i'ar  as  the  llaUes,  where  nnc  stnjipeil  anil  inai'rieih  The  uihi  r  leiunieil  to 
Miillnoniali  l.-lamt  and  niarrie<l  there  He  liad  a  «laiit:!iter,  who  wa-  .in 
olil  jiTiiv-haireil  woman  wiicii  Mfs.  Smith  was  a  chihi.  li-r  own  i.ithi  r 
feiiiemlicrcil  the  arrival  ot' tlic  seamen.  Tlie  iii.m  \\tio  h\ei|  oii  .Miihiioiuah 
IslainI  was  iimhiulitedK  the  one  mentioned  hy  I'ram  iuie  in  Iiis  nanatixe, 
whose  .-on.  Soto,  was  ali\e,  and  a  \er\'  old  man,  at  the  lime  ot  his  visit. 

After  this,  a  vc.-sel  anchored  oil'  .\l;ihcai-nie  Head  |  lalse  'rilamuk  ],  in 
the  hij^ht  at  the  mouth  ot'  the  Nehaleii  K'ivir.  .\iionl  twenty  armed  men, 
with  cutlasses,  came  on  shore.  lirin;jiiiji'  an  iron  chest,  which  they  cirried 
about  two  miles  hack  into  the  countr\,  to  a  spot  where  an  Indian  trail 
cro.sses  a  hrook  on  tl'.c  south  side  of  the  jironioiitory.  I  he  |ilace  ua>  ia>t 
of  tlii>  trail  and  south  of  the  lirook.  There  they  luirii  d  it  hetueeii  two  rocks, 
lettinj."- down  auothei-  on  top,  and  cut  an  inscriiition  oi^  the  lock.  'I'lny  then 
killed  a  man  and  went  awav.  Some  years  a;io.  a  party  of  ( )reij:onians  went 
to  search  (or  this  liox,  nndei'  the  impre.ssioii  that  it  was  hidden  iiiasiin',  hut 
wer(>  iiiisuccesst'ul,  for,  althou/^h  the  place  is  ascer.ained  within  ;i  -hoit  dis- 
tance, their  Indian  iiuidos  would  not  appi'oach  it.''  The  iiicideiii  o!  i  man 
lieino- killed  on  the  .sjiot  is  proliahlv  an  Indian  addition,  drawn  I'loiii  their 
own  usajiis. 

Another  ves-.ei,  luivin;^'  on  hoard  a  lar<ie  ijuautity  of  lice.swax,  was  cast 
awav  on  the  spit  of  land  to  tlivi  north  of  the  sauu!  river,  the  Nelialeii.  The 
crew  came  aslions  built  a  bouse,  and  lived  peaceably  lor  some  tiim?,  till 
they  lie^^an  to  take  awav  the  Indians'  wives.  This  createil  ,in  e.\citemeni 
and  linally,  when  they  had  .seduced  otf  the  wife  of  a  cliiel'  lie  a--eniiiled  the 
tribe,  and  asked  if  the\    woiil  I  ht  their  wives  iro  or  li^^lil.      The\  decided  to 


li 


'j;;s 


!'!■ 


'  I, 


'I, 


fi;j!il.  iiii'l  jiitaikcil  the  M^jiiiirn  \\itli  1mi\\>  iiikI  ariowv  ■nil  siicii-s.  TIu- 
l.iiiir  I'^Istc'l,  lliiii/rir/i/  stmn  >i  bclt'uiil  tliiiit  (iiid  innlii  (lieir  unns  k  ill/  <irtut  June, 
;i>  llii'  liiiliaii-  ^;iy,  liiif  were  finally  ill!  kiilcil.  This  i.ccsuax  Jia  -  ('I'tcn  hci-ii 
ni<'iiti<)ii<-<l  liy  Ira\  <l'T,s,  and  jii'ccs  nt' ii  coiiliiuii-  In  lif  tdiiml  atti  r  ui-.-tcilv 
-liifuis.  'I'liis  vcssi'l  \va-  jnoliaiily  a  .(a|iaiifsi'  jiiiik,  si'\<  ral  nt'  wliicli  lia\e 
Irmii  lime  tn  tiiin-  liccii  cast  a\va\  mi  (lie  coast.  It  is  iii>ticcalili-  that  nunn 
111  liic  'I'ilaiiifik  ilitl'ci-  in  [nixinal  a|)|M  aiancc  iVmii  tlitir  iHi;:liliiiis  at  this 
(lay,  su  as  easily  tn  Ic  rccdunizid  h\  tlm-c  ac<|Uainti d  with  tin-  |!rciiliafitv. 
Thcii-  ci)iii|)lc\iuii  i.>  \clhi\\<r  than  iiidinarN'.  and  tlicii'  cxcs  iikuc  nl)li(|iK! 
and  clnnyatcd. 

Tile  s|)(pt  oil  w  liicli  Lew  is  and  ( 'larkc's  v,iiifcr  oiicaiiijniicnt  w.is  lixcd  is 
still  disci  rniliji-,  and  tin-  loundation  lo;^s  iciiiaiiicd  till  \\itliiii  a  \  car  or  two. 
It  \\a>  oil  the  \\c>t  liaiik  of  a  lililc  ri\cr,  called  li\-  the  Indian-  NetuI,  liiit 
;^eiic|;illy  known  a.'^  Lewis  ,ind  ('larki"s  Iii\er,  alioiit  um>  miles  tVoiii  its 
month.  The  trail  liv  which  the\  nseil  to  ii-ach  the  coast  can  also  lie  tra<'e<|. 
'I'heir  \isit  |ii'o(iiiced  a  stroii^ei'  imjires^ion  iliaii  an\c\ciit  licforc  the  arii\  al 
of  the  Astor'a  |iart\',  ami  tlie\  are  still  remeniliered  ii\  the  older  Indians. 
( )iie  ol  these  Indians  tohl  a  settler  that  the  cajitaiiis  were  real  chiel's,  ami 
that  the  .\merii  alls  who  had  come  since  wero  hut  filihnn.  or  couiiiion  pt'o- 
|ile.  Skc-mali-kwe-iiji,  the  chief,  and  ahiiost  tlie  last  siirviMir  f)t'  tlie  Wali- 
kiakmii  hand  ol"  Tsinrik.  jin  -er\c(i  wiih  ;^reat  inide  the  medal  i^iveii  him 
liy  Lewis  and  (.'larkc.  until  within  a  \  t'iir  or  two,  when  it  was  accidentally 
lost,  to  his  j^rcat  ;.iriet', 

TIu;  Tsihalis  Indians  retain  a  recollection  oi"  (iray.  K.au-kaii-an,  th(i 
old  iliiel  at  IVihalis  I'oinf,  inlonned  iiic  that  he  had  seen  him.  Gra\'  'j:;\\g 
them  a  innsket  and  some  <  artridj.i'es,  iirst,  liowixcr.  ciittiii;.;'  oil'  the  halls. 
The\  did  Hot  know  its  use,  lint  supposed  it  wa.-  intended  nu  rtlv  to  make  a. 
noise,  and  lireil  it  oil' until  their  jiow.ler  was  pone,  when  th.\  hroke  il  up. 
.Vl'terward  they  I'oiind  out  ( iray's  oliject.  lie  al.Mi  i^axc  tlieiii  axes  and 
kni\es.  the  iir>t  the\  had  seen.  A  lew  years  after  lijin  came  Captain  'I'oin- 
linson,  with  whom  also  the .'  traded.  (ira\  and  he  iiseil  to  ^'iNe  them  a 
"small   blanket'.  prolialiK'  a  piece  oi   coai'.--e  elfith.  Ini'  a  dres  ed  deer-skiii. 

(.jtiiitv'  a  niindter  of'  Sonnd  Indians  reniemlier  the  \i-iisot'  the  eurU' 
ships  to  their   \\aters.  altlioii'/h.  a^   nii'.ht  N     expected,  ilie\    ha\e   confn^ed 


L':'.u 


llicir  iiccuiiiits.      l.alJi  k:iii,im,  iMlli.'r  nt   tlir   hiikc  dl    ^(ll•l^.  the   S'kliH.iiu 

cllict',   ■■IImI   .Ilili.irrlilU     :i    \cr\    "il<l    lll.'lll,    illli'llli'  >l     Hm'   tll.ll     lif   \\  :l>  :iIm.ii;    liir 

;ii;c   nl'  a    \u<\     wliiiiii    li'     |nMiiiiil    li',;!,    of   ■-ciiH'   t<  II    \i:ii>    \\licn    tlii\     I'li-i 
ari'i\(il.         riii-    1: ••    -.iiil    hail    nnlx    nii.'   >tick,  iiiasr.    and    wa-    |ir"lialil\     iIh' 
\\'a>liiii;^!(iii,  ( 'a]ilai;i   Ixciiiliick,  u  liirli  laitciril  ia  1  7  ^I'.nr  liir  I  'ri  in  (■•-•-  lvi'\  al 
I  S|(aiii>li  ).  I.iintfiiaiit  t^hiiinpir,  in  17!"*.      'i'ln'  liaKan-  l!i«ai;;lil   ii  was  |  )<> 
kwi'-liiill.  I'm'  llii'N    knew    ii.iiirnii:'  (it    llic   kwa  mli  tnni.  ur   \\liiir   man.  ami 
lln\    Icaic  il  Ii'.-l  Mtiiir  ^Tcat  -ickufs.s  sliciiiM  tMJJdW.        I  he  m-.-'.cI  camr  np  [•> 
New    I  )iinL:(nc-.-   ami   anclinrcil.       Tlu-  dIiI    nnii   ami   \Miim  n    wml  (uii  and 
rallri!   1  >(.k\\claitll    hukwflinill      Tlif   cliict's   >a!il  t"  one  am>l!ii-r   iha!  llnv 
oii^-jit    not    to   In-   atVaiiJ.   and   tiic\    aciiird;iiL;K    wa-iicd,  nilcd,  and    |iainl(<l 
tlitir   i'aics   as    wlifSi    niakini'    tani.alni  ons.    ihlnkin'.^-    U>   iilcasc    1  lokwlmt!. 
'ri,i'\-   all    ui'iit    iHM    in  ihcir   canoes   to  liic    -liip,   when   iii:c   man,  a    sailni', 
nni;i.iiicd  to  tlicni  iml  t>)  clinic  near  1  ill  t  lax   li  ad  w  a  si  ad  the  jiasnt  ti'nm  their 
!iic(-s.     'rhe\   Went   a.stern   and   did    s.>,  and    ilaai   all    were  admitled    In   the 
sliip;  Imii   Lakli-kiiiiiini,  wiii«i  was  sniall   ami  alVaid.  did  iM>t  '^n.      'I  he  sailnr.s 
<.;i>t  iiitu  his  eaii(»e,  and  wanted   to  trv   ami  jiaildle   it.  and  he  <ii(  d  till  llai- 
\  a-wati^t.  (ieiiei-iil  I'ierce's  father,  win.  is  still  li^  in;i,  and  <'hhi-  than  hinis(  li. 
eaiae  down  into  the  ranoe  and  told  him  not  to  i-v\ .      Some  one.  he  sn|t|io-es 
the  eaptaiu.  then  made  tiieiu  all   jireseni-  oi'  Imttons  and  kni\es.     The  <aii 
tain   wanted   afterward   to   Imv    one  of  the   do^i's  iiaii-   Idankets  aiul   one  ol 
i-e«[ar   bai-k.      lie   had   ii<  thiii;^-  at    this  'inie  to  tra.h    with   e.Mciit    l.ntioa- 
knivos,  and  sheathint^-copper,  and    the   shell  called   ^r;\-i-.\v  ( lldliolis).      IL- 
traded  these  tliiii^-s  lor  curiosities.      Ah. ml  a  year  (ir  a  year  and  a  hall  aliei, 
ii  thnjf-uuwted  and  a  two  ii.u.^ted   ves>,l  came   in.      Neilliei'   ol    the  a    wiiil 
farther  lip  than  Port    l)iscover\-.      'i'lic  two-ina.stiMl  \es.s(d    traded  iiiein  in>ii 
hoops  and   broken  iron;   they  lioii^ln   deer- and  (dk-skins,  and  •^aw   ln>iii 
ei;:-ht  to  tw(dve  small  hlatikels!   or  a    miisket  for  one  skin!      'I'hey  also  s<ilil 
sjiot  and  jiowdei'.     When  thi' captain  had  done  tradiiiLi,  he  ;;a\ c  away  kin\es, 
htokintr-u'lasses,  and  other  small  articles  as  presents. 

Lakh-kanaiifs  reineitdirance  of  prices  is  prohaldy  verv  iiiiich  i  -xa-Me,-. 
aled  1)\-  distiima-.  the  L:ood  old  times  lieini:-  a  j^-olde'i  :^::'-  with  tli  Indiaii- 
also;  liii!  the  narativc  is  ]irolial>ly  suhstantially  aci  nranv  W'laa,  he  had 
<>rown  lip  and  ;^'ot   a  wife,  two    more   ships   came,      Seveia!    uad  tnai  !icd  at 


#■' 


L'-tO 


<';i|H'  l''!;itti:y  hi't'i.rc  the  li;M  caiiic  tir  \i\v  I  )iiiil:'iii<'s-^  Tln'V  caiiii-  .i^lmn* 
iit  iiiici',  ;iii<l  |Mii  ;i|i  a  Iciil.  ami  iiiaiiv  nf  |||.-  |\la!laiii  caiiK  fn  mt  licr.  I'lic 
iiaiiii-  III'  Mill-  ia]ilaiii  was  Lclis  and  llir  njlni'  i'a|iiil.  That  <if  aiiotlicr  still 
was  Kclaliiiiiik.  'I'lii\  always  waiiliil  >kliis  riniM  the  Itidiatis.  'I'lic  I  ii<liaiis 
had  iHi  iiiaNir,  lull  elk,  deer,  and  sca-ottir.  I'or  a  lar^'^c  sea-otter  tlii'V  ^^-asc 
tueiily  l)laiiket>.  They  also  hniii^ht  liaikwa  I'mi-  Iduiiket^.  live  t'atlioiiis  tor 
il  hiaiikef.  The>e  blankets  wel'e  ditl'erellt  tVoUi  tll<-  til>t.  heilli;-  heavier. 
'I'he  la-t  two  vessels  olllycailie  up  to  I'oit  I  )i-.roVef\-.  II,-  thouohf  thfV 
till  II  went  to  Klyokwot.  It  was  at'ti  rwai'd  that  ships  (-aiiie  uji  the  Sound. 
l'or>o)iie  time,  a  ;iood  many  came,  and  then  tlie\  >topped.  The  name  of 
ihe  captaiiLs  ;4i\(-ii  liy  him  eaiinot  he  i-er,o;;'iiized,  and  \-er\  possiliK  wei-e  of 
liidiaii  hestowal.  It  would  si-eiu  to  iii(li(.'«it('  that  se\  efal  tf!uliii<>--v('ss(ds  had 
pa.>.•^ed  up  the  straits  hel'orc  ViiiicoiiNcr;  liiit  there  is  .some  eoiifitsioii  as  to 
times,  if  the  sloop  was  Ciray's,  as  he  cwiiM  not  have  come  up  in  the  interim. 
I.dxh  kanam  also  recollects  when  the  white  peo]ile  (the  Ivussiaiis)  livi-d  in 
a  hou-.e  at  Xceah  l>ay.  lie  was  then  j.;fown  ii]i.  \  vess(d  was  lost  there, 
and  the  .Makali  ]>lui'dei-ed  her  and  liehavi  d  liadl\.  The  li<>ii-e  was  oiilv  a 
'•'lit.  1  II-  knew  iiothinu  of  a  stone  lioiisi-.  such  as  the  adobe  buildhij,''  eri-cted 
by  the  Spanianls. 

\\'iiia|iat,  or,  as  lie  is  called  by  the  whites,  Uouiiparte,  one  of  tlie  old 
Siiokomish  chiefs,  iiifonncMl  me  that  the  tirst  .ship  eaiiie  up  only  ns  far  as 
Whidliey  Island.  Until  then  a  piece  .if  iron,  as  loii^-  as  oiie".s  liM;^er,  was 
woith  two  skives.  That  ship  I'louiiht  it  to  them  directly.  Wlieti  he  was  a 
very  small  hoy,  two  slii]»s  came,  one  of  whi(di  stopp<-d  in  the  Kiallaiu  country, 
and  the  other  went  up  to  the  I'uyalliip.  They  carried  oil"  a  chief,  Tsee- 
shishtc-n.  In  this,  also,  there  is  jiroliably  some  error,  if  the  ships  wej-o 
\  ancoiiver'ii,  as  ho  makes  no  mention  of  takiiii;  away  any  Indians. 


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DEPARTMENT    CF    THE    INTERIOR. 

II.  S.  nr.fHillAl'lIU'Al,  AMI  iii;ii|,';(;K'AI.  SI  iiVKV  n\-  TIIK  l;iH'KV  Mul  M\IN  ItKHldN. 
.1.  W.  l'0\Vi;i,l.,  r.r<ii,iiiii-i   IN  Cm  Mil. r. 


AI'I'KNDIX    TO 


I'AKT    11. 


L  1  N(i  UIST  I  CS 


24;t 


1 1  * 

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fit: 


CON  'V  I':  N    I'M 


('<)iiii);irntivi'  V(M;iliiil:iiii'ff 

Nihkwjilli-KiiKl'^''   Diclionary.. 
i;ugli»li-Ni»Uwiilli  Di.liou'uy  .. 


.(IIIUIH,  'riil.MlK,  AM>  MKNtiAKIM 

(iKOKliK  (iimiM. 

(iKOlKiK  (illlllS. 


;un» 


2i'o 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


(/a 


A 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


fM  IM 

2.0 


U    III  1.6 


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VOCABrLAUIES. 


I. 


m 


1. —  Voculnilari/  of  tin:  SliiliinijitiiidJi. 

A  trilic  (if  tlic  Sflisli  raiiiil}-,  <tl)tiiiii<'tl  iVom  ii  Wdiiiau  of  llio  liil>i.'  with   llir 
assistiiiifc  of  a  iiiaii  also  of  tin;  trilu',  l>y  (Icorii-c  (lililis. 

><(>iK. —  I  did  not  It'arii  llic  locality  fioiii  uliitli  tln'  woiiiau  caiiic, 
and  iiiia;;iiic  llific  may  lit  dialectic  ditVciviiccs  in  tlic  lan^^iia^f.  It  is 
also  pussiblu  tliat  she  may  have  i'or;<(itlcii  some  words. — (i.  (J. 


S 


2. —  I'didliiildfff  tij  the  Shdosiiiuip. 

A  l!il)e  of  the  Selish  family,  obtained   from   Dr.  William  V.  Tolmie.  of  the 
Hudson  IJay  Company,  l»y  (Jeor;;*'  (Jihhs. 

X,,n;. — (Jonceniiii;,'  the  hahitat  of  these  Indians,  the  followinj--  re- 
mark is  taken  froia  "Indian  Lan^nia>,''eH  of  the  I'acific  Slates  and  'I'er- 
ritories"  hy  All»ert  S.  (iatschet  (  Ma;ja/ine  of  American  History,  March, 
IH77):     "TIk;  Shiishwap,  Siiwaiianmck,  or  Sonthern  Ainah,  lielon^s  to 

tho  Selish  stock,  liut   does  not   e.\tend   in litldle  course  of   Fraser 

Kiver  luul  its  allhuiits  so  far  south  as  to  reach  American  territory.      It 
t'loselv  resemhles  Selish  tiroiM'r." 


ft' 


•A  • 


rr 


248 


w 


J- 

m   I 
*■    j; 

If 

i  I' 


3. —  ViHiilintnrii  nf  the  yiLnt< tiutl.li. 

A  IiUm  of  III,.  S(li>|,  Ciiiiily,  iiiliiiMliii^r  till-  Fnis.r  K'iv,..-  iVuu.  \hv  liill-  alin\,. 

'■'"■'   '^^'l''  I"  >li''  iiK.iilli  <.f  til..  'I'l i|.s,,ii   1,'iv.r,  liv  (MMi;iv  (;il.l.s. 

Noll.. — Tins  Nnc.iliiiliiiy  Wiis  iil)fiiiM<(|  .n  K..1I  II. .pc.  .Mmvli  •_•  I, 
iSTii,  In.iri  liwcc-ljili'-lich-kiiw.  .-..11  ..f  tlif  .lii.i' <.f  Kl..li-;.ir-m..li  (n 
viliii^..  ;il  ih,.  lurks)  ||i,oii;;li  llw  iiiciiiiiiii  ..»'  Sk;ili-uli|,  j,  Siiiiuis  .  |ii.  r, 
at  on.-  iiit.Tvi.u:  >Ml..s,M|ii.-iitly  n-viscl.  ini.l  |,r. ■.siiin..!  t..  Ix- .siihsiaii- 
tially  ri.ircct. — (J.  (J, 

4  —  V(i((iJ>nliiiif  of  (hr  Ol'niiih.  )i. 

A  nil...  ..r  tl,..  S..|i.|i   lamily,  ..liliiiiM-l  In.iii  an    iii.li; I'  tli..  Slu'iiici-a-ko- 

"111.  h  l.an.l,  li^;,,;^-  uv.w  \hv  luiks  of  iIr.  rivcT  |(  )kiiiakaii<. .' ],  Im.|.,\v  ||i,! 
lakis,  liy  ( l('(ir;^(.  ( ;ilihs. 

NoTi:.— I  have  n.i  .l.Mii.t  ..f  llic  m-..,,,.,.;,]  a.'iMiracv  ..f  llii.-  v.icaliu- 
kii\ .  'I'll.'  lan^riiajrc  pndiaMy  vaii.'s  c.iisi.l.Talily  towanl  the  li.si.l  ,,f 
III.'  ^r.'al  lake. — (1.  (;. 

•'»• — Viiiitlmlinif  (if  I  he  \V<'i-hii-ihi-l(iiiii\ 


II. t 


-^  "■'• •'•'"•  •'^•■li^l'  lamily;  ..hlaiiic.l  liviii  Dr.  Win.  F.  T.-liiii.',  ..f  ili,-  || 

•siiii  Hay  ('.•mpaiiy,  l»y  (Jeor-r.!  (Jililj.-^. 

(!. —  ViKnhnlaiji  ,,/ tin-  Sliiniurlpi. 


A  liilu'  ..rilif  Si'lisli  laiiiily;   ol.taiiicl  liy  (m.iiu-,.  Cilihs. 

N.Mi;.— .Mr.  (Jat.sclu'l  spcak.-i  of  tlic  S..aiatl|M  ( |>r..l>al.Iy  lliu  .simo 
Irihc)  a.s  ri'.siiliii^-  west  of  Olyiupia  (.'itv. 

7. —  ViKvbuhuii  of  Hie  S/.oiffpc/i. 

A  tril)(.  of  111.'  S.'lisli  litniily,  ol.taiii.'il  In.ni  tli.-  |{,.v.  ( i.  ^Fcn^iaiini,  by  ( ;,..,r.r,x 
(JihI.s. 


— ^'— *-'*-^-' 


msmmm 


•2  ID 

S. —  ]'iic<ihiil(in/  iif  llii  Sjiiil.iiH. 

A  trilM.'  i<\  llic  Sfli>li  CiiiiiilN ,  nlttniiii'il  I'mui  S|iiiK;iii,  a  cliiil'  i>\'  llif  (lilic,  li\- 
( ifur;jc  ( lililts. 

!l. —  I'liKtIiuhtri/  oj  llif  I'isl.icitiis,  1,1   Winntsltii. 

A  liiln'  nl"  tlic  S(li>li  rmiiilv  ( li\  iii;^' nii  tlic  ( 'uliiiiiliia  lii\('i  IiiMii  iIk' N\  inat 
>lia  ii|)  l>>  tlif  ( >kiuakaiH' ),  collcclcil  in  ls;),(,  ;iii(l  siil»M'tju«'iill\   icvisfil 
at  Kdil  ('uhillc  ill   iSdn,  li\   (Imi^^c  (iililw. 

N<Mi;. —  It    is  |iiissiMc  tlicic   iiia\   \»-  (lialcclic  <lillri"<iii('.N  iiclvvi ni 
tlic  Indians  IVdiii    wlinm  it  was  ulitaiiicd. — (!.  (J. 

N(  >  TK. 

Tile   lulldU  ili;^-  cxtllicl,   iVnlll     "  I  lislrilrlii  .n>   jnC    iJcMairll   iclativt'   111   llic 

l']liiinilii;,''\  and  l'hilnlii;^\  i>l  Anit  rica  ",  hy  ( icori^c  <  iildis  i  Sinitlisipiilaii  .Mi-<- 
(•(•llanciMis  ( 'ullcctiiijis.  No.  |()(i ),  i>  inx  rtid  a>  a  ^uidc  In  I  lie  s|icllin;^  uj  ilic 
williin  Micaliiilarics  li\  1  )r.  ( iihlis.  'Ilmsc  li\  I  )r. 'rnlinic  dn  imi  |nllcn\  iln' 
.saint' plan,  Iml  tlinsc  1)\  I'alln  r  .Mcii^arini  sccin  tit  liavc  liccn  allficd  li\  I 'r. 
(!il)l)s  to  conlonn  tu  liis  syslcin  ot' .s|Mlliii;^- : 

Vn\vi;i.s. 

A        as  |nn;i'  in  Julia  i\  and  sin. it  in  <irrniaii  Iml  ini:iii\   as  in  Kn;;lisli  iilnil). 

i:        as  liiii'j  in  ///'//  ("liiii;^  '('"  \\\l(iii),  sliml  in  iiirl. 

I         as  Ioiil;'  ill  iinnnir.   slioit  in  jiiii. 

I)        as  jini^-  in //'J,  slioil  in /'"///', ////"A  (as  "^•cncraliv  |>|-iini>iiin'(d  in  llic  Xuilli- 

cni  States). 
U       as  Idiii,''  ill  /•/*/'■  {III)  in  J'nol),  si  in   full  [mi   in  ffunii ).      //as   in   imiint, 

jilDi',   i^c  ,   In  III'   w  rittcll   '/'/. 
\        as  in  1(1/  {iiir,  tin  in  Ixiirl^  hii<i/lil). 
A        as  in  /ill. 

\J       as  in  lull  (n  in  Imr,  nu  in  hhiml }. 
Ai      as  in  (lisle  ("loii^r  T'  in  piiir). 
Ai'     as  uii:  in  iioir,  mi  in  Imnl. 

'riic  distinction  of  ioii;^-  and  .sliort  vowels  to  be  noted,  as  far  as  ]Hm.sili](', 
liy  tile  di\ision  into  syllahles,  joining;  a  tollowin^i'  (  oiisoiianl  to  a  short  \  iwel, 


f 


il 


! 

\ 
i 

\ 
'I      , 


!"L 


iiiiil  li-.tsiii;j  lilt  \.i\\i|  •i|ii'ii  il'  Iciii;;.  W'licn  llii.-.  i>  iii-<ii(liricnl,  m  wli.rc 
;^iimIii  ili-l'iK  Iiio-^  i--  ili-.iiiililc,  ,i  lnirizuiital  iiiarlv  iiImisc.  In  iiulicalf  a  Imij;' 
vciwrl,  a  riir\<il  iiiarK  a  .  Imrt  one,  lliii>:  a,  •',  <,  >,  ivc  A  nasal  -^s  Ihililc, 
like  llin.c  tiiiinil  Ml  (•(Piiiiii(iiil\  ill  I'Vciicli,  III  lie  iiiaiUrd  li\  all  iiiilcx,  /'.  at 
ilii'  ii|p|H  r  ili^lil  liaml  cniiicr  nt  ihr  \n\\il;  ||iii>,  ((",  ir\  II",  II",  will  n|iii>fiit 
llii-  Miiiml--  III  llir  IViiuli  nil,  (III  III'  ( //,  III,  ami  ((//,  r(>|K'cti\il\\ 

(  ONsoNAM.s. 

II  a--  ill  i;ii'_:lis||  1,1, ill. 

<■  iml   l<p  lir    il>i'il  (•  \rr] it iii;^-    in    (lie    i( ilii|M illlul  ( // ;    wiili'    A    I'ur    tin-    liai(( 

miiiimI,  s  tiir  ilic  Milt. 

|i  a-  ill   iait^lisli  ilid. 

y  a--  ill  l''.iiL:li-li  .///(•. 

'•  a-  ill    JMiLili-li  ,'/"/.  iH'M-r  l'<ir   llif   >u(i    >(iiiii(l,  a>   iii   i/iiiiirr;  i(ir   t!li:^  \\:\- 

alw  a\  >   / 

11  a-i  ill   iiii'jlisli  limr,  1,1,1,  liiiiidli. 

.1  a>  ill    |ji;;li>ll    jilil'li. 

K  a>  ill   j!ii:ili>li  /,/(/■. 

I,  a.-  ill  I'aiLilisli  hilf. 

M  a>  ill   r.ii:ili>li  ntiniir. 

N  a>  ill  Kii;^lis|i  111,1,11. 

I'  a>  ill  Mnuli^li  jiiii, . 

t,|  iii'l  li  lie  ii.cd:    I'di-  ifii  writr  hw. 

i;  a>  ill  I  jii^Ti'-li  inir. 

>  a-  ill  iliitili-^li  ^<iii(  ( . 

•\  -A-  ill   l!ii;:li>li  tuilit. 

V  a--  ill  l"ai;;lis!i  rur 

w  as  ill  MiiLrlisli  irni/niin/, 

X  ii"'  1"  'h'  used:    mile  /,\  or  /):,  acmriliii;^  In  tlir  sdmnl,  in  icii.i,  ciuiiiplr.. 

Y  as  ill  l',ii^li>li  fid, I,  i/iiir. 
/.  as  ill  Mn^ilish  .((//,  Im::. 
N  as  1/1/  ill  I'lii'^^lisli  siiiii'nui. 
sii  as  ill  |ji:^li>|i  -.liiill,  ■^lim: 
/Il  a>  .  ill  ii.iiii,  .V  ill  Ju.MiiH. 


L'.")l 


CM     iis  ill  Ijii^lisli  ihitK li. 

ft 

111      ;is  ill   i;iii;li>li  //////,  IikHi. 

nil     ;i.s  III  ill  tlic,  irillt. 

Kii     :i  surd  guttural  iis|iiriit(',  ilic  ( «i  1111:111  > // in  (f //, /"i  A, /'/«>  A,  ami  xniiriinii  s 

ii|i|ii'<iii(liiii;;-  tli;:t  ill  /(A,  ;((///,  Ih/i  In  r. 
(.11     :i  .soiiiint   ;;'iitliiriil   asjiinitf  (Ar:i))i('  i/liKin);   i>tli(  r  ('i>iii|iiiiiiiils,  like   tlic 

chirks  (icciirriiij:-  in  T'-siniik,  i\ic.,  to  Ikj  r(|ir«s(iil<(l  liy  /./,  //./,  ///.,  iVi,, 

jictonliii^'  1(»  tlii'ir  analysis. 


.    ! 


'?; 


i 


(  U.MI'AI.'ATIX  i; 

Si  lixh 


Ai  I  iiocii  \ 
Mm.   

W  OIIIJII 

li<'y 

(iiil 

Iiit'iiiii 

lalli.i  

MoIIhi 

Illlnlillliil 

Wil.! 

Sim 


I)|ill){lltrr 


Urotlii'i 


.SiHt<'r 


S  .■M..r 

S  rlilrl     ... 
y  >i)liii|jr|-.. 

liiiliiiliH,  (ii'iipli'  . 
II.imI 

Hair 

1'UCL> 

KlMl'lu'llll 

lOiir 

Eye 


I.  Sliili\r!i|iiiiukli.    I       ','.  SliiMiHwaap. 

I 

'.iiil;/(    tllhlm.  I     Itr.  lini.  I'.  Tiillil'l. 


>k.>   liikli hkiilliiin,  Niiimiiiviiii 

diliiral). 

Iliikll  llii'l;i>Lli    ....       Klllllrlloiik 

|II-\VI    -Ullt 

li»kti'irii<>'-tHiii  I 

hUwi  lll;l mill 

kil'-cllMN !<•  io 


Ui- ■liKH 1  II  »  k  <>  i  ( li.v  iimlr ); 

t(l.illlll>,V  fl  llllll<'). 

hIiii    lll'IIN 

liokli-lioiidhli I 

hkll-in' iwilDli-ici 


skllilll   kllllN 


^i  sliin  -mIihh 

lP-k«•ll^^'      ... 


Ill- -liiiatiiiii . 


Niikiik  kakli    

rli-l'llll-rlllls 


k»l  kh 

••K:i|ili    K.iiiM I  l/asiiikiin 


Sum' 

MoiKli 

Tonkin) 

Tirlli 

llriinl 


kail    I'liN kiip'ki  iii'liiii 

►  klll-liwl I 

Ik  HIM    ini'H  hull 

klaiiiiH I  ti'iiii-iiali     

sU'w  I  K'h  lliis  -Ian      ^liiii  kiin-lloiisk  tin 

)HIH-SakH SpiiWllkH 

H|iil  liir-NJnR I  N|ilriiiir'iiii 


Hiiiiil  lain 

tll-W(   -lit 

iHin-riiii'milkli  .. . 
kii  kxMi  iniiiii  iiifil 
skaiN  -/a   


hkr   liil'la 


lini  -vcv  .. . 
hliii-aui  -.. 
irh-kii   la 


MiiS'kii   la  .... 


ii«-kiit>k   

ra'-dliriit  -hIii  ... 

nkrkli 

kIiihi  -kwa 

irki'-H'iairkaii 


li-livval-N'kH  I  li'wluliik 

liallakliWK I  a-<'iliiiiiii 


Mi|i-lnlii.H ; 


Hkii|i'kaii 

ii'M-kiil  kliiMli  ... 

MH'H 

klaii-iic 

irkiil-klii^li-taii 

|ii-H(ikii ..  .. 

Hpi-liit -Han 

lal-la 

Iiai-ja  -liii 

i4|i\viip  -I'liiii 


t.  Okliiukin. 
limrijr  iiihhn. 


1 


xki/llaimkliu    ... 


rkiiil  iiii'klin ' 
li'-liiil' 

ImnIi     III)  tlllll.  . 

wakli  -Ijll   

iu-lii    11 


inkii'l 

iH-lir  -lii-i  

iniiakli  ■liii-iKi 

.><  Ii  II  t-r  111  i  -li  i  I  t  ; 

(\(iiiTi;;ii )  is-kan'-i' 

hliil|> ;  Stan   :i-l lit. 
H  li  u  t'i'-in  I   li  lit; 

lyoiiiinri )  Stan  .'i- 

lilt. 

iN-ka'-t<^lin 

in-slii»li   iii-Hlm 

ilkikha  

il-<lilklr-i-<i|w 

sk.'-liiUli  

iii-tHa-Ni  -akaii  (iii,\ 

lllMll  ). 

'  in-kap-ki'ii'-tin  ... 

j   iti  k«  lUklii.l 

j  in-kl'kc-iiii'l'-Nliiii .. 
in-t«-'na 

I  i(t'n-k\vill-kw'  kliw- 
tin. 

iH-puH-Hakit' 

iH-jiil-liiirlHiii    

in-liwthk , 

in-ai -tiiiii-iii    

ilS-(>p-l4t-Hill' 


L'."):; 


VtMAlM   I.AKll'.S. 

Jul  III  ill/. 


f>.  \Vii-k)-liA- 
Lailif. 

Ur.  H'm,  f.  Tutmif, 


(>(ur>;<  liibbn. 


Du-tiu-tiucb 


kait-i'liU 


kfi-i-liis  ... 


INll-C-<Mt>l|-U-ll?<ll 


lliln-kiiil> 


JHli-kap  kin  . 


ka-<M)-iiii 


kliiii-iiiH 

biHvkiio-tlouHli- 
kiiiR. 

i'<li-|>i''-»!ikli-zKi'< 

l.S-piliHlttluiJS  ... 

tvc-whaat-cliiit.. 


t'll-tnlll 

rH-lli'  -lll-r 

iii>kh-li<>-iii>kli 
rs-kllKc' 


I'K-trlli-kr  -eil... 


I'l-slii-  ■sliin-s.lia  . 

rl-k.lkll-U'bll.... 

.1  k.kli.1 


il  rlii-(liiii|i» 

hki-'-liikli 

txa-Hlii'-u  -kail 

kap-kcii' 

Hkut-lus 

kl-ki'-ii)rl-»hiri . .. 
ti''-iia 

Nl'kiil-kiil-los-kaii 


«|>o-Kak» 

SlM'-lim-tlM'll 

If'kliw'tHk 

ai'-to-iiiiii  

H<i|i-t<'liiii 


*.  Mkoyrtpi. 
ttir.  li    Miiiijartin. 


I*.  S|Mikaii. 
Iliuryi-  (iitil>!> 


ckMl-ll  -111 

kl 

v\      ... 

tl'k    ll'IIK 

-li 

1 

t.-t"  -Ail 

... 

«ta'ki>.iii 

kli 

11 

\Mi|\h  till 

U'-<-   liii . . 

... 

nkal  III  iiiikli    :  Kkiil'tailii    liii 

I 

Irk  lilii  iiii'Ikli Mliia-i'iii    . 

I. -Id    it '  li'ln  il         . 

Nil'   ku-inikli ;  nliaxli-ii  liiin. 

woklilill (ikliti'll    


I 


\>.  I'lRknuim  iir 

WiiiiilKlia. 

Uriirij,  f.i/./.. 
Nkiil  1. 1  uh  kll^v  . 
"Iliil-.iiii 

ll'l  -11  wil. 

kr-u-nii   lin. 

Htlllll. 

lf-(>-ii    (iif  n  will);      k'-r -II   |liy   linj);  ili-lil-ii'-o  (liy  iMiy); 

tiiin'-liiiii     (iif    II       iiicn'-lHiii  (tiy  Kirll-        ill  -  III  ii -a  ■•  I  mil 

(laiii^litir).  [      (liy  ^irl) 

nko  <i(iif  it  HUM);  loin    cc-kii    i  ( liy    Ihiv  ) ,  ihIi  kii'  i  (l>y   Iniy); 

(<>rik  (laiiglilrr).     I       iii-liiiit  ( liy  )'iil ).  in  Intii  <  liy  ({<>l)- 

n'klii'   lii-c '  i»-liiir  11  I is  Im    l<>-i>. 

no-klio -iHikli I'li-nkli  o-iiii '  riiiikli-liK-iiiikli. 

uku-sr' IN  kiviis-Ni    (ililiKl );  rii-aNli-kwii-hliii 

I        H  k  II  k       Kl-     <•  I  t 
I       (ynilliniT).  I 

Kli'in-kr -('It Il  IH-t  H  lli-c  IliM' 1 1'  i  IH-Ia  I'lin    kil. 

(i-lilcHt) ;  liiH-nllir-  i 
twin  ell  (ytiiuiKor). 

^H  Mil  Ilk  I)  I  -  »  i  -^     in-kal -kl i  I'li  kakit-l'k. 

\     kliukli.  i    is-t.n-sujm-mii'-iniij  in  hIii -rim;  m-Ni  iiiii- 

<'lia  ( vi'ry  yutiiiK), 

^HM  ■  II  11  -  k  n  I-hIA     iii-kl-<  ill -elm iii-clia -ka. 

^     kliiikli.  /     iiil-i'lii  ■(  li(-ii|m  ..  .  I'll  Ik'-Iii. 

skai-likli Nkiii    likliw I  iih'kiiil'. 

lH<'h  -M'-kc'ii Bpilli-kuiii I'ii  kmii   kail 


koiii'  kail I'H-Hki'-an   ii-kaii. 

hkii-lliiH i  Kkwil-lim' isli-klii't'-iiii'ii. 

kil-kiMiD'l.i'-liyiui  ..|  Hkil-ti  iiiv-hIiIii kat-ka-nialHli. 

iti-taii'-na. 

s'chi  k-kc  vi'-kliw'-  iMli-ini-klnx  k  Inn'- 
olilii.  mill. 

»pu-HakM !  Hpi  hakx' i  ri-iiiKk'-oin. 

Hpu-lliii-twii '  Kpi'-liiii'-vlilii  iHli-kuiii'i  Inn. 

ti-kliiitii-kii I  li-»li-«!Hl' !  i!U-in<-l'-lik. 


kap-kalii'-tt'ii 


ti'-iii! trn-iii< 

i 
MtH-ku-tlim'-!('ii 


.  .. '  llllli-r  -liwii. 


ai-'ii-nii'ii ... 

»rip-t/.iii  O'l'nrdv)..    Hiip-cliin  


i-n-liul-aklin  . 
(•h1i-«  lip  chin 


■A 


2>» 


I!  I' 


!l 


l.\Si.l    AI.K, 

Ai  MiDiarv, 
Nek 


Arm 


lluiiil    

l''iii);rrN 


ILhI.V 


COMI'.M.'ATIVK 


I.  Sliilit\a|iiiiHkli.    I       'J.  Kli(Mmwnii|i.  X  Nikiiti'iiiKkli. 

(iiiiryi    tiihht.  Hi,  II  m.  /'.   fnhi'i  tliunji  tlibbn. 


k'l   luilii    I  lllllN 


«kil  W.lkll  li:iiiH 


kal  llkim'.. 
lO-lr'  li'k^l . 


Ii.'iIIIkIi 

hIicIiuhmxI 


k.l   Kl      llllk'Kl'lJH....!. 

wi-wn    lllli |. 

hk\\;l     ll'ln V 


I 


ll  Ull-llllMH    '    Hllt/.D-i/ll-llllll 

ll  kll    llHIIH I     

kli-klllHll     

pOH-lllillN' 

I<>Iiii|i'-kIh I  iiiil-kf.vull 


I'lM.I     

TlH-N 

II ■      

Il.illl       

III.hhI 

Tiiuii,  villii);r 

Clii.f 

'   \\':lllinr 

l-lhii.l    

Iliiiix' ,  t'liil'-liir,  ixkiii  liiil;;)'      i'Ii<'|I-ihi;;Ii 

n'llllll-llllllWlll-llll 


kiik-|irkli'  .. 
ii'kr.>all  -sa. 


Kctlli' '   kl-kil|i' 

ItiiH    i  ti'li-kn  III -link 

.\iroH '  skwil  


kaikh 


l.-llknl 

CR-kl'-Wlllt 


k»  ki'iik^t 
Nln'.uaii  III! 
>k«.iklll    


lokli-iryc'ii    ..... 

i..kii-ir.viii 

k"  U..klill 

liHa  ^-uk 

|>a-trl    kl 


k..k.|..- 

n'ki'  hli.iirk  . 


f.  Okiliiiki'ii. 
Hiorijv  Uibb". 


Ill  kiH-|iaii' 


iii'ki'   likli. 


ill  kl'    likli 

iH-clia-.iikxt' 

Ill  kiikli  kl'  -iiik'Miii 

in-ki'l-t'k 

is  rill  -liau    


i»-k«  ikli    , 

i»-i'lia-ii-li<iir   

iH-tMiiii'  

IN-llO'lm' 

iii-a-iiiiklil-ki  a 


i-a 

I'lirl  -llll 


.\x 

Kiiirx 


kki-iiiiii 
liiil-l.ik^l' 


Illl'illK'IM 

III  ll.Ulllill 


CaiiiH' tiiaik)  . . . .     kli-.i  :     ulii;;  mil) 

tliluk-a-aiiH. 
MllHH 8lilll-/l.' kii^li 

I'iix'   ,  "k..- fi 

't'liliari'ii Hriiairii 

Sky skli-«kt 


>>itii 


liia^li   lian. 


inlilikiluaHkil 

iM|iiiillal 


ll  .I'llH    -lllllll     

ill■ka■^i•li^ll 

i-silaklil'   

ill  t'liil    llll 


illi-ka|>' 


li.ii-ii    kit 

>k\vi' j  iiul:-kw  ili-iiik  . ... 

I>li'k\viir-iiiik '  iiiskr-lili 


k'ui'M'-kaii..  . . 
hIimI-I<-4 


Iskil'wll 


»liilt-7ii'  

iMik-kiilH-laii  . 

siiian'li 

kliH  


kw<l-k«  'IK  .. 


iii'kaii  i'>  -Ian 

iii-i'iii    1  k»iiiiiiili  . 


iK-lai-liiiii 


iii'kakli-liaii    

iviia-niaii'-liii-'i'ii  . 

Knian'-liii 

kiil-la'  im-iNl 

liai'Mill 'llll 


voi\\i;ri,\i:ii:s. 

I 'it  mill/. 


I     ;.  \v..  ks  iiA- 

'  l..illlr. 

ftr.  M'tH,  t'.  Tntiitii . 


1.     >li»iiM'l|il  i  7     Sl,ii>t'l|il  '  -     S;mvI..mi 

I 

1  I 

I   n'l  III  IllJh    kulll.  . 


k  i'n  |i«  II  (Imi'k  iif     ki'M'ix'ii     

iift'k) ;  Hki'iii.il 

knit  (llinHit).        I 
I  Kkii  "a   l.lii  n    ,  kil  I  kr'  lixli 


l(:i-illt^ll   kr    llkliw '   k<lkli       t.111  iliiiii  km  1  l-l> 

lii(;l'iil<<',{llkiiill  ..     iitrliii-.iikHl    !  lilwr    ikl-.    ...  m  Im  i  Im  iik«l 

kokli'ki'iiik  Hti'ii  .   '  kiikhk;iiii  k^- ti'ii        k«-ki>  ki'iink 


iikil-lik  I  nki-l  -li'k 

hI'mi-IicII       HtlMl'   lll'll 


-luinajjlit HiHi'likli-lu'ii  riki' l.klir:i 

lirrllA-ullllll '    Hi  "Kil  11  -l.llrll 

'  slVlin'    HlH-iti'' 


S|Mt-0! 


NpiMW 


I  liii;i|if.i.t I  mil  kr  uUli im  I  ki  \i 

liw.-  ,   khii  . . 

ll-i-iiH'-liinn I  li-tiilklimii 

,!  nik-i'-Klir -lihli   I  l|-Kc-li-l.il ..  . 

••Iiiklu' Nil  l.ikir      .    . 


Irlilt -liii  ... 


(Hit    llll 


.  I  trkip I'ki'ii 

iHrkwIiiU  tuM-kniiik  ..  .. 

tH'ki''K'ii Iw-kc -li'li ..  .. 

kliin-iiicin '  lii-l.-iiiiii    klii'-li' iiiin   ... 

■<ii(i-kii«-iiii' i  II ;  '  niu-ka-iiirii iiiii   k^i-iiirii 

lllllltlilNt 

klii  (ol  liaik);  slai  lli-i-' 

Iiiiii  t<t>i;{  otil ). 

hIiciIi/iiIi '  k:i'-!  iiii ki'klirii 

'  nImIhi  man -llll  tell  scniiutikli-tcii.    . 

'  Hinaii  -llll j  mi-iiHMikli 

iHllni.iNkil  ;     i^ll■      uli -kiin.ih'kiii   i  »(«kii-iiia>-krt   .. 

tli'ik  (I'UiiiiU). 

Iiai-all    nil    ... 


iikiiil-l'k 
uli'liii  t  l)<> -^lilll 

all  llll  ^llill 
nil  llil-n!llll 
nlrtlo|i  ... 
HIH'-II-*       - 

Mil  a  lull     

m  i -Mkai  -IM  .... 
llll  iiii'-liiilii  . 
nil  |ill  '•III -r  -llll 

ilmili  lllH 

chit    llll 


kl-<  lii'p 
Kkwiiitrli  .    . 
til   |ii'-niiii  . 

sllll    I'lllill     . 

iiiiiH'lir-iiiiii 
H'tl  Inn 


'.I.  I'lnkuaiH  iir 
W l-.!ia 

iilOHI*     liihtl». 


Ill  km    (llll 


klllll  1. 1    ll.lll  I  <l|it>rt  \ 
■  Dpi  11  nil  U  k  H  I 

(liiwirV 

I'll   klt'likll. 

t'H'ilii*  i  ik"!   ;    N  II  ■ 

lllllk't   t  lIllllllliV 

ill  nnI  |>ll-llkKt 

l".||    kllllk 

1'  II       k  <>    III  II     '<  ll  I    II 

|I|iIkIi>. 
i«l  I'liii    Iiiiii. 
isli  lull  lull    hlllll 

ll-Mllll', 
'    Npllt. 

mil  kill    y.i 

\  ll  h  nil'    liiiiii 

'.km. 

hiaklil. 

;    Hlli.|>l    III      llll,       I. III. 

Hlial    llll  :   ikI  ImiI 

I  linilli'l. 

Ill  -klll> . 

llll  rlii    kail. 


kai    i-Hliiii 

Ni:ii  man    llll  ti  ii 

.Hiiiair  llll 

will  rill  liiai*  k'l  . 


tn-ka'  lull. 
kiiii-iN   kail. 
Ill    ka-iiiiii. 


sii'i    Iniii. 

'•ka'    I    Mil' 

'  -tliiitl-ki'ii. 
Miiair  llll. 
s'  k.'i  111.1-  -k  .1. 


klii-.M-'liI    nil     ,  i|i.   kaii-i' k"n  Imii. 


!'.')» ; 


1 ,1 


i  ^ 

* 

1   I 

1*  ■ 

'•;■!■ 

•i' 

id; 


iOMPAIJATIVK 

Silixh 


I.AMil  AliK, 
At  ill<ii:ti  V, 

M'MIII     ,. 


Hiiir. 
I  My. 


NiKl't  

l.iKl'l   


Miiriiiii)(  . 


r.M'iiiiiK   

S|iiiii|; 

SlIllMIU'f  . .     . . . 

Aiiiiijiiii 

WlMllI 


WIimI 


Tlimiili  I    

I.ikImiiiij^    

K'liiii 

Snow    

IIhII 

Kih- 

Wiil.r 

lev 

i:ai III,  land 


K'iviT 


1.  Hliiliwii|iiiiiikli. 

*J.  Nl)«>iinnuii|i, 

.'t.    .NlkllllklluUll. 

1.  1  Ikliiaki  II. 

Uiuri/f  «iifcfc».        1 

hr.  II  III.  /'.  Jul  mil.    1 

titiirgt  fi'iV'i. 

tiiviijr  tiibtitt 

llia;;li    liiili 

ll>    III     lIllllllHl^ll 

iiiu-ir,>i'l  -iiii     

li.ii  ,\all  no;  Ml  kiii' 
urn. 

Mkll-NHIll 

HriHi-riMiHiii  ....... 

iil'ki>-k<i'-iilmii 

xkii  kii   lint  

Hit    tiitl 

M'liiil  Im.il 

nlii'tl  -UnI 

h'IikI  hall    

Ii'i  liitn-ii'-i    

Hhl'ko  k.llrll 

Hhr'tf-Hl' 

ill  kii'kii  ittN'  

iiiil  ml'-kut 

1  III    !lll    llC-HJI    -I'Mt      . 

llo''liii-air-u-n>  II ..  . 

iio-fl   iiaw  1(11 

rliiii  |iak    t!<iii  (kimI' 
ri.Hi'). 

krki'   kut 

hkiit  Ir-liWf  •liik(Niiii- 

wl ). 

Il  ^k(l|>H' 

.Va-Wi  t'  

il  |iKki|its    

hIhiimiI   kirk' 

lH<-l.ikli 

il  |ii-.|i  rlia  ilk   .... 

kindle  -iHIl    ......  .  . 

kl'H-lo-WV    

IvIinI'Ii  lull     

il-lM*.Hi-'iN(K 

w)  iu-t'k  

Kpakl  iniiil  «iiilrr) 

kr-k.kll 

|iiikli  -iiot-tNU-wiii  ■ 

Hill. 

!.likril 

I„kl 

nk'liit 

f*\\  mIvIiI 

nliiiiicikoiit 

Nlli>-<i»il|( 

w  i-»i>lk 

«iiklit  

kltt'hiiH ......  . . 

Hiiii'.-skwiit 

Isi'fi.   uI'tHMIll  .  ..... 

Nit.Hll-ltl'.'^illt    ...... 

hIiii  -i-iiaiii    

ko 

Hll'-Wllll-kWll' 

XI  iillkw 

tlllll-lllrkllW     

'  kloa  i|iiiilliiii\v 

Iiiiiiiiickliw' 

iii'tiini-liii  -III 

Wii-l.iiii  -Ik 

kwall  kwn 

kl-hlir   li-lnva;  "il'- 
Inva  tr'-k»  III  (lii(( 
luki'J. 

sll-Hl'llWll 

cIllMI-fijfll.... 

kcili :  bV1u'.W(i-w    . . 

aii-dil-i-'wit    

.X 


V(»(  Aiii  i,Ai:ir:.s 

l-'iiniihl, 

■  '    NVii  kv-lirt- 
1   lilir. 

Itr.  Urn.  F.  Wmk. 
M|iiil  i   limit 


•lllMHillUilll 

iiliuUiUiil 

nIii  iliiilit   


(ItiirjttHbhi.        I    iftr.  »•'.  .Wriiyo"»i. 

bniull   II" '  klir-j«>'lil  no 


nkii'lcii-nint  ... . 
Iiu    |«'  Hit 


Iikll   kll    Mill 

oklinl  kliiill  . 


I'll  kll  k«i'  <Ik    Ik 


tclll'll     kll   kll  Jll'll 

riiiil;     hhiil     '1,  .il      kli.il  

.I'lml.  j 

u-kiiii' kim 

Iiliil  ■  kll  -  k  «•  ii"  I      tiH'n-ii  in' 

itlii>  lirc.tk  I.           I 
kiik'-wm;  kt'l.t  kliw     kcU-kli   

(Hiiiim'l).                 ' 
Hkcplcli j  iiki'ii  (»«  

Ntaiiiii  III  ;(iiil(l>iiiia    nU«i-u'  I  o 

iiior)  k-lin-iiklr.     I 

Hkn-iil    ,  "kc-rti 

mviiit  -ik iti-iHiii-kti 


Hllu'-llt 

iH.lklnUrlll' 

Kllil-Wlk  ■iM-tMlll 


lllll''-lll  

lH.lk  tN'kclll 

Mi'-wi-kiii'luiii  . .. 


hIi-I>Iii\  tiiiii    

li|nMi-iiii;;llt   , 


Nkil '  »k<-'-il  .. 


iBf-CWk 

hIi:iiiiiI-i|Ii;i 


HiHo'-kwiit nmr'-kot 

Hllt-Nlli'l»'-Hlll>llt    ...  HtHII-tMII-liM-WIlt    .. 

Hllll-rrS-lIp I    IM>-li>.  sclp 

1 

»i-iil-kti  j  Hf   til-kii   

h'lm'-iiit Hklin-int 

kliM)-kiilliiii|;li  ...    Icm-i-lii>'-lckliw '  tu-ini-klio  likli  ... 


Hliit-la-tn-i|iia. 


17 


nlii'-li  li»a;  HJ-iiltk;     KkH-iiu-liU-liiit-ku. 
hkl-iiil'li-iiiilkwu. 


n'lii -I'l  -k\Mi  (tilt! 
main  river  uf   n 

VIlll.'.V). 


n'lokli'klinait  -kll 


«       *>|H.klll. 

f  f  I  ftr  i/t  I  ( I  ^^• 

lintkll    kll  r(>    >K 
kill)  I    (lii^ht  »iili  ■■ 

kii'liii    Mint 

■•Ill  ta  liiill 

■kll   kiM'lx 

•  '  ll;lll 

i-«  |,i|> 

k  « <•  k  «  kI 

kll  liii  III!  -111111.  u  I 

11*1 
nk**!*!^;  ki-  |H  |i.|«i 

Im 
>wi    aiil'k  ;    nil  I'll! 

kll.    li". 
■tIh'  !• ;  rill'    ill« 
i>i-<«ik;   tTi-rn-rki 

1 14. 

niip-iit 

Mtllt      **-lllt-*-|ll       ■   .. 

Hii-ii  •■  kiiiil  

<«|C.|M'     It     

mill  ■'  kilt  

M>-ri-"hilj<l 

>M'  \tliil  k'w 

H'liii->iiit 

<it<i  -  liklin- ;     Htii 
liklin-iiialt. 


'.I    ri«k»iii»i'i 
\\  iikiIhIiji 


<•«<<■  killll 


ink  |ii<l     I  tail    Ml. 
'  .ik  •kdt  bttll.n'liiil  I 
UC-  ! 

•tl    IMI      M  I' 


kll   k  •«  .IHt 


n'-Iii-i  r  kwiidn.iiii  > 
nVlii-cl  -k'.vu  (  :i 
hi  a  mil). 


Iwil    Ml 

ki  |<. 

'    1(1  |Mi  111. 

nllxikll  l|i>. 

.^Ilc  i«l     k»llllM"<'i'M 

iiiik"):  uliiiia   k»iil 

(r.  miow  V 

•i|in|>:       KllKkl      p.il 

V,\i  II 

hlH})     mil 

M  III    at  k»  |>    '  liroh 

ntll    <i. 

Kiiio  lio.  uninkwDl. 
rliii*  I'll!  II.1. 
nVlii  at    k»'|>. 
hIi.ti  Hi  kn. 
■4li\^ii   iii.t*k. 
i-iii  iiia-<>   iii'il. 

■u!-clia-»tiuii   ilkw. 
(■li-li-iil    kn  II   iiialii 

IlVl-IJ. 


I 


m 


hi 


L^*)« 


('«»MrAl!.\TlVH 


l,AM,r\iii:,       '    I.  .>-liilnv.i|piiHikli  -.  Mi'Mwwaaii. 


A I  1  iicii:l  I  V,       )        i.inriji  iiibbt. 

I.iiki- I  i»u-liirkwa 

\all<y  siUan   lit 


Or.  H  m.  I'.  TulmU: 


ilill,  iihiiiiitaiii 


Islaiiil . 


Stiiiio 
Salt  .. 
Iron  . 


W.mmI 
L.-iil'  . 


Ilaik  . 
(irass. 


In'ki'iii 


t^llOll-k'UII 


Klian'h    


liiiKli-tUxil. 


s\\  o-lu'-la-tiiin   .  , 
Irlii-Udp 

si'kril  fliii   sun 
Htlia    


s'liiiyiii-t/ci  .. 


l..llaii' 

sUlr-.r 


I'inii. 


rirsli,  nil  al  . 
1»«'K 


lliilValn 

Itrar  (Mark! 

Wnir  t^iay) 


saiil 'kxMilii;    (liij 
sUalp. 

Mi-\v;iTi  -lius 

!<kaklr-lia ;  (IniiNt') 
kl-Ka»,  hka   liii. 


>liiiii-iniilt  . 


Iv'n  -  ka  '  ka  -  mini  ; 
(Hii/zl\)Mknni-lii»'. 

nial  -  iini  -  skli  -a'  : 
(  praiiii!  Willi' ) 
.snnkli-luikli-Iio- 
liikli. 


sk'Mltik     

knkiK>-a|i|ia 


:i.  Nikiitiniiikli. 
(itorije  (iiblm. 

plI'Slll     kll 

s|i,ii  -J  Hill 

li'van'h 


niliaii-i''kaii 


k.kht 

klat  -liiiii 

hllll  lis 


I.  Okinakrii. 
iitortjf  iiihhx. 

tf-k\vi(t  ;  (iliiii.)  Ii'- 

ta-kwul. 
k'lila  'Hl-iiN(piairii') 

yani-k«r'-Ml;  (smnv 
pi'ak)  Mkiil-kwalt. 


k'sliiHi   k\v 


Isnie  -iiiiip;  wi  -Ipnin 
Nllfllk    kaiii 


pai-yaii    

^lu-iik  -kani 

pa-liai  -y.ik  (lir)  .  .• 


hllllK'tM 

>ka-lia 


kwiiisp 


.HkiiniakriNi ••pilN;  slirkli-slirikli 

U'fi'-'l.V). 


^kll•^vllnl 


irkhkl.il     

iMiir-iit 

wul-lii-lini' 

yal-sii-liip  ;  (I'liri'itl ) 

yas-lsil-sal. 

kVllp'-JHl 

kurll'  -  Nill   (iiriin- 

lai  ) :     palN-k'l 

(III  nail). 

kf-lil'  Im 

str-i'  vriiarsr);  lak  - 

\\'ll(liiuii  h-niass). 

sa -al'-kw'lp     (I'. 

jiiltlfltlVfll  ). 


.-Iciik'!) 

ka-k:i  wap' 


I 
htHlll-all I 

skiini-n)i)-lilnt';  ko- 
laii'-na  (gri/zly). 


n'i!»i't'-Ni'i  ;    sin-kr- 
lip(prairli<  wiill) 


L>:)V) 


VOCAIULAItir.S. 

Family. 


:,.  Wiikytia- 
kaiiii'. 


(1.   StlWiivrlpi. 
Dr.  II  III.  /'.  Tohiiii.'         (.niij/f  (.i/i/m. 


Bh-liaiinii;;1i. 


Kll-llll"llt/:ii 


(/(■I' 

slik.i-lia... 


tr-kul 


Hli-kiHillavs ... 


tKi'ii '  III  -  all  -  tiiiii  ; 
(liriirir)Hli-i' . 

Iclirm-iiiakw;  nkiil- 
k  \v  a  1  t  (Htft'p 
iiioiiiitalns) ;  ki- 
^v  u  -  nliaii  -  k  a  II 

(HlHI\V-|H'Ilk.'»l. 

Iilii'k  -shun  -  k  II  III 
(  larnf  ) ;    k'slio  - 

nIhIII   k\VHIl(Hlliall  ) 

Hllllllot 

tMar-rl 

iilo'-liiii 

tilii-i[i';  (,f<ir«"Hl)ki- 

hIiii  -IhUIiw. 
H.-!.'!. 


pMclikl;  (<iflii)ikli 
I       111' -ka-itia. 

kr    lil-liii 

stii' 


T.  SKoMlpi.         i  ".  S|Miknii'. 

lift'.  <i   .Mcnjoniii.  Hiwiji  i.il'hu. 


U-   klml ;  kil  kal  .  li   


;•.   I'inkHiiiinrfir 
Winiltnlia. 

Oeuci/i  iiil'liH. 


la  kvMit, 


tsiii-ii-.iliilii I  Kilir-liii    la-lil liiiHliMii-iiiiil  ,piai- 


iHiiiii-MiA'ko  (hill) ; 
t»ii 'V  -  ko  (uiuiiul- 
aiii );  k«-wiH-hhrli- 
koli  (tiiiiw-pcak). 

o-k«iui-kii , 


fls-liiiikil  iimk hai     aul  :      li  a  I  k - 

iiiiikw  :  Ik  •ml  n 
^niiow   iiniU  1. 


itM-k'NUlluk I    k  Villi  111.  \v 


wlii-tlot shi''  iiMi 

tHait  

ii-lii'-lliii 

tsi-ip' 


llMtlul'. 

ilH-u'  la  I  iHairt. 

o-lii'liiii j  will  «  III  liiii'. 

H-tKil-tHil at-Hpa-ll. 


nhal  ■  k  w  i  I  p     (/'. 
poiidinun ) ;     picli- 

krlp   (III). 

slo'-iik'li 

kr  -  ko  -  wap  ;  kus- 
hIiIii  ;  (hor«r)»iii- 
tsil-Nii-KUa'  Iia. 

HUhiit-'.iiii  (l)iili); 

Hiiin.ilt,  (rinv). 
«'iHiii-aivi-!:i''t;  Hiiia- 
'lli'  kiMi  ( uri /./.'. i:\. 

II  i> 'in'-iliiii;  «iii-ka- 
lip  (pr.aric). 


HM-li>p 

jM'U'-k«-l«  . 


kc'lilkh 

Hii-i'     

,sa-al    klip 

mIc  -kit 


1  111  kwii 

1 
pilis-kil 


Ml  hip'. 

ka-iiia  ma  (id  It  ii- 
lar  ) ;  rliitn-  iik'- 
kill  (lii'iiiiil  ilo. ).     { 

rhil-li'  liiKlirt    pa   lull. 

nil  piiliikliw ■  m(o'  .va. 


rh-kalp  I  111) 


Hki'll'k 


kiiU>.-kliiri :  Ui'Wi'p'.'  ha'-k'l  »hiii 


hlnll  .'lli'lll     (lillll)  ; 

ste'  Mia  (row). 
«  k  r  11  'i  i  t  ;  mil  a- 
kl.i'-kLii  (^{rlzzly). 

Ilt-Hc'-I»IMI 


|.i/k-«a-l"k     (/'. 
jioitdtri'itit  I 

If'  la  w  iKiii    ("111. 
Iii'-IihII-i  liiii :  ihill- 
chill  (llnlHr). 

kwaiMp, 
iii<-t;-hall ;  Mlinii-la 


sl-ina'-hw 

ii'khi -in'kii' ;   Hiin- 
lii'-thiii(Knz/.l.v).  j      nil  (nr\'/\\ 

iiM-ihiii ii'Li'l-la'-iia;  Kiiii'- 

yaii  (I'oyiiti'). 


jSHi 


L'C.O 


I.AM.rAiii:,  I.  Slj.li\v»|iiii»Kli. 

Al  ■IlloiarY,       I         (liorye  (Hbba. 


Dri 


ihlkli 


i;;k teii-iiu'-yu; (caribou) 

hlllnvaiya-h.'iii. 


liiMVir  ... 


^K"l  law  .... 


Tiiltnl-tr  .  .  . 

lly 

MiiM|iiilii .. 
Siiakr 


Illnl    


!:«;; 

I'c  allul.'* 

WillHH    


Hki>'\va};li   hall . 
HiK  k I  ^>;l^t•l^'•Imm 


|M'I-kw.-ik.-i 

k»'uk  -»la 

knuii'iii -iiiHktl    . . 

t»W-Ii  -li»an-«'lMk  ;  ] 

t>allkli. 


■J,  SlicHi»»aap. 
I)r.  Dm.  /  .  Iiiliiiie, 


hUiillauo 


Hlir-kiili' 


i>-o-»a  . 

S{MI|llt 


l'i(;i'ciii !  lulls  li- 1  Mini 

I'Uh  


Saliiiiiii 


.<liiij.'i'iiii 

Naiiio 

AlVcrtiiHi 

Wliini 

Illaik 

K.'.l 

llliif  vlij;lil)  . 


ka-ka-wi' 


lln'-llll 
skwiist 


ViMdw kwdll  ... 

Illllll  O'K'"  >  •-.•      »'k\M(l-llil 


hkiikkaka  .. 


(■oMP.\i{.\Ti\  i: 


:i.  Nikiilciiiiikli. 
(itorije  ttibbe. 


A.  Okiraki'ii. 
(iiortji  (tthbii. 


kl(i'-la Hl.il-lNa. 


I'hal^i' . 


pa'-pa-lHtH 


:  MO  -\a  ... 


aiii-za 

. ..|  kci  -k«(iH-Kr 

IsoLs-oii'-sil  , 


(w'-iik 

kwaikwai-rt' 

t»i)'-«kw 

t'kwiill 


iilk 


ai-iasikw  

ka  -ta-liik^i   

•si-laks 

«ko'-lia-li\vi^'-lii-la  ; 

(  ratt  It'Kii  a  ki  ) 

liaklj-(i  -Id. 
lui-k'li ski/k-a -ka  ("tire 

\n\iU  "). 

a-o'na.s 

»liolll-lVl, 

Hl(ik-|ir«li'-iiisli;  Hki 

wakli    liaii-iiUli. 


kIi: 


klaiii  -iiicii    

luikli'-pL'st 

ko-/a'-kari  (iiiallanl) 


tMiiiii  -iiiak 

t»'waiitl  (trout). 


h'lnvds 


li..'-iitl.. 
skwaNt 


pi'i'Wk   ... 

(|nai 

i|ii<'<'l 


Ht-lllU 

tH]l-tll|)t 

ilic'-ukw 

....    Vtkwii/.  kwiilt 


Nt-kwid-lait'  , 


iii-si'  -iilUw . 


IsHIll-losIl 
o  -llirllt  ... 


pc -Mk 

kwai 

kvvil ;  tX'-kwiJ' 

kwai  -  ti'-a  -  K  w  a  i 

({)aU');kwui(<larki 

ti 'kwrn-re' 

kwai  -  tu'-a-k  wii  i 

(pali');kwai(ilark) 


I 


:-•(•)  I 


V(K"AI!l"I,Al!Ii:s. 

Fiiniily. 


.">.  WiiUj-nil- 
KaiiM-. 

/Jr.  Urn.  i:  T'lliiiii 


skiillaiiii.  .. 


■lipc'cu. 


Nkiil-lal  tiiii     ... 


il-li  |.i-\\  U  . 

li-i|iicyci.c|[ii'.v 
ti  lu-i'lii'iiwk. .. 


('    SliWdMlpi.  I         T.  Sk>i,M'l|ii. 

(;<u);/i  (iiWm.  I    llii:  II.  .\l,ii;iiuiiii. 

klii-t'hi -iifMii ;    Hill-      ^tl<  ■/i'liiiin 

U'lll  »a  (ili)c  .. 


|>a    pa  laint  ;  i  iliit-^ 
HiiikHlt-sa:  iraii- 

fill    iiiKli   


iii-ia-.sliikw 

ii-lia'liw   

». -akV 

sliwiii  ii|i^;  1  utile 
Miaki)  kalvli-lia- 
M    lu. 

liiKlit  111   


|M-|ia    latHi  II 


Ht<l-lll'>ll 


arsi  Kii  . 
alia'  II  .. 
nil  laks  .  - 

kll    llWI  It' 


.■>!a-Ua-|ii.s  -It'll 


Nlii.si-li<liiiiii :  lui  t  - 
liwiil  (iiiallaiil ). 

llo'-lxHIIi-llll'-lsKIII  - 

krkli-wlMi  I- 1  iikh 
(MI. all  IhIi,  mk  k- 

ns), 
n'^lii-iil  lk«  ii;  ii'ti' 
nkli   (■•pllii;;  isal- 

IMOII  I. 

tmlli-lii^li    

.sIlkulNl 


Illkllt 


.slak.l  |li^  -hll  .... 
skc-wa'  klirii 

H;^■h!l-kllnl 


f*.  S|iiikiiir  I       '.'.  I'isktvaiiH  ul 

Wiii.ilslia. 

liniriii   tiihlm.         I         (,(ot,;,  liihl"). 


I  li.    II  llkliw  (  «lillr.     sM.il.lii    ,.iin,>l. 

lailril  >;  Nkii'  -lirliw  Ina. 

O'laik  taili'il). 
MM-  ■kj-t-.a;  Kliil  Ni      Ir  lial  -za. 
IiaiilHiii  I 

>kiil-lr'  II ;    il  t   ki!  '  hk'la'o. 
(oHi'l  ). 


p*!ni-'.  iijis;   !ki-ii-1< 


a!    a-v|,iK. 
hkiik-a    ka. 
Hcliiin  -.'■I'  liikh. 

^kr  -link    t  I  a  '  t   I  ' 


liii  I  laltli'MKiki'i  Niiaki'). 

I 

W  Ill-\V  ln'-\  lit  1     ... 


u-ii  -Ma 11-11  .tliii. 

x|>iiiii  •  >|iir-kiit. 

Mrlio-a  -hail Nti/k-|ia-»iii  i  i|iiill-. 


Nr^l  III    ... 


kllO-lKlIIIl-kllll     tsllllll     ll»tN-tllll»'ll 

ki '  kliii-lisli ■  hIs-sc'  111  Kh  ihli 


n'lial-liut. 

~|>nt     l.t. 


|li  -iikll 

kv.ai 

I.Hil  

i»k'j'a  -iiaKsl 


kil-lr' 

ki  liwiii  r« 


ii'll-likli    niiii  k'lilcli   ;  cull-    Ir-iikli, 


Isi'Im-Iiih' 1  liiiii-i-(iis !   kwal  (■   kiili. 

»k«  InI   I  hkwrHt I  t.k  Willi  I' lint'. 

n'klnvar   pi  lis 

1 
piU   i  f-pik    j  pai    Ilk. 

kiva'l <  jiiK-kwai' kwni, 

kwil i  ,-k«il kwil. 


k\\r  -i  , 


kllll'' 


k  «  a 


vik   k«  «I    i     .. 


kw  111 :    \  uk-k^^  ili 


t'knai. 

k«  11  .li    Ilk. 

k«  ll-ai  -Ilk. 


iff'i 


H«l 


im 


W  4l 


i 


!  1 


\  I 


LML' 


( OMl'AIIATIVK 

,SV//.s/( 


l,\.\c,rA(.K, 
Al    I  lliilM  I  ^  . 

(irtiit 

SimbII 

SI  mil;; 

(Mil 


I.   SliiwaiiiMiikli. 
(iittrtji  iithhu. 


Yoiin;;   

((IMhI 

liiul 

liaiiiKiiiiii' 

I'Kl.V , 

Alivr 


Iiai  ,\<iiir 

k«iii-«'«ik  ... 

>.'y>" 

U(  -Jill    ilkll  .. 


•.'.    SilllOhHUiip 

Dr.  Il'iii.  I'.  Tuliiiii-. 
hi'iIihiwIki 


:l.  NlKlltrllillkll. 
Cnurij'  (•ihlii. 


^U\^  1   til. I    llli 


I  )iii(l 

C.il.l   

Wiiirii 

1 

Tlum 

IIc' 

Wo 

Yl! 


l.-hu 

U.'N-h 


Uwiil-sak' 
Is'alUli  ... 
.-.a-MK^.  . . . . 


llll/.-/.c)lll     

Uii-iiic   Ilia   

llH/.'/lit 

U((ll-lllr  'll(>-\X(^   .. . 


ili.'-clic 
Vil 


Ul'nI  . . . . 


I.  Okiiia!,!"'!!. 

(■M)<;/|    (,,/(/«. 
fll     i   ll«il     

kii  Uwiii-o   Ilia    

liHts-kwalNt   

kf  -ii-l«kli  ia^iilj  . 


kIhIh  (ih'vv). 
lia.>l 


Iia.^t 

Ki(s-tii-i  riiii 

HWr-IHllIll'  ... 

ka.st 


I /.alt 


iiiit'lwk 

iiiiiiuwi  

rliiiiri'lcli 


1  IH'y 
TliiH 


All 

Maii\ ,  iiiiii'h  .  . . 

Wli,. 

Ntai 

To-ilay 

Yi'Hii'iilay 

To-iiioriow 

Y.'H 

No 

(lm> 

I  «(i 

Tluic 

I'lUir 

Kiv ... 


Iu>-li«al-(lk 

llWO-itk     

Mi-wal-lo 

las-a-kolot  ;    (I'ai) 

ki'-kaii. 
|ii-r -lisil  -kill  .... 

n'liLs-salt'  

li'ili-hi'-aiit 

iim-a  

Ill -11 

Iir-U(i' 

N'-s»  -la 

k.'l-hlii.s' 


/..k  

I.Sclll-lMll      ., 

i.scMirii 

li'-cliail-wii 
ha-wi;' 


Icllin-ril  ... 
Ili'-lllr  -mill  . 
pi-apst 


nuts 

tH<>-likNt 


Six liik'-liu-liwik.sl     ... 


ilal;  Ir-ii-iiiisl   . .. 

kiii-krl' 

kiii-ks-kwi'll     .. . 

iii-clm' 

ii-iiii-wtkU' 

yala's' 

nia-niiin'l-tiit 

inaiii'iii-i-liliiiii|i . 
cliiii-KiWlllkli  .  .. 


mix 

itwi'il 

kallcm 

iiiiiaw 

clii'ilixt 

tukiiinklHt 


tch.-a 

liiLkiim   

Invil 

sliwal 

kr  -kal;  (far;  kc-kai 

M-ll-kiil  

JM  -liaiit 

rl.H-kap-im.s • 


lil-t(t 

[lai  -ya 

!shai  ja 

kiit-liu* 

iiiiis 

c'lit'kst 

klak-Miii-ukHt 


i-kla'-l  .-.s;  kiil-lii' 
i-kla'-lioH 

Jiii'-y 

li\vi-il'  

Kll-SII-it'  

ki-kat';  (.liir)  le-ki"it 

a-jM-iia    

pi-r-ill'   

lia-ldp' 

ki-wa 

lut 

iiak.s 

rs-(*ir 

ka-tli.s' , 

IIICI.S 

thi-liknl 

lu-huui-ukHt' 


-    t 

I 

3      ' 


1 


vocAr.i'i.Aitir.s. 

Fiiiiiih/. 


/>(■.  ll'iH.  /■'.  I'olmii. 


Ii.v-iioiii . 
ukrr-.ii  . 


uiulia-iliown  . 

iiniiaw  i   

iiiiiiiiwiiNli    .. . 


niik-(m|iKli ..  . 

M>iill:i 

kiltlm><li 

xnhiiioaNt 

IIHclM-rilikM  . . 
tiikiiiniiNt 


i;.  Sliwojilpi.        I        7.  Skiiyclpi. 
titin-tfi  liibhii.  liiv.  ii.  Ml  titjiintn 


K  S|ioknii'. 
tiiortjt  fu/iAi. 


nil -liwi^ Nil-kliW(i' 

kii-koyo'-iiia kii-ko  yo'tii 

,Vii.\aiit    >ii.\a    111 

kl. Ilia  Imp     (iir    a  lila  k  lihi  klirp    ... 
man  '. 


kwiit-tiinr  .. 
kiik'iil'U  .inii 

yii-i  \(i  11 

p..    \i<-  lull  ... 


sliilNl  Vinw) j  ^kll    kwi-iiull    sku-kwiiii  111 

liiisl  klit'Ht   lit'"! 

k'liiisl ki  "I 

>\\i  niiiiil Nw  i  iiiiiii  li  .... 

kc-,S-»ll» klH-MIt 

liwil  -linall      kliwil  kliM.Ol 


tai-iv 

kwnin'-kniiil 


l't>.«tlil   i-will 


k'lal  

IKlll   

Hlikwall 

in-ili;( 

a'-iini   

tl'lli-lllll^>'    .... 
iiii-iiiiiil  -tit  . .. 
iiii'-iiiiii  -liliiiip. 


t.'-lil 

twit    , 

k.lt 

ill  H(! 

ll-IIU'l 

tHl'-lllilN 

iiiriii  nilil   lit     

nil  -iilni'lir  limp 


klil'li   

ki  -ai-ilrli     

Hk w-cIm  

koyi'  11 

II'  lii-wikli 

Il'llill-iln     

kiinpi-lr 

n'pil-i'p   "In   . . . 


mt'-iiiin'-i'liii-likli   ..i  iiii'iilnriil  Ini-   IinIi      Irliiii  i    IIin.. 


rkh-lir' 

kakhlic 

tilif-ii    

Invii-it' 

"'Iin-il'  . .    

kc  -ket;  d'ai  )  Ir-kut 

a'pi'-iia 


!•'  kill- 

ka'-klli'«.  .. . 

tni-ya' 

hwiit 

Ill 

ki  -ki't  


a   |>«  III' 

pi^tsilt       piV-lNI'lt    

lia-lap '  klia  Irp In!  lip  . 

ki'Wii ki    wn II  III' 

I. it lilt ta 

nakH iii'-kii  .. 


«-t.i-n' 

nlH-c-a'  

Wlll'-l't 

Hll-l't' 

rlljkll'rt;     rlll-klll 

(lar). 
yi't-Hlii'-iiit'-kiit   — 
npi   I'H-ilir-rll  


liaks 

I's-sliir 

kal-llNli     

Ill^l^ll 

tclii-likKt 

ta'-kiim-niikxt    


sil   

kr'-lilin 

niiiM 

Ihi  likiil  .... 
lakaink'Ntc 


I'-hlii-l 

illl'  I'l-ll'H 

iniiH  

iliil-ikN    

la'  ka  ..    


[>.  I'lxknailN  or 
\\  lllllt^lla. 

liiii;./r  (iihltM. 


kwal  tiiiil. 

Ir  t.l-ii    ina. 

>ai    \.\[. 

kltikll  klllkllp  t  .m.l 

main  :  liiiirnkli 

( worn), 
rliikliliiiii 

llllst 

kiiNt. 


HliatN-livvatl  litvatl- 

I  Hill.  i 

HlMkli'liiikli-ini'kli. 

Kl-Miirii. 

hkw.its. 

Ill  liii    la. 

in  yii   kwa. 

■  iiiii-in  r. 

ini'lia'. 

1''    llU-Wl'. 
rlllll    rlllll  I'l. 

ki'i  la. 

alio'. 

yai'  ya. 

liwril'. 

Hliwal. 

ki-'ki'i'-la  ;     lu-klll 

(Car). 
H'liHl-linll  . 
pi'-la'  kill, 
ai'  kwuHl. 
ii'. 
lot. 

nakti. 
t'ka  -OH. 
katla.x'. 
niiM    IK. 
ilii-liik-1. 
Iio  till  maknt. 


I 


m 


m 


m 


hi 


M' 


2M 


\ 


I 

I. 


lh:it    !.  i 


l.wci  A«;i:, 


To  H»'l 


ll>  li>Vli    

T(.  kill 

T.)  ,-il 

I'll  >taml 

T..j;.. 

'I'll  I'liini' 


r..  »iiiu 


I.  *«liili\Mi|illlMkll.  'J.  Sliiiun\Viia|i. 


M.  MliiiU'lliHkll, 


>>I'VC  II 

|-.iKl"l 

NlIK! 

I'm    

KIdvcii 

I'w.hr 

I'uiiily 

'I'liiilv   

UlK     lllllll   IVll     .... 


I.itini,    (iihhK.  1)1.   II  III.  I.   InhiiK.  I         Ciui./i    Cdih 

link   ii|lS 


( >iir  tlnnisaiiil 

Til  ,  ill 

'I'd  (Ir  ink 

I'd  run  

'I'll  iliiniii 

I"  "iii^ 

Sli'i'ii 

I'd  hiM-ak 


d      |i«IiM!       

d   |iiiK-t  all  lir  k( 


COMI'.MI.V'ilVr, 

SilUh 

1.  Okiiiiiki'ii. 

tilltfijl-   (ilhbu. 


Hcispllk  ... 

llM'lllilll 

liii};liuii<Mil 
dpiiiikst  ... 


d'  |ihKmI  all  M--»a'-la 

sell  d   [iiiksl 

U.ll-d-|d/kst 

lllllB-jK  -ku    -kllllk.st  . 


ai-iil  -iiik 

cs-ta  -kail  

iiiMiaii-iilKlil.aii . .. 
iik-kwa.  l-likt 


d-k»iiiiiiaiii  -k'l  . . 

Hli-dl-il  -ki 

Mikkiil  Idl 

(ils-a-luin-tiiii 


iiis-lidi'-lidi-aiM' 
ap-drsldii 


a-iiidl-ka 

a-l.ikli-l'kli-k,iii  ... 

waii'-tu 

nal.s-iia.s'-ka 

«  Ilk  -  kail  -  a-  liiiii  - 

kiMI. 


tcliiil -ka 

I"'"l"< 

Ihmi-iI  |iai   ya 

lipt'ii-i/kst 

ii|irii-i(ksl  al  pai '-.va 

dprii-i/ksi  alsliai   ya 

hld'-p4'M-l/Lst 

k(itl-d-pin-Hk»l  

liHls-  pi'-  k  1-  -  kail- 
i.k.st. 


kla-liansli 

d-ka 

Ui-ai  -ikli 

kwai -tcliu-ta ..  . 


<1    la-ina 

d'-it 

kwrlll.sluit 

tWd'ulllllll 

ll'slldZdIll 


II  ai-ya 

I((t-lj 

iiaH-ki'ii 

d.f'-lnva 


KJs-pil-lik 

l.-iiiiklil 

liiikli'liHii'iidl 

d' -pi'ii-iksl 

at-lilr-iiak'^  I  d  -ptMi- 

ik^>  (lit  lllr-liakit. 
d-pi'iiiks  'idt  la-sir. 
as-i-la  d|Mii-il>sl . . . 
Ki/l-li-(i-pi'ii.ikHt  . .. 
Iiiilili-c-thikst 


kill-si  -iil-iiikli 

kill-si  -iis( 

kai;  -.siMi-liiikli..  . 
kwai-r  -li-'.iiikli  .. . 

ill-kwHII-Milll    

.I'll 

kiii-k((l-li-k\vcll'  . , 

wn   kill 

l'll-lll(lll-llu;'-llMk    .. 
jid  -lis-l»iii 


kiii-iia-iiidt 

kiii-ak-swckli  ... 

kiu-liii'-is 

l'(ll-llll'-i(lu'  coinrs 

IvIM-lllI    ikli 


it4 


i!    : 


I'!).". 


V(K'Ai'.n,\Kii;s. 

Fitmihi. 


:>.  \Vu  kyiiil- 

fi.  ,S||\Miyc||ii. 

7.  8k«>>i>l|ik 

K.  S|M>k«ll  . 

'.1.  l'i-k«aiii>  m 

kiiiiir. 

\\  iiiiiuliii. 

III-.  Win.  1'.   Tulmii 

(ii(/r;/(    dtl'h'*. 

/I'l  r.  a.  )ti  luiiiniii. 

I.Kiri/l     l.l/i/in. 

(iim'ijt   iithttfi. 

(-IiiHi-rliil-Ka 

slii>    |nlk  . . .    

>U'pclki> 

nIh  pil'Kli 

•.IS    pill,. 

iiiu'(iii|ii(;li 

Iiiiiillliiiii'kui"|iia 

Inn  -111 

Iiin  lili 

Il'llr    I'll   lllllll       

lu'-ln'-Illll' 

Ill  w  inkli 
1  a  liaii  lllll  . 

klllt  -klia-IIHl    

klia-klia-iMi  

imli-ii<)|iuklN 

11   pell  iksl    

11  pink-.stc 

"I"'" • 

llHl     Ir  llllll. 

o    pfll-ik^l   1  ll  imKn 

11  pi'  11  k      M  t  t'   (■  !l  1  - 

iiakNi. 

rill     111    kil 

la'  Ir-naks 

o  -prii  ik.st  i-t  Ii  s  m1 

1.    prtik  >l<-flll  I-  sil 

ml    W'l    

i'll«-ka'  iiH. 

^■^.-^il  o    lu'll-ikst      . 

i-s-mI  11 -pfiiksli'  . . 

CN  -N4'l-i-ll     pl'll     .... 

t'ka'  UN  hull  llllll. 

kiill  i>  pi'ii-iksl    

lllll    ccliiksl 

krlil  lo'-priik-sli' . . 
Klla-lsll•l^ik•^l^■ 

rill  1    ll-ii    pi'll 

Iir-kii  •  11  -  kril    (lllll' 

luaih 

kal  la  liakitl  liiill. 
hill  r  ihaksl. 

i>-  o'  -  pi'ii  ■  1  N  t  -kail 
,  li'ii  lirail.sl. 

iii-iliaki-iiiksl-ill- 
iiikli. 

kill- 1  sr  -  t  tii   ■  lilr- 
iiikli. 

h-IiiiImIi  

Ji'll'-llll. 

iiik-!'hi  -iiN-la 

kili-lm-lhr  -iis-tolii 

mint 

kiiii-  iia  -  »  ll  kwal 
kwii. 

kiii-ski'-ilii-lalia  . 

kiiilM    kr    IM'-Iikli. 

kl't-NllilHJl 

iia-«  iklilii  la.  "'ii.i 
will. 

k\vai-iiicii->iliiil 

kiii-:Ki'-k\vai   iiiiMi- 

iMlt. 

kwaiiJiiii-Kiilt 

viiikwii-uani'  liii. 

iiik-kwii-iiiiri' 

kiii-tMc-l»c-kiiiiikli . 

irkwi'-iir»li' 

iiik-sliiit'liakli 

l\iii-tMt'-lMikh  .,,-^. 

il.sh 

it'll ;  Hi'-it'-liii. 

tikul-kui'll  lia  . 

kiii-luc  - 1  SI'-  k  111  - 
kwi  li-klii' 

kwill-kwiltKll 

waii-il-lkli,    H'waii 
il'kli. 

t'k-MWr'-kiMii .,..  .  . 

kiii-tM'-«  i-luirii 

wi'-rliiiil  ;  als'-liHiit 

at'-sin-la,  Ha  nl  na 
liaii. 

iiilia-iiiiiik 

kiiiklia-nii'iik     

lii'-liirii-lcliiii 

iii-lia-iiiif-iiik. 

kwik-slipiilslHiii  . 

(  nil  t^i'lii'lir  vri  li)  . . 

piilnk  

kokli. 

ii)-»lti-iuut-hii 

kin-mut' 

kla  -kidnli 

kla-ka-liit,  Nlla'  ka 

likh. 

in-Rtil-lm 

kiti-a-Hii-ikli 

Ic->liilsli 

l^-likli'-  1  a  .   s'rlii 
likh'. 

kiiia-liu  -i 

iu-lclm'-iii-lclia 

kiii-lits-Kliii'ikli     . 
klii-tsu  liii'  i 

Iliiklll.l,  n'lliikt, 
rllr  -  '    '»'  -  I  a .  r  ll  1 

tchii'-iMli  

linklil. 

kiii-sliii-jhl' 

kin-lst'-klnv  ist     ... 

Iliikll-lii'-li'  a. 

'1^  •«•• 


! 


M 


ill 


1 

t 

I-  ' 

. 

¥\    ' 

1' 

VOCA!!l'hAl;ii:S. 


II. 


Id. —  ViiCiihuUiijI  of  llii    h'dli^ixhii. 

A  trilic  (if  the  Sflisli  iMiiiily,  liviii;^-  on  ('link's  I',  rk  ol'tlic  ( 'i«limilii;i  liivcr; 
i»btaiiicil  Jaiiuan  ,  lN(i(>,  I'loiii  an  Inilian  uf  ili.   trilic,  liy  < 'I'lir^c  ( Jiltlis. 

11. —  Vorahuldr;/  i>f  tlir  Kullirsjirhii. 

A  tribe  of  tlie  Seli.sli  family,  ohtaimd  iVoiu  Dr.  Wni.  V.  'I'olinir,  ot  tiic  lliid- 
son  IJay  Company,  l)y  Georj^o  Ciihljs. 

12. —  Vodibitlati/ of  tlic  Sriiitod. 

A  trilx)  of  the  Solisli  family,  (»ljtainc'<l  ihrougli  tliu  li(!V.  (J.  Monyarini,  by 
George  Gibbs. 

1,'!. —  Vocuhuhinj  of  the  ScVisli  proper. 
Obtained  tlirougli  the  liev.  G.  Mengarini,  by  George;  Gibbs. 


14. —  Vocabuhirif  if  till'  Ihlliuuln. 

A  tribe  of  tlie  Helisli  family,  ol)taine<l  at  N'ictoria,  April,  is.")'.*,  by  (Itorgc! 

Gibbs. 

NoTK. — This  vo('abulary  \v;is  obtnincd  from  a  woman  of  llie  trilx; 

throiifrii  the  inedinm  of  "Stewart",  a  "llailt/iik"  Indian,  and  niiiy  l»e 

l«i7 


^l-r^ 


lii 


i  If 


i'i     i 


relied  Mil,  iilllinii^rli  tlic  e\i-Iii>lvcl y  friittiiiiil  «Iiiii';irtcr  ol'  the  l;m;jii:iL'"o 
i>  liiinl  111  iciiilci'. 

A  lew  unids  will  lie  ininul  >iinil;ir  li»  tln'>e  id'  the  lliiilt/.iiU,  iiris- 
iiij:,  1  |iie-imie,  licnii  tlieii- \  iciiiily  ami  iiileriiiariiii^ie.  I  consider  tin- 
lllli;,'-llii;^e  il>elr,  lii.WeSer,  as  (leeidedly  lielii|i;iili;i- ti  i  IIh'  I'latliead.  Tlie 
Irilie  |ii.ilial)l>  enoMil  llie  iiiniiiitaiii>  diiriii;^-  llie  |ierind  oi'  iiii;4iatii>ii, 
ami  I'liiiid  llieir  |ini^ress  stopped  liv  the  liaill/ailv  and  'rsiiiixyaiis, 
and  llieir  iitreit  lia>  siili>e(|iieiitly  lueii  lilt  nil'  liy  the  ( 'aniers  de- 
si-eiidiii;^-  l'"ra-er"s  j{i\c|-. 

The  jlailt/.iilx,  it  will  lie  seen,  has  in  t'liie  ItiiiTuwed  sonic  words 
iVoiii  the  I'latliead. 

Mr.  (iailatiii  has  placed  this  with  the  Naas,  or  'rsiinseyan,  on  the 
rttienjjlh  oT  a  \cry  iniperlecl  vocabulary. — (i.  U. 

];"). —  ViiKihnltuii  iij'  Ihc  Lilu'iat. 

A  trilie  of  the  Selidi  t'aniih  ,  II\iii;^-  on  the  lalowat  IJivi  r,  olitaiiied  on  llar- 
rison'.^  Lake,  .March  111,   is.'id,  liv  (leor^c  (iihhs. 

Noli:. —  This  laii;:iia;;c  is  spoken  on  the  lalowat  liixcr,  the  main 
I'cedcr  ot"  llarn.son's,  or  Tschniss  hake,  eniplyiii;^'  into  I'raser's  l{i\ci- 
iVoiii  the  north  lietweeii  J'oit  Hope  and  Fort  Lan;^ley. 

'I'lio  vocahnlarv  was  (il)tiunc<l  iVom  K'.shaaii-ta,  chief  of  the  VilhiLit; 
of  S'kools-ahs,  at  the  iiionth  ol'  the  lalowat.  .Skeh-nhl,  chief  of  the; 
Sniiias,  acted  as  interpreter.  I  liad  no  time  for  revision,  and  percei\e 
.some  eiTors,  hilt  ill  the  main  presume  it  to  he  correct. 

'I'lie  occinreiice  of  the  letter  r  once  or  twice  in  this,  and  once  in 
the  Saainena,  1  lielievt'  to  he  certain. — (1.  (J. 


:'ij   I 


\('>. —  Vinnhiihirii  (if  till   'I'd'tl. 

A  trihe  of  the  Selisli  family.  li\iniioii  I'raser's  K'i\cr  hehtw  l''ort  Vale,  oh- 
tained  from  a  woman  at  Fort  Hope,  .Se^Ueuiber  2;"),  1858,  by  Georgo 
CJibbs. 


*j«;«j 


17. —  \'i)i  iiiiulm  II  lit  till    All  in"i'Ui<. 


A   tlllic  nt    tllc  Sclisli   r.iiiiilv.  i>lil;lillii|  ;it    N.llliliim  >,  Sc|iIi'IiiIm'1',   IS.'iT,  1111111  il 
IIMII,    \t\    (  Icnl-^c  (  lililis. 

Noli;. — 'I'litii  uwii  iiiiiin-  Is  S'tliilif  tiilitit  liii :  tliiit  ul"  S'ko  iiiiH.k 
is  tlic  iiiif  ^i\cii  tliciii  1)\   tlic  r;.niiiltiis. 

Tlic  Words   ill  tills  \uc.iliiil;ir\'  wire  ■■■ivcii   as  (•orrcN|ioiiiiiiii>  wiili 

those  ill  tlic  Kuwalilsk,  tlic  Indians  not  imdfrstaiiiliiij,''  tlic  jarj;(iii. — 
(i.  (i. 


I 

I'l  r 


is. —  ViuidntUirii  i  if  tin  Kunulitsk. 

A  triix'  of  the*  S(disli  fiiinily,  olitaiiictl  at  N'anainio,  .Si'|it(>liibi'f,  IHf)?,  from  a 
man,  hy  (icor^c  (iiidi.s. 


L'TO 


COMI'AKATIN  i; 


In   'f 


r 


I.ASIH'MIK, 

Ai  iiiiiiiis. 

Mum 

Wuninii 

Hmv 

<.  il 

Iiiliiiit 

Kallnr 

Mnilirr 

I  lliiKliaiKl    . .. . 


Id.   Kiilixi"  liii 

l.liillji   llllih'. 


xknl  ti  iiiikli' 


U'llr 

Sdfi 

ll.lliKliIlT  ..  . 


s  I'ldir . . 

\  rlil.r.... 

(  Miiili;;rr. . 
I.  <l>.iiix,  |i('ii|>lr 


I'.Kllllll 


H  llllllll       

to-til'-wit 

xlllhll    II     ll/lll     

hkii-kni  milt 

la-aw  (iMiy    »ii,v«) : 
liiiw'-tiiiii    (k  '  <  I 

iikii  i,    (l>"i.\    HiiVHl; 
liiiii  (t;ii I  Ntt)"!. 


n'llf  -lu  i 

Iliikli  Ilii'liuIJi 

s'll-T    1  all 

nIm'-liiin-rU 


II.  Kiilli'cKiM'liii  I-    S'.liil  /111  or 

I  KilllnIHlllI).  ;  t'll  III   ll'Alllll'. 

Itr.  Urn.  /'.  Tiilmii.       I!ir.  (,.  Mimjiiriui. 


nkil  -ti  llii'»li. 


Nkuil-t«-iiiiikli. 


lii,v-tt  yii(liy  iiiitic); 
iiifix  tun  (by  li>- 
iiihIi). 

Vkiii  ( liv  iiiali'l:  looii 
(liy  iViuitli'). 


i-<  koii-»ay  . 
nliiij-cliailt 


HIIIC    I  III 

tl'     !         it 

»(.  Iii'-lllinll.. 
K«  ..till.... 
I'i  i"' •■ 


isli-Hliiii'-wn 
<  U-kaInk    .  . 


11  ml 

Il.iii    

I'acr 

Iiiii'liiacl 

Kar 

l^i" 


N.isii 

Mouth 

ruiiyiic 

I    IVclh 

Il.ar.l 

N.tU     


.\  III 


«<l  cliil— .lin 

tii-cliii  -tlia-iiliH  — 

ska    l.-klr.v 

hprl-Ul'll' 

kaiu   kail 

Hkiit-liliii' 

Bicliilt'liiiiiia  -.iliiu 

tii'-u« 

»k«  i'il-k«  ruliii  -tan 

HpHS-isakM    

.tl>il-liiii  -t.san 

trkliwlcli 

liiil-li'kliw 

wip-txikli 

a«kcil-tHi(in  -t  s  i  11 
(llii'iiat) 

nVli"iii-|ia  »    -  Il  «  11  ! 
(upper);  Mtcli/ini- 
iil-kwi'kMt  (liiwri). 


J 

S 


ckliail nwi-  . 

nokll-llll  IKlkll  . 

NkwaM'-kii—w 


Nliiii  -l.-lii' 


M'  iii'k-xi'-khiikh  . . 


■Il'-Uliikll 


Mpil-ktiii  .. 
ki>iii-a-kiin 


»t.sllilit 


lain-iirii 

hill(Hl-ko^^I■llKl^-tiII 

t.pis-tiak.t 

.>plrrin-l/.ill    

ti'wclilrli 

liilli'iiHiKli 


11.    s.li»li     ir(i|MT 
lit  I  l.illiiatlN. 

Ill  r.  a.  Mii'ijiiriiii. 


Nkiiltiiiiun  (  r  i  r. ) ; 
^k^  i;;il   {IlillUDj. 

n'iii  0111 ;  »liii<^<'m    . . 
HkiikiiNi  It 

xll    I  llllli  f-U 

Hknkiii  milt 


I'lii'  (irlatin«  (I)  » 
Mill  i;  iiii><lini  (If- 
laliiiKliiadallKli- 

tlT). 

skiii  irt'latinK  to  n 
Min; ;  tiiiii  ( irlitl- 
iiii;  to  It  ilaii)>li- 

l.'i). 

"Ki- liii    

ii"Kti<>K 

skuxeo 


Uii  -ini-kiii 

tHliap-kai-iii'ii 

Hltw-w'-nit'ii 

.  ..       t.-illL't-t»llt'-llll'  -1"^  • 


tr-ii(i 

t>lilii'-liliis-nu'ii  ... 

nl-labll'-lUrks 

Ml-tnlu'iii'-.'.i'n    

tikli-iils-lslii' 

klu-U'kli 

»j;wfp'-zin  (beard.v) 
t^lii'?-  -pin 

s:MK-i'wa'-!i''ii  . 


HtUll'll'  l>'lt 

Hiikiis.si'  K" ) 

Im-iii ;  H);ii'<iii' I'tii   .  . 
Nki''li);ii  

splkriii    

ko'iiikaii 

H);ii1iis 

Hnililiiiic'*'-Mlin  .-- 

te'ii-i) 

(.■liknlHstii 


K'cliiia'naii  .. 


H|),-iiks 

»[)'li'MlZll 

ti'  mizrll 

Ki'lo'Ki' 

HUpzi'll 

cli-i)i  11 


271 


\<K  AIJI   I.Al;IKS. 
Fumili/. 


II    11.11 hi. 

tiinnli     liitthn. 


kllllll    stil. 


11  >  III-lll|!.->  .  ... 

iiiiin-iiiili 

clii  I    iiiiiii null 

l.aiKli  till 

iiiiiiiii 


•'Iiiiiii 


I.WIHi-llinilnll  .. . 

.ml  '<rM.|i;lH»  ... 
I  ll  ilJllk'll 


nn-iiiiia-titi'M  . . ,. 
►  Iiu-'lu-lr 

>l>llllllll'_vill-IIIUlK'  < 

Kliiiii.Htali'    

Illllll  -l>u 

lilt  Is-Kwali   

iiii.'-.'-lii 

»Kiilll-lrll-kii,slii'' 

taiiK>li-t:i  . 

kiil-lokcs  


I.'i.  I.il.mal.         J  H;.    lail. 

iiimiji  Ifilih:  tlivryr  <.'iW» 

Kkiii  >iiii){|i I  HUi'lr-ii  kit  .. 


Klit'-ali   k'li'li.'i... 

ko-kiillii'lll 

nlii'lr  yak'i'Niiii  . 
hIicIi    vnIiuII'Ii  . .. 


Hkiilil'M'  la      iiiuiiiii 


^ktli  -nliflii 


Irli  kcKi  laaiiii  ha  . 

'll  Hlifiiuaiii 

ti'lirli(M»-\\  u»Mk\^(>  /. 

ten  cliiHi-ua  hkcm  - 
k»a-la. 

Nliau-luk-Hliii    

i<liJN.>.-kwai   

Mliaa-hiUs 

NliiNH-ka 

iii'-(ki'-(iliui 'ki'-Uiii) 
iia'. 

j  k«  'tklii  -nlm 

iiiaa  kuin    

I    kwilf-klllH'il'' 

I  n'  al  kfliiiiislH  ' ... 


■luli-U'ili 

RWi-ti-kn-itlilli' 

Kl.-tll-lll'  ulilli      . 
nkmi  kalii    . . . 


inak-nliali' 

l.sliiit(^->!iah'  . .. 

Kliii-sl.ali 

iit-sliali 

Kko-piilitnlr  .... 
k..-k„'-llrll  .... 


k'liin  -iia 

kluNllX-tl'll 

.    I    KllllNVtllkKJl 

.   i  rliiiu-i^lii'cii 

.. '  liiot-.sali!!' 

.  I  liai'-clic-nilii 

..  sIiwihi-iii'InIi 

I  I     .-I 
kali  -kcM-iia , 


•kiiU'   Iil.-wliiihl.^i'    k<'-\val,-kii(lit 


HWrll  -a  kllM    .... 

n'll-'vlatl  -ttirt 

tfl-.'lllrh     III 

niall-li'ill  |i'|-i>-iii.  II 
iia. 

tfii-KiiC  lalaii 

tcl-ikali  -ak 

Niii-.-iil'  1.1  Ian  .    .  ) 
Hcii'kali  uk \ 

lawlllll  -ll'IIIIMM'll  . 

fi'liai-.MlM 

iiiaakiiii  

ta-HaIr  .1CH1H    

Hkii-iiiiilih  ' ;  N  ,li-iiiiil 
(^•_^l•l)rll^^). 

k..l     

kiil-liiiii';     klf|i-li'l 

('J"l    8ll). 

iiMik--<iiii  

Nail   Hill   

tiiUi  '-iiilli    

vil  liH>' 

kwcli-if-iiN'-auii 

Ill|l-Slllll 


cbali'-llcli 


17    Ki>  iiiiaiiklm. 


I«  ■  I  i>">h . . . 

■Illtllll     lllMI 

rllii -ll' 

nliali    nhl'  Ikh 

lali    la  |hih|h> 

Im.1.1 


iirkMi 


kliit*  ^lialill  liiMi 

Iiiil  viiii'k.i^li  ... 
liilriUuli  <la 

liitit  liali'il.i 

I'lii'l  kah'lH'i    ... 

UlK'krIi  IK  il 

klitfcai^li     

kai-iii<liK  ... 


I".  KuwHiiUk. 

fiflTyr   tttMtu. 

«Wrli   J  I-  kii. 

klull    IIIH. 

olrlil    la  kilt  t. 
■lull  iir-nblli' 
iiii^liiiilii. 
iiiait   iiir  yi'li. 

»M«h  ilr-yi-li. 


ll  '•nun  itali'   In  n  li 

irHnali'ii'nIali  lii'<li 

n'Dlali   IiihIi. 

iiKWali    n  a  -  in  n  n 
mini  lilt. 

Klali-iii'ulilli'    iiinn 
I  III. 

iiVl  liaat  nil. 

..|  h'lh'kaak. 

\     ii'iM't.liaaliin. 
\  '  n'lnkiuik. 

.   I  ii'M't-wlnil  niiioli. 


iHi-uiiitir 

Iiali  k.  t     

nkao'-kno' 

I'lirKliiiil 

kwnn.na 

Ukuli  -<Hini 


iniik-!<linil 

Holl-M-li 

t«'Ii«->iitl 

iljiil   (Hhh 

ko  -1MV!«'<1 

Hliuil-tutI 


cliuli-iuli 


It'lll'll     \  w*. 
»tmi  it. 
.s'ali  MUM. 

H'ko     llllll'^O. 

kwnii  iiMii. 
kill. Ill  III'. 

iniik  -M>ii. 

w»li'  Mini. 

tiik<--Kiitl. 

yin'-ni'tM. 

knell    ii"-<'8'-»iiii. 

all-lutr. 

eliak-IUh. 


m\ 


hi 


CU.MrAlJATlVH 

ScUkIi 


li 


lit 


1(1 


I.a.m;i  .M.I'. 
Ai  iiiui:m  , 

lllllKl 

1(1.   Kali'-iM  liii. 
(iiurfjc  (iililiH. 

II.     Kull('(-Hpl-I|[| 

(  Kali^priiii). 
Ill:  Hill.  r.  Tiilmii. 

I'J.    S'cliil/iii    or 
Cdiir  d'Alt'iif. 

A'm'.  (1.  Miiiijcriiii. 

Ti.  Sclisli    pro 
or  Flat  Ik  ad 

li'iv.  C.   Miiiiju 

i.r 
iiii. 

•■Ii-iliii' I'hIi 

Ht-cliii-w  n  i  1.  f  li  t  ; 

Ht(i|M'-l(lll(tlllMllllV 

kaki'iil-t'li's-laii  . . 

^kl  I'-tilrll 

cliiilliHli 

Ntu\vtikt'i)iii.''ii     .... 

Nt'sf'-yt'tsli-ato  .... 

skliwc-le-m  ck-8to 
(sin)!). 

ii'kwaklik  \v  a  k  li- 

k.liil-l-hi'.st. 

-kail'tikli 

.••tVr->Ilill 

^wak'-slirii 

>kliwil-klnMl- 1 1!  - 

iuo'^-sIh-ii. 

.sfsaiii 

cIicIhcIi 

iliflsili 

kofjkt'i'iulist 

fkclti.li 

/OOSlllill 

zoii.si'liiii  . 

NjiilH 

lliidv 

I.,."           

st'-Ki  ■-llili' 

sl'.sn-slicli' 

•^(/(Mislll'ill    . .     . 

luut 

Ht'-clia-slicn 

Nt-Miin' 

It.llK- 

lllilll       

Itlood 

'       

siii-liuKlil 

,silH.I'.:.p| 

inrd-lslic'-di' 

'I'own,  viUii'^c   . . . 

hkf'ilici 

Cliiil' 

il-lr-llir  -lirltii 

i  li-itii-kliiiii) 

Ir-tHlie-li-Uliit 

klKl-IUt,'ll-tsI'i'    WfS  . 

• 

i]ini'"'iiiii 

Wall  iiii 

l-niiid 

llllUSI' 

ii'ilu'  Halsh' 

is-^'i-lakli^ 

cliil-lMi;  spc-,\al  -lui 
(hKili  li)<lf,'r\ 

Kl  ili.ip' 

ililiimU 

bla^,'! 

Krtlli' 

liliop 

/kui'iicli 

taiiiiii'ii     .    . 

How 

\l  IllW 

Am' 

KiiilV  

ta-pi-iniir 

ta'-pi'-niiMi 

slll''-lc>-IIH-|l 

sliil-la-iiiiii' 

in'ii  -rlii-inaii 

Uli-a'  O'iiilO:  »l''l'- 
liiiii  (<lii);-uiil). 

kii'hliin' 

siiiiia-iaan'-liil-tcii 

Hii-iiiaii'-lm 

«'i'li<-lu-iiias'-kiit. .. 

spc-kani'' 

Hp(  -ku-m' 

kn-kn'smii 

H'h.il-liall' 

nki,  'ui-at.s' 

.M-luil' 

sliiliiii'iii 

iifiii-Lhluiiii 

h'  cllt'Illli'll  ....  .  . . 

('aii<».  (haiU)  ... 

tf-dt! 

skai-Micii 

M'H-iiier-kliW(ni 

se-iiiclkli' 

te-t.-.lii'-iiia.s'-ktl 

al-ila  -rcMt.sIi 

al-da'roiitsli 

stslir-zi'-kliuii-zut  .. 
at-si't-zct 

is-sni-kwi'-lts 

klial  (adj.) 

t/jf'c , 

Ixai'sliriii 

i«t-clii>.miaskit 

^pikllIllla>• 

Npikiiniiay    ilskoo- 
cpiay. 

kr-ikdiisiiii 

.soliilliaK 

.''koo-ka-ait.i 

l'i|.(- 

Tnbiit'co 

SUy 

Sum 

MiKlll 

Star 

D.iv 

ftnnionigutii    

H'.llc'lli;;!! 

h'  ch'  (.'hiiai.ikt  .... 
spkaiii' 

.spkaiii'   flkilk 
(iiij;lit  Hiiii). 

kuki'isiu    

11  ez 

Sglgi'it 

Nkukiit'z 

iK'^il 

Ni-lit 

I.i.ijiit 

V()('.\i'.rLAi;ii:s. 

Fdmilj/. 


II.  l:.'lli.>(>la. 

Uniri/i   Cilht. 
slln'll-ll'vacli'.  ..  . 


KolKlrll 

H\mii  iii:ili  irli>'>.| 
sku-tlciiUli 

Illl-ll'.Villl' 

skolili'-rU-sall  . . 

iMilip 

>l.ilk'li 

sIh'itIi 

>talil-l  lllllsli  .... 

\v«'i'-iiali' 

iiDlill-kwtli'k  (■  - 
iiiiiii'. 

sllci'll 

Iiow-i;,-  iliililsd. 

polis-tmi' 

k'k-.snmii-la 

k(i-;i(ili's-a  Iciit.s' 
l.-k-k'-kl,i(l.'  ... 

klal'-liiH 

Ui'b'-imcli 

.sliu'-kopr-tali'  . . 

klahwk' 

.>ho'-\v'ti-ii()ii('li'  . 

ftliiii'-iiiicli 

kiokc 


Ill as.ini'li'  kill... 

\va.H-»li()'-ii  iio-at- 
Na>;li  . 

(S(I-..||IIIM  :      t  NO  . 

sliiuii-.-im  . 


1.'.  I.il.iwal. 

Ciiiriji   ihhhr'. 

li--lio-luaka 

sVlltli-Irn 

klnvc'li  li'ii 

nil'  znlit>li-k.ill  . . . 

kwiili    lial    kail  ... 

.slipali    li  ,\aii 

lacli-iiu-li'  li\\  I  . 

k'kHiili-iri 

^Iiwaa-kocik   

p.Vcl'-ll 

Iiwi'h  -la  (  Ih'Ii-Iiid'Ii 

kWdkr  |u'i     

ii'ki'-.sliaiMl'k 

Nlir-.-ia-lukxli 

ilirli-tiHi'li 

lia-laa  ka 

to'li'-wliatKJi 

k'k'  siii.ia-l.lsli 

k(nv'ls.s-kail' 

Iiwi'll    ki'-trll 

klaiits;    irrlii'-nirt- 
InaU  (hiiuiU  caiini') 

»liclili-z<Mi  

sk\vi)'-ilz-ti'ii 

!<hiiiaa.M(M)lT 

k<iii-liali'  a 

simk-uimi 

kl.l!     l.MII-ll'M     

ki'-kii'-Nlic'-riiit 

Ici-s-kail'-Hlia 

Iia  •  ra:i|i';  pli-ii  -  a- 
i'aa|>. 


IC.  Tail. 

Hiiniji    (hhhy 


nIikIi  -t.>.ns. 


k«  111   tsii.s 

N.ia'iiii'l :  k\\  III    la 

«'liiil  -l.i 

Nwali'  ^n.ssliil 

hliull-h'\  III 

Niiin-lsim 

kwali'-lo-wul 

haa-M'->  III 

s-rraili'-ni 

h'liai  -ll-hiit 

liVklrli' 

lid-ali    liiin 

t-kwali'-wus 

IiicIi'-wIimIhIi 

Hlalil'-l.i'li 

kiiw-i'li.-i -ka 

khialK-tal 

HJo'li-wliiill 

i-kiil'-ia-li'viii 

hkl)-U.1-Ulll 

siiiaa-lli  li 

kwiit-cliili-cliil  .    . 

Mfo  ali-kiinii' 

Mkoti-lic-aliHs 

kwali'-.sil 

trl-a-wili  \il     

til-.i-,lalt 

Ill"ll   NWcll-vil     


is 


1 

l<.   Ko-liumkllt*. 

H.  Kiuv.ilitsk, 

iitmiiv  liihlix. 

Hiiir-ii    C'lhht. 

ko-ti'tsli-r-ili.'  Ja.  . 

cliali  li>.li. 

lnvaii-\n-k\viiio... 

mull  rlllNH. 

kali-;iali  j.  -kn    ji-ti' 

h'ii    kkili  .liilits. 

.li.yii-il.islu  iIiitIh'^I  '. 
kwaw-waitlir  l)i-ll,\ 

"•'i'    lllsll. 

.jiv.li  JchIi  ill 

s'ln'11-iia. 

pak-alil  .^liul 

.h'Iiiii;  iia-slii'l. 

liwa  W.IU  -ll-^lllll  . 

.t'luiii  naslH't. 

liaw'-ii-sliid 

ii'.ialiiii. 

kiN-kwai-f-Kat  . .    . 

nils  k«ali'  Imiin. 

kwlill 

^'llW  illlll). 

l'll'-;;llHf 

«'ainin'. 

kkil  -'  iiliin' 

kwaiii'  kiMiiii. 

1.        ...Iill  

ir.sklrl,'. 

kliili    iisli .. 

la.t-liiiii. 
kIi  kwalttc. 

hiil-li.li-UlaIr 

Iliik-lnv 

ta-liiili's'. 
sk\va-la»li'. 

liiii-c-lii'li' yi' 

Hliii-iini'li    

Hklll)  kuMi'. 

kliili(-I»|i-lni(i{piii'k- 
(>l) ;  kciiKlic'  kfii 
kIiii'  (^ll^alll  I. 

klatrli-li'ii  ('•liratli); 
ai'lilfii  ( iMiikcl). 

llllrll   \vllffi!l    .... 

SMOU Willi  (t^f'lH'I'ic). 

kliik  sliiil 

link'  hliiii(iiioiraMiii'<) 

Iiwa  haul  -^j    

s'pliailiiiii    I'll  -111. 

a-walik    liii 

Hpalir  Illlll. 

nI aiil' 

rliccN'  111. 

lai-fiili 

Kkwal-iiiii. 

t^'iKil- 

kl-kalth.'. 

k(i'-»hii(l 

kwair.Niiiii, 

Iiali  lie  III  la 

tank  Mkwai  il. 

ilall   

nail. 

ill* 


il 


;i 


i 


274 


^1 


IB? 


t 


•Il 


II  ^i^ 


I 
P 

it 


CO.Ml'AK'ATIVI'; 

iSctixh 


l,\Mil    M,K, 

Ai  I  IM.i:il) . 

I>mkiii'Kt ... 
Mnlliili^.  ... 
Kviiiinu 

'^I'lii'K 

Siiiiiini  I' 

.SlltlJIMII 

Wiiilrr 

Wiiul  


III.   K:ili~|ii'liii. 
titorijv  tiihhu. 


icliiin' 

Kni  ■kwiinl . 

Ui'-kiill  

Nkap-iH  . 

-a-iilK'   

-Iilia-ai  .  . . . 

W-i.ttitlll    .. 

xllilllt    


'riiiMiilrr -IhI  ti  laii'. 

I<i^;liliuiin i  ^au  (•'  kiili  ..  . , 

Kalll i   --li'lirs' 

Sniiw  Hiiiii'kwMt 

Hail 

liiiv 

Wiil.r 

hr 

Kill  111,  laliil.... 
Sfii 


tsi'l-sr  Iii'-hIihii 

Mil-hliisl     

wi-w  iill-kwii.  .. 
blm'-iii-tMii,   . 
Klaii'lrkliw  .   ., 


Ii'Imi- 


Mtchit  -  pit  1.1  -  inn 
kwu. 


I'ti-lii-  at'-kwii  (tin- 
|iiiii(  i|i:  "  liv.i  >ii 
a  vaili"  ,. 


iVliil-kal.''  . 
hill-Ian  -tiiiii 


l,aK.' 

Villi,  y 

Hill,  iiiiiiiiilaiii 

l'*laiiil kIci-iis-iiiM-Noii'-kwi 


issiMii'-kwa-iiicUli ; 
I  liii  knii  lol'-kaii. 


.SIdlii. 

Salt  .. 

Il'KII    .. 

Ti.,.  . 

WiMl.l 


sliaiixli 


ulci-liiir   

Ichi-i/l-slii  -la. 
Id-kvs 


I.i'al' !  h|.|  )-laii  .. 

Haik '  clii  lal   Uii 

1 

(lia.is  :  slr-a' 


I'iiio 


(.1     ,1  I        k  W  II  (  1  p 

Hk(il|i  (Jii.) 


II.     Klllll'l-H|llllll 

I  KaliN|ii'liii). 
/';•.  II  III.  /'.    T'llmii.   i    l.'ir.  i:.  Mini/iiriii 


1-'.  SVliil-ziii  iir 
(niir  iLMiiir. 


Nti'c  [lai.i  . . . 
^iiii-liuap  . . . 

Mll--lll'itil      .. 

■-.ll-iinlk . 

>|1M1-||'\M  il  .. 


iiinlil  a\  Ink 


I:!.  Sili^li  piiiprr 
nr  I'lallii  ail.s. 

tiir.  a.  Ml injiirhii. 


l-lic-iii  (ilaik,  tiilj  )      i  IcIiiin' 

Uu  ilztniii ••kiukii.st  . .. 

Ir-ll'-pi'P  . 
ki 


ll'kap. 


.\al'->li -kr 

s'islii    id 

sit    sil-ki) 

Hllll'-llt 


Ktat/.-la-ri''tiii 

si'1-1,1   kliaiii 

ski)'-|iiil 

Mile    kill 

t«  llialkll 

.-I  H-kwrl  -klip 

si  -kwo 

i.kliii'-.l.iit 

lii-iiii  kliii -li -nmkli 
srslnt-pii'-liiiii-k\V(' 

(sllOII,  flul  (if  till' 

laiiil). 
n'/i'-kliiit 


i-la-kail-kwr ;  lulii't 
ki'-lii  (((im). 

n'li'l  Ic'-l  I'  -iiiiikli ; 
ii;;ii-iiil-kvvi'. 

i-lr-liHli;  i-lisli;  kliii- 
/iit  (siiiiw  pnik). 


s'  clu'Iii" 


«krp; 


rtiliMiM-kwi' ;  r-ti- 

;       M  iii-kwi'. 

i-li.iiiisli I  nIic -lot 

I  zor 

—  ]  M-hi -liiii  

Hi>ak I  ri  -slu  -IH 

I  NO-lrp     

'  |li,'ls-|slli-I(l pi  Zsclli 

tshi-'-lii i  fliilclj;ii 

Hi r -lie i  mipiilejjii 


s°  aiilka 
h'  (.II'  li . 
fi'  istili  . 

HlH'Ilt 


hlollrlain  

stcllrlaiii 

sti|M'ls  

Nliii'kiit 

sjilnssi' 

siiNrhi  /til 

siMilkll 

Ki;iiiiMiitikii 

HtiillKii ;  Miall 

kill  li  II  t     Nr  11  1  k  II 

(Ki'i'at  water). 
M'lilkii  (walfi)  ... 

I'V  clilkalii  

tfiasiiirjril 

/iiikiii'iit  ;  I'NiiKik. . 
os'  cli.sciiik 


o 

s'  .solu'liscli , 

(■liil;;iizi*ii 

ololi'iii 

Iiik 

zi'lzi'l    


vat  k'.viilp  ( /'.  jdiii-      >' atkii/p 
ih  rimi ).  I 


i'^  *£•- 


<.) 


V()('Ai!ri-.\i;ii;s. 

Fit  III  ill/. 


It.  l<.'lh<H.la. 

1 

l.'i.  lalowat. 

tii'orijf  (iihtis. 

(.'(■<»•;/('  (iilihx. 

kuikli-ti'ili   

naa-tiii-tdiili 

rhiikli'-};i-if 

icli-miiN  klii-ruaii  .. 

Uwiill 

|)t'|iaaiiehiik 

I!»lllH!l-kei-I(>t«h'  .. 

MlMMlll'llk 

aH-nliokii 

Nh-kiicli   Ijiim 

s'liiynotl 

k.O-lTik-kiil  Ink  ... 

liebm'-lii'liiii 

kal-lii  Mliiiii   

ulll-\vul-l;iallli   .. 

8llk\VPI>H 

U'jiii-im 

iiiaa  ka 

kriio-sliiiir 

skiik-hiwlii^'  

iicli  -llll   

Kpali  -iiiibli; will  -lii|i 

knl-lali       

koli 

no'-kliiis   

cliih    iicli 

s'ai'-tl 

tc-iiichw' 

Nt'-US» 

Im<li)'-iiii'-(lialaatl 

iHli-xhotit 

wli()(i-aii  -wiiih 

fliaiill 

(■Ilc<'ll    111 

yiii-yiio-'.iiiMiisIr 

|ial-liiiii;   hIi'iiivI- 
liiiii  (pralrii';. 

kunkcKlit' 

slii'CNlr-liiitsli 

lac'lil 

kill  -lucli 

Iiait'  (w 

Iiwc'bk-liii   

at-pnt-lilimiii' 

Nlic-waap 

kooiii'-ill 

paa-iiiiHli  (diinvotxl) 

•^poslii'  , 

»Iiliik'-nm 

klacli'-kwiit  .  — 

slirh    k.rl 

skt;iWK»> 

sliink  -  kiiiii ;  iMiip'- 
paals. 

/o-lial '  ini'h'  wliatH 
(III). 

IC,  Tall. 

IT.  Ko-inoiiklis. 

I-'.  KiiwalllMk. 

llioriji  ilihliH. 

liftUyt    <ill>h-<. 

ftinnj'-  liihh  . 

liK.t-Ialililalip 

liaa-tiill 

kwai-t'o 

!l\vil11-llrllt''(*l. 

li\V(xil-laalt 

Inviiu-iiaii    It. 

iiiokwi'li    Ills 

kwali'kwiis 

kw-asli 

tiiiii  k»ali    li.-<li. 

nil  liii'li-lialll  sKt    . 

is-lii'li  -IIImIi 

Iclii'iiii-lilicm  .... 

Iiiiii-li.iit'l. 

palialsr    

poll  -liiiU  (ifi'iH'tii-); 
1 11  -  a  li-liai  (ii.) ; 
iaii'k  ill  ak  (K.). 

n'cIiiuIi   liiiiii. 

lidlnvahsx' 

Iiai  lic'li 

kwiil 'lust. 

lial   lak  it  

kiil'liH 

yiikw. 

Nliiiii-iiiii'ir 

ch.tl   

sinin  iniili  . 

Mill  .-ka 

kci-Iiai 

kii-kwhaliss' .. 

t'  t.^al^-O.H!llll 

nknl-kwal    liii. 

liai-iikw 

kv.ai'rii 

liai  kw. 

Ink  ka  li    

kali'-'ii 

kit'li. 

slc-l-liikw'   

hill  (laliw) 

sprll  -oo. 

Imii-iiii>'l.* 

>;iil-.vi'li 

kolitl   k<> 

Iinii'iiioii. 

kwalillkwa 

kwalill   kwa. 

-tail  -lo 

kwiit  -liiiii    

htali    It). 

lialit  -s:i 

Kalrall 

liali-lKlia. 

Hpclli-lial  (prairie). 

nlial  'yrakw 

Npi  lli-liaii. 

Hiiiiiall 

laliknl 

Miiaant. 

klrlil'l-chns 

kwoHamli'    

hkH'.Na.s^\ 

kleli    trill. 

kliial-llllll  

kiilil-liilic 

kli'ilil'-liMit. 

Ii'paal-tiil  

llclltH   

haalelil. 

Hkaat 

pali'ailai 

nkiiat. 

ti<-lii'li'-iikw 

kwalil  -alniliii 

ki'li'  a-kali. 

kwiil   lat-sim 

li'\ai-li.i 

Hilli-lrslit. 

Mall'  koine 

pall    \alt. 

kuiil'  lull. 

saililiwnl   

kink  kiliii     

Ma!i'«liiili. 

nlai  (III  ) 

kla.i-il  (til) 

kl.iakiit. 

F<^ 


27( 


i<) 


COMI'AItATlVi: 

S,lisl, 


;  i. 
li; 


II  i!' 


I  : 


11 


I.AMil  AliK,  ;  111,    Ku|iH|lrllll. 


I'Irsli.  meal   . . 

i><% 


liiillal.. 

liciMliliiik).. 
WuU    (Kni.V),. 


I -.Ik 


l!i:iv,.i-  ... 
Tiiiliiisi'  . 
riy 

.\Io>llllitM    . 

Siiiiki' 


<:,(ir;ii   <:il,hi. 

sliiil'-tilsli 

IlKtIU'llijJ 


liiid 


):«« 

I'i'iillh  rs 

WiTl-s    .. 
llMlU    ... 


l'i;;.'(.n 
Ki.sli  ... 


^jlniiin  . . . 
.■■.|iir^;i(.M 


.MVrcliull 

Wliili. 

IShnU 

I.'.il 

lilllc  iliyl.l)  .  , 
V.ll.nv 

tiiTi'M  Ui;;'it )  . 

•  ilC.ll   

SllLllI 


Hlcliipt   I'/in  (liiilli: 

NtHMl-IM.'lkli'  (cow  I 

n'kliitn'- 1<  a  ;  hhim- 
lmi'-t[;liiii(uii/zl\) 

n'lM''- 1  Hi  n  :   si  ii  - 
Irliu-lfpdiiuiiii'). 

Ihc  (I'-likw 

.s'llil'-Sll-l«UM:  8ll-l'l' 

iMa  (caiiliiiiO. 

»ka-la  -i> 

al-M  -kwn 

ii-wair 

trlia-.-r-h.ks 


n'rlia-\vi'-la;  lia'-n- 
111  (ralllnsi  aki'\ 

liur-lnval  -Null  ... 


s)iiim 

s'IiIki  \VII;;1i  -llilll.  . 

Ii«:i(  -Init 

liiils  liii  -(slim 


II.    KiillrrHpiliii.     I      I'J.  .S'cliit/iii  or 
( KaliN|irlin).         '       Cii-iir  iTAIriii-. 

Ih:  ll'iii.  K  Ti)liiii(.    I    1,'t r   (S .  M iiujittl .■ . 


sk.iillih 

Illlclltill/l'I'll 


siiiiiiaik'liiii  . . 


>kiil!ayi> , 


•  Kk.l    til>li   

iikii-  k(is-  m  1  -  tiii- 
slii'ii. 

s/ii-llln  III  (hull); 
»lc'-rnii  (n>\\ ). 

ii'lila  III'  ■  k  a  ;  siiia 
klic-liiir  ((;rizzly) 

ii'tr-la-im   (laiRi'); 

.Mllil:  -11   (fOyilll'J 
IHI' 

si-lc  -s|ict»  (liiick) : 

K[lll-ZI'  (<l()c). 

ii'  iiiiil-.slicnt.fli.  ... 

N|iai-k\viilks 

n'kr-kai -ka-iiii  


sim-al-hlilcli'  . 
Isiiii-a-lii.s'  ... 
skHasI 


i-|)r'-llk    .. 

il-liwai' 

i  U'vil    

i-iliil-k«iM.'-likliw 

i-kwa'li 

skvviM;'.|-ia 

ku  ii'-luiit     

ku-kHll-Vll     Ilia     ... 


tc-tH-llisll 

uliriwliayiiulli    ...      i-tiklil;  i-li   let  (^Jiir. 

(is'-so 

tsliH-ZH  ;  fim'-.iirii  . 

st'f>li(((5\va'-k('ii(iiriii 

klnvat-kliwal  (mal- 
laiil). 

k*  rils-kli(i-!siiiii 

ki'-kliii-lisli  


lit.  Silisli  proper 
111  llallieails. 

/iM".    ii.    .\hlHJillini. 


skelliili  (vide  hoili/) 
ilUokd-iliiicliiiMl.ii . 

-ziillii(liiill);  .st"iiiar 
mi  (c  nv). 

in/aiiik  a  ii  :    Niiigi>- 
icliii  (Kiiz/l.v). 

iizi  -ziii 


z'  iill;;ll. 

.SIH-L'llIzi' 


-imllliln-lell.  . 


er-pee-llk  . 
yiik-kwai 

ie-i|Mrel  .. 


kiMl-liiiilit  . 


siMllK-tlilsll 

/lllli-tlls' 

skwi^t    


kliar-pi'-lilet.-' pus. 

pek 

kwid   , 

Uwil 

koll^i 

kii-ivk' 

kii-iiH 

kliM-kliat 

Ihlii-lslie'-;;i' 


sUal.ii' 

spelkiiaks 

Kaiiialtiii 

HlakM 

!>'  ^elieiii'le 

;,'iiiHiici  ii/  (animal 
Keiii  nilly  1. 

iniNse  

Kkapiis.sel 

h'  cliiiii;;aii  (amis) 
sesl/i.'iim 


H/--ii/.im 
sileiiC  .  .. 


Nlll/i'cll  . 

skile.st.. 


il'iU 

ikiiiii 

ikiiil 

iklMM       

ikciali' 

ikiiiii' 

kiitaiit  (i::aiiimate) 
I  Uiikiiiiiiiiii 


aU.. 


L'l  < 


s  I 


vocAr.ri.Aiaics. 

I'timil!/. 


II.    I'x'lliool.l.       { 

l.'i.  I.iliiv.at. 

Iii.    I'ail. 

17.  Ivi.-iiiiiiiklis. 

\f*.   Kiivviililsk. 

iitttnjt  (',ih}ts. 

I.uinji  (lihhx. 

(urlijl   lllhh-. 

(Uiiriji  dilil'i. 

Cmnji  f.'i/i/i.i. 

fkiLilill 

tsc'li  (vcnis(iii). .. . 

HliHi-\vli('h'-;k«i\  s. . . . 

rlltt   -llll    

klfhl    Kilt. 

Willll.l 

skali -li.i    

sko-iiiai 

Kv\ais|i 

s|paa". ;    li.ii  -  IliaUr 

skii-iiiai. 

1  'li'-krli  mill. 

ImIi    li.ill 

kliicli;  I-  uh.li  - 

lira  -  liaall  ;    iiir  a  - 

liil  (while). 

liaall. 

(-ri//l.V). 

noiil  .Hliii-kwiirlr  . 

kuvv'-Hain 

>t<;-kai  ja-a' 

kl.llll     liilir 

sir  k. 11  yluh. 

slioo-pali  -mil 

Isrli 

siiiai  fss'   

kill  nass 

hah  pil. 

hthit'ht  ..  . 

1  hii.its 

kai-\'i'lits      ....  . . 

Uai-chlsh 

Ink    kiilic 

Kai  rhlsll  . 
skill  Ian'. 

ki>-li"iii' 

skill  laa' 

skal-laii 

Ii.-nialils'   

Uwalrh-nink' 

li«aia 

k»aal 

Iiuali    Inva  julic 

Isak-chuhshr   , 

Illrll'   Illllkll. 
iiii'h-shnii  . 

|ir-U'\  iim' 

liap-iii  -ik 

iia-wliilil    

.Ili-kai  a 

iihl-kai 

ilaall. 

tellCt-t.slll   -clu'-piM' 

kup-acU'  

slirli-iikli 

a...-.sha 

kai  .111] 

ho'-uUc  (si'a-i'dwl). 
hwali-h Willi    

iiKi'-okwiM'a  fiiwl) 

t 
tiiiiii-iiiish. 

iiiali'-iiir-la-lialli' . . 

o-l;\V'iksli 

shells 

Mt-ka-al' 

Isullt-tsiikw' 

lialr-inip 

slkasse  (ipllll>). 
sl-kassr. 

Hlll•^-^ll(•c■^vl^-lall 

stia-kalil   

mil-Ill  l>liai'  .... 

Uiiiik-saalt-iiall  ... 

tc!  Ilk  -sill 

ki'liil-a-kchil   (iiial 
laiil). 

llll  -Ilk  H  ii(iiiallai'il 

(ihii-st-k'k 

Ill'-lllll  -Wll.i 

lia-ii:alr 

hall  -a-liMii    

litiiii  -anil. 

nliiiii-sliiiii  kakl- 

k'.slu:i '. 

sit.s-kwai'   (small 
kinds). 

sliil.-lah-liiiii. 

.sliiiii-llk 

fliii.i-wiii  I.ia-\\a 

sa-al  -Id 

ja.i  1 1-  Immi 

s'l  liaal  t nil. 

liiilr-iitl 

(skwaa-  <•  li  !■  (■  t  Nil ; 

kwoi'-lai  -D-siil. ... 
Iii.s-ilalul' 

k\\  ll-llli  sill. 

skwi  rsli. 

skvvals-lali' 

skwiis 

hliwaat     kwaals- 

rrtsli  i  wli  at    1  h 

jdiir  iiaiiii'  .') 

pak'li. 
rli-kwiiii'. 

^*ki«'h-f'(' 

liiikwclr-iicli 

Is'kcli-ih' 

lalir-sclini 

iiio-liwaiiir 

clii'-kwr-clicc'-iik  . 

Iii-cliarir 

hwiisli  

I'll    kcll   -IK'll. 

k«ul-h-aaiitl 

kwiits-hwaaz 

Ishwnb'-iikw  

kwasir  knasli 

Hht-kalHi''. 
clikwiiii'. 
llll-  kv.ai. 

kwiil-lr-aaiill 

kwnl-clil -Ml 

Is'  kwai'li 

kli'Hli-i'li-liMhkr 

nk'  wall   iialz  ... 

Iiii/-/.oim>'  

tr-Iu'li'-iikw  

l.rll 

sti-'ll. 

kaiklitili  .. 

kwclr  kwiisli 

la  iiH'li-iiill  

i   Ir-tolilh 

'*irt-'  illililll 

27s 


II 


i 


1 '  I 


i  1 


3.f    -i 


H 


t'OMI'.VK.VriVH 

l,\N(ir.\(ii:, 
Ai  illiiiiii  V, 

.Silling; 

Old 

|(i.    :<:ilis|i(  hii. 

tiliif-t/t    (iilllm. 

11.   Knlli'i'spchii 

(  Kalispclrn). 

/>)■.  Km.  /■'.  Tutniir. 

I'.'.  S'l  liit-ziii  or 

Coiir  d'.Mrnr. 
Ittr.  a.  ilciiiiiinui. 

ilul  .(lo|.;;llt 

lit.  Sclish  proprr 
or  I'lallii^ads. 

lici;  (j.  Mingariiii. 

i.s-i  .ot 

{Mikh-po-liot';  stii/sli- 

lia'-liiks  ( worn)- 
skn-kwi -milt ;    i.s- 

HilN    (lll'W). 

hdst . 

Voiili); 

1 


.■^kukiii  mil  

K^l 

irio 

khl.-.t 

tshist  

.s\\  i-noiU'tf^-niish  .. 

di-i  -di-it 

khwi  r-khwill 

ta-kliokU 

/.art 

kwclt 

Hail 

t.ii'-ya   



IliinilNDiiir 

I'kI.v 

Alive 

^cst  (^ood>:  ^fhiis 
(lii'aMlilnh. 

ii'lo  (liad) :  clicsiiN, 
(dit'orincd). 

^{iilniiilt  (is  alive).. 

tli'l  (is  dead)  

zait  {"iiM.) 

rs-hw  il-hu  ill 

l>,.,i(l 

u'l-itr 

cliitM-iit-lai'-lii 

liliis-Uwili' 

kn-ya-ii    

a-iio-\vc- 

tsaii-it  1'  . 

tzult  

kooi-ay 

aiiimi 

tzilll'dl/ 

Cold 

I 

Inin-i'iis 

koi'  e   

'I'lidii 

IIo 

\Vi( 

/..'-n.'l 

Ishi-li  -i>ot 

ko-pe-li'-pot 

ZH-nc'-lii-lisIi 

ZH-/.i ;   li'ii-hwi' 

hlc-hlo'  

znilz  ...... 

kau-iii-la'  

ii'|ii-lt'ps'-t«ml 

Iclu:ii-iii  -illNli 

shai' 

I'liet-lii' 

kaeiiipilu 

Vo 

nipilcpstciiip   

ziii'-i!z  

yti  

Th.y 

This  

That 

All 

pas-si-a   

Iiwai  -il 

sii-wat' 

ta^  -li-kol  (not  far); 
li-koi'dai). 

I'll-hwa 

ls|iu->:lU' 

lial  ip'   

a'-i-a' 

a'-H 

Ida     .. 

cssia' 

Kiii'it;   tliKai'^iUMt' 
(of  persons). 

Hitut 

Many,  ijiinh 

Who 

Nciir  (iiol  lar) 

I'o-diiy 

Yratciilay 

To-moirow 

\V» 

t.'ihi-tshi'-ti' 

klnva-khc'-nl 

att-pa'-la-ki'l 

la'-kho 

/ehi'cllet 

iut?H(ia 

SlMSZell 

iie'^alin.       .    ..... 

ho 

No 

la-a'   

hit     .... 

t  a       

Olio 

iiki'i    (iiianini.ile) ; 
t'hinaks(aiuinatt^). 

csel     (iiiaMiiiiate) ; 
cbesel  (animate). 

elie/i's  (inanimate); 
elielieiehle.s  laiii- 
niate). 

Two 

(iM-sli:itr .  ....... 

is-.sail 

iliaii-thlais 

<?»^-.sel 

tshi'-bk'H 

chdt-laH 

r 


L'V'.» 


VOCAUrLAUlIlS. 

Fiimilii. 


II,  Hi'llioolii. 


l.'l.    l.llllWilt. 


HI  Tiiit. 


K.   Ku  iiHi..lilh 


(;,„ry,  (;iM«.  '.".,■;/,  CihI.x.         j         <;™i./''  '■•;'''•«•  '■""!"  '■''••"'• 


tlali'MiiitH liiiMaiiil UwAamkvvi.ni  ....      klnlV-xlcii' .-.  ■ 

„livv„rii k'll-m.ni-niaai.  ..T.'  l„l.'-la-«lial-«lial'       shrnli-lio-liHlill 


;<kilt1n;     al    111-  ^  rliii  -I'l.il 

\vaiili-wa(nt'W  )j 

.•.■-yah' I  Ma-ina 


tinh 


k:ial   kill  


icli'.kiial-tii-iiia.s.t    

at-t<i-iMan«' ■,  /ii   ak 

li».)H-k(l  liml.--  Im1i|i|i 

kwill kmninii  

iiulnU I  Kh«..'n-t<lia' 

vlll]i)-«.-l    

cc-iiiiotl iii'lil  -la 

rtliiii-lii.'.'tl    i  wihli-nrl. -iM.ilill     .. 

I  fliiiui-laaii 


....    Ulmli 
piikli. 


Hllolltl 

wich-yowtst' 1  ii'i-Hlaap 

kwu-latws' j  lali-kini-ft-loli'  ... 

M'la.li hu-i'Ut' 


iiii'li   yil-liu kiili'-liiikali   ahli    . 

I  liik-ni i  kai'li 

I.siiiii.|ii('l->alil    luiii  ;  clmli'-rlniiii 

I   iMmn-llKl-kwMi:! !   kwiuis-tcli 

!  la-al'-wi i  .lii'-.l'^ll 

Ial-li>'-wa I  <l<';;'-.Vi'li 

Is'  sa-a '  liilr-s.'lill 

taMili  -inilli 'I'll  l"'li>l    ■ 

tiit-lii  -wiip ill)  -ap 

\iM-sa  -a i  M-h  -yr-woli! 

la-flr  j   • 

ti'Mi'li  ;  ta-lali -la..|  ko-l.^-lali 

iniikw;  lo  iiiiikw  .1  ali-wiikw' 


lllrll-hi'll  -UM.< 


vi.scj.iH I  111  yli    


I..kat;!i   


1 


wal-iiiiki'H'. .. 


slir-waat 


liclik-llfh';  icbw  krli-ki-1'l;  kc-kaliw 

(far).                   j  ('■'"■)• 

\vni-lii'.''-Ni;-k  I..'-  I  tcliai'l-tclioo'l -cha 

yiHiku'.  (■')• 

ya-ka-iiiai-iiiiDrlis  '  iial'-wliasli 

k'yai-iiimclm 1  k!p-sliili -kisli-k'l  .. 

wais.liii !  k'w-slu'hw' 

aili'-ki> ;  liDo-ahz 

s'ln-ina'-ii '  pal-la 

kl-nosf' all -iio-wabh   

«H-iii.)OHo' '  ka'.-laaHli 


n'yaiit-»-n'.vaiit  ... 

I'li-rh-liit  ;   ti-ili'li- 

J.'.ali-la  dai). 

1  Icl.a-wai-yi-l I  Ihiili-kw 


t6\v-aat   

tM-ta  -a-I'lis;  tualikw 


kiii'li 


twl-aa-kall \  shi^^liJiili-Nli'ilill    ■■ 

wai-iMiNH  k\vai-i»li-iili 

aa-a (•)  (;iil-<lali-lnv.>ll 

DW-wa hwttli'  . 


tul-ul-Ha.  .. 


p('li-l>ah'-ii 


1-.    Kiiw  .ililhK 

kniii    kiiiii. 
wrllilih.s. 

liailH  O"'"  )• 

ai. 

kiilh. 

p'kalm, 

kulli. 


hal.'h'. 
kai. 

salil'  liiiii. 
kwali    kwuH. 
an    ><a. 
liii-iMi  -"  a. 
tii'llri'll. 
lull  .llcr-liill  I. 

Idll'-ll'-WI'l-lllp. 

u-nali-liill. 

nri'llna  (pcrwiii). 

laiii'i'iii. 

iM'i'  kw. 

kadi. 

|ii-«rllt. 

klilill  kih;    .lialikw 

(far). 

I.'li-iik  k^\    al  ill. 

I 

i 

'   k.i-rliil  lali'  kill. 
j  iikwai'-il-liiN. 
I  all  -ha. 
I  ah'-wa. 
Willi  iiul'-Hn. 


saa-h'li;  ti>i;-«aa-lili.i  .Hh('li'-»hah 

klchw;  liilhliw    .      ilialit-lai 


in-Nali'-la. 
kl.hw. 


\\ 


i  F 


Pli 


2s(i 


(.'O.Ml'AlIATIVi; 


I,.\.miihm;, 
Al   I  llolltl  N , 


'"     '''■'''■'l"l"i  II.   Uiillrr^ii.-hn  IJ.  .s'.liil-/,iior      '     l:i.  S,-lish    i,r..i..T 

''^■'li-P'-lim.  (•..•iir.l-.Mriic.       '        (,i-  Flathr.i.ls. 


I'oiir 

I'ivc 

i 

I  Six    ., 


Ki-hl  ... 

Niiir  .... 

Irii 

KliMri  .. 


I'hc-Ivc 


Tui'iilv 


riiirlv 


Til  sfc. 

■|'i.  love 
To  Kill 


IIHIM  . 


Iclli-I     (ll'l 

la    Kail..., 


si.'^'-|IHl 

Ii.'ia   iiiiiii 


Iiaii-iiiil' 


IIIIIIIN  . 


I  Mir   llllllilliil    .  ,  . 

I  llir   I  lliillsalill    .. 

To  rat 

Toiliiiili   

To  mil 

In  ilaiur 


I'll  siii^; 

Slcp 

TllspiMU 


11     pilU 

al  liii-liii 
iil-la-sall 


l/r.l 

laluin 

liinjiil 

Iiai-aiiiiiiii  . 

llall'IMinl    .. 
iiliiiii  


I  alii'-iniiii 

klia  -klia-iiiit 

ii-]M'nl<Nt    -    ., 


rs-.iirl  <)  -|iHii 

cliall  II  -pHii 

Ill  Na  kriii 


rlwik-M'-ill'-liiMl  . . 
l'lllll\-.M»>,-|i , 

rii/iU  sKall  .slii   .... 

rlii(U-xkwi-  -iiiiii-sjiii 
li. 

(•li»k-Niii-k\viiii-imi  - 

rli«k-.s'l-krl  -^lli 

riH(k-.-.kiil-kual-li  - 

ell  »k-y  iiksii-ats' 
liiiiii. 

I'liiik-lii'iKi-iiiaiili'li 

r  li  II  ]i  \  II  k  .--11 11 1 

t.sHIII. 


iiiiM    (iiiiinliiiiitii): 
cliiiniHcins    (aiii- 

IlllltC.) 

t«'likst j  zil  liimi:  i  mat  !•) ; 

•li/i'-l/il(aiiiniati') 
\y   ii^liik.sl lackaii  (iiianiiii.iti^); 

I'lilarkail       (aiil- 

liuilc). 

Iso'-nikNliiiii hi  >|irl  I  iiiaiiinialf); 

<lisi'->|irl      la  II  I  - 
niati'  ) 

lirliiiii-iii  (j  nil  II  i  . 
Iiialr);  rlilii'lii'iiaiii 
(aiiliiiati '). 

Uaiiiif  (inaiiiiniilf). 
I     cliKaiinl  laiiihiali'} 

. .;  iipi'ii    (iiiaiiiiiiati') : 

!     fli'iiiii'ii  (aiiiiiialr). 

i  11  ■|i('ii-iil-iu.  -kwii. ..;  niii'ii-c'-iikiii  man.); 

I  j      i'iriiiiiMii/rliiiiak> 

(aiiiiiiair). 

;  u-pi'ii-ril-i.i-scl  l'lpl■ll-l■^(■M•l  (iiiaii.): 

cli'iipi'ii  (■/  riirhM 
I      (aiiiiiiali'). 

I's-.srr  (i-prii I  tcLs-i'ipni   (iiiaiii- 

I     mall);  I'lir,!  iipcn 
(uiiiiiialc), 

t.-solu-lllr  -li)-piMI  ..    j   cjlrl-iipril      (illail.)' 
I     cli'ilu/  oiiuu  (aiii- 
niali'i. 


ii'kii-kaiii ;  klii'-zii- 

/H-li-SlH. 

a-ii  -pcii-tis-str-kcii 

l.slii-/.i-lili'ii 

(.slil-ziik.s 

t.sliiii-zi'-Uwi-iiciii  .. 

t.slli-t.^kwi:  -ill-zill  .. 

iHlii-nkwi'-iii'-iiiiNli . 

I.slii-zi  -t*llH-lllisll  .. 

(.•ilii  rl.s-kwa'-kwa- 
liiin. 

f shin  z^'wi-l  i iiiclifcii  ( I  lia\  ■■  srcii 

lliIl■l^lla-lll^llsl^ iii;;aiiii'iili-Ii  .. 

ii'sp<)lM-iii.... 


iikaki'iii     (jilf  rally 
iiin'  lii'ail). 

iipriicli.^lkaii 

Iiics'i/iii 

IIir.sMi>li 

llirMiiaiiii 

tiicMkniiiiri]  ■rni ... 

Illcsllkilllrl    

liu.-iil.sclii    -  ... 

tiRvskiilkdiltl 


1 


^1 

''I 

tl 

\ 


•_si 


\  t>(  Ai:ri,Ai;ii:.s. 

I'll  mil  y. 

1  I.    Ill  llhiiila.  I'l.   I.llinvat. 


Iliih'-tvllill  . 


Iw'f'liw j  oliirl  -ki.>!jt 


Iiii'li'liolill    Ul.ih  kiuii'iixl 


jivk't'liiiiiiir irliiiot-lali-Ua 


I 


II.     Tail. 


ha  aht    srl  . 


'      i:     Ku  1 Kl,-..  I>.   Kii«.ilil.sU 

I  I 

t 

tilitrtjt   '.'./l/'i.  I  tillllilf  titl'lt^. 

Im-Hiii Iiiili-ikli -HJii. 


»l»  r  li  I  »  II  h;    t  II I        Kili    a'  --ai 

fsUt'lll-MIS. 

I 
Hull  liiuu    Ilia    \   hii'li    lull  ai 


iMlllkwS 


kflitl-iiiiw    pal-iipi -s'l't I  InU-.ial  .-a 


ki-csli-ina -o kliiiiii|i,il  -aiciil  ..       luo'li 


t.s-ki'l  l.iakt j  knni    iiiiip 

i  1 1  (h'c   a  I  1  isli-  I  kiiMi -iiiii|i  wU'-pal- 
luu  o.  la. 


ill  pi>r-:ill    nall- 
klt>-ah  --.U-rUt 


aw-iiiiisi'-slcokt 


kMin-iiiii|i  \vii'    iiii 
iii>-\va.sli. 


la-all    p.l 

all  imI  kii'-tclill-Ha 


ah  i>''!     kiis-tr-Kaa- 

Irh. 


iIi-iHi-ua'^li  kiliiili>-l     iN'Kwauli    

kat-U'a.--li  kililipsli..;   klu'li-\>  lull  ^ll'_vall 


Imi  -I'lit'-Hal 


kl  kalil  Mir<. 
till  li  liniii  . 

hall     I*  \VM. 


t»-killakl  -t'lci'kl 


aallps  

kaclila 

kU'r-kliiiin' 

iiai'li'liiiiini' 


Ililll  rllil  klllllphll.  . 


laa(-M>-»ats 


shkali 

iili-kw.iil'-ka 

liii-nii'iioliool'  

biMit  -.'^inii    


imi>-)aliiir-tlk  ...    rlil  -lillii 

(■lii'('-t<Hi-iiia nil -yil 

tlf-yolik' k  w  a  1  I II  t  r- 1  <:  li  II 

(iiiiji.) 

klaiia-ki'r  liirlnv.    at^'-lluIl  ...... 


hkwaliiii  -koits. . 


ii'm  liaall 


kaik'li  li'i' /ii'k  w-loli     . 


lll-l.ll-illrl    

kah  -kal-rlicl 

wliiil-iryaa-liim ... 
\\  liaiL'l-irli'  

Irllllim 

ell  .lal-rli.il 

kw.ial-lrlirl 

kwaal-Miil-^'jcii  ., . 

IlOO^-kir-  I'll'    

kail  ilirl    


la  all  -cIiihIi tr  kali'-i  li;i 

(f^  ilnv '  til  li«  . 

t 

"   l''"< "    I'll" 

1)    p. Ill  I'll'. ik  pali-a     i  II  piiii  tun  lit  sa. 

ii-pail  I'll  li.ik  "liali-a  <i  piiii  lii'  Mali  l.i. 

Isniii  hlia  -a i  ilir  k»  ii-li. 

I'll. Ill  aliw  .-.ha  a..    .;  klmli  "  liil  ■•liili 


li'-hli.ili    il.sli 


, 111!  till    

ki.-oli    kl. 

.I'll 

ili.lit  III,  

liuii-iil 

klali    rl.it    

Ii'th  kwai 

k"  lull  -1:1 


liil^  lialitl 
kai  tail    .. 


iialil---'ii  ^^  itf^li. 


nV  ^^\\aliiil  Mil  t  II. 
n'n-kali'ka. 
Iio-cliali'  iiiiiii. 
k«ai  I'll'  li-'li. 

n'lili    liiiii. 

I'll  till. 

ii'  Hwaii  hkalil  . 

Illlll    IIIMlll. 

iii-.|.li'lr. 
k:l     II 


■^■'\l 


in 

I  ' 
I  I 


u 


>S'> 


l..\M.r.\(ii;,  |n.   KjIi-|..Ii„.  1 1 .    KiiII,,  ..|,.1iii      j       |-J.  S.  hil/ 

'  l\.ili-|»  liii).  Ciiiir  il'AN  lie. 

'\'  iniii;ii\,  r;.,>r7'    i,iI'I,h.  n,.   ll,„.  i:   l,.lm„         l:,r.  i;.  M,,i,/,iriiii. 


To  Hit 

'I'll  Hlaiiil  

'I'<'K 

To  conic 


lll«li-Hlill('-h|lilNll        .;. 

rli«k-lii -sliiKli 

<lii(k-Hirvvi)'-i  ;  lio'- 
isli  {imii.). 

iliiik  iiiiiii-clii-iiiil 
lilid'  i ;  trli'liii  -isli  j 


(im/i.). 

To  walk ilii(k-.-.\M^    I 

'I'o  work ,  iiiakii  . .  


l^lllll'/l'■IMO^ 

Ishiii/r  -lot 
l.iliiii-liu-i  .. 


Inlllll-l.-.|lil  /-llll 


l^llill   kllW  Inl 


c'<).mi'ai;ati\  i; 

,v<  //'.s7( 


!:•.  Silisli  |ir(i|ni- 
111'  I'killiriiilK. 

/.'ii  ■  'i.   Miniinriiii. 


lllr'sllakMllUrlli  .. 

tiid'cliisiii  -ill 

tllr'si|Ui 

till'  M|lii 


Illr  Mini  nli 


r 


L's;; 


VO(\\r.ll,AKlKr4. 
Fa  mi  1 1/. 

M.    ItrllhX.l.l. 


\:<.    1. lie. «  ill. 
(,(.>r;;r  Cihhs. 


aiiil'li 

tliin'li 

oh^   Ullill 

iitl.licli'   .... 


icli-kiiiii 

kH'liiitn  iii.'iU'li 


Khliii'li'-lcli^ihk  . . 

liiat'l-liuli 

iiMiM:iHli-K;iall 


If,.    liUl. 
fi'iiiiv/i   (iihlm. 

lliil'llilll  rlli'l  .... 
Mrli  lii'lll  M'l  ... 
Ill  slll.l.l  llllt    


17.    Km  IIUHtkll-^ 


!-.   Kii«.il.l.-U. 


I%».kli-tln-rlinti' 
Uwu-iIihIi' 

viirli    Ik-Ii    I;i... 


. .    i»-i<h 

.      I'lii'l    IihIi 
.        M  \  ll. 


.sIkIi    Ilia  iiiaiill  ....     mil  iiiilil-rliil i  kwi-lali   >j'>i>'i    ••■      niilH-la. 


iiiaa-liiK  kiitl 


ill  mil  lil-ilu'l... 
saisilir!  


•'ll    liali  nhitli 


I'll 'iiiiili. 


t 


till 


li':il  f 


rnoNAiiv  or  tin:  mskwamj. 


I. 

msk\vai.i.i-i:n«;i-isii. 


Ilv   (;m>i: III:-.   M    M. 


A. 


A'  ;i  Uwiil.  till  liilliiis  vf  (I  Jhli  in  it: 

i\li  ilk,  riiiiji  (im|i.). 

All  li:il!st.s't,  'lire,  imikt  a  jinxnil  i>j'\\U)\>.\. 

A  111'!,  :i  iiicl,  //■. 

All  sliils.  ijli-f,  mult  II  ]>iif.i  III  !■/  iitu\)-). 

.\'  ('hi,  11  ■■ill  11 1: 

All  /ill  !('  lii<l,   list  /.ill  liili,    III    lie    iiiitiinnil, 

iti't  III  L'lii'ir. 
A  liiMJ  lii,    lii'il  hi,  jiirli.ijis   (hii;iliiiiiii  ilhhi 

III/). 
Ali«iis-liisMili,  iriiitir,  lolil  innllin: 
Ai  'll'  ;ish,  ;ii'  \i-!isli,  i/nin;  xirimis. 
Ai'  ;;uii.<.  iwrliinnii.  Imiii  r. 
Ais  clil  b:i'  (lull,  //i/'  niiillilit./i  n  I  iiml  iniiii 
Aim'  lil.  hill  el'  hi,'"//"  ijVii  h.hiniii  {\u\\\ 
Al>,  iih  hi,  iiUs,  liiiiiii. 
A  Uiis'  kii|i,  riincrt.  Inn.  Hn-  rlijlil. 
A  kc•l^\^,  li'liil  lii^  tiilliitiiy 
Akli  liwiiil'  /.id.  "  >'  "/' .  '"'• 
A'  kwi  h;;'  kwi  (diiii.j,  /'//  "  l-dli  ■  luli. 
Ai,  III.  ((/.  ///. 
A'  iiil,  "  liiii'xi: 
Al'  ii  sliik.  It  tiitlolsr. 
AI  ch.ui'.  ii-hilhif. 
Alkli,  iitliill'li,  hiinij.  i-imii'  iiii'nl;. 
Alkli  liiid,  '/<»/f«  siniiiii. 
Ai>li,  ([iliir.)  ii'hi^li,  I'liillur  or  intixin. 


.\\\'U  kliw,  uniiiK.  I'lrsh  wiitrr  miissils. 

Al  to' di.  (dim.)   ;d  U>' di  di,  tlnx  ,    r.  dc'- 

iid.-. 
.\  '  k,  iiiixtiil  or  <    iMliiiij,  Usui  IIS  llir  nrl'H 

III  III-  mill  III  Itiirr. 
.\  said'-liii.  III  kiiiiir,  umli  rstiiHil, 
.\s  a'  will,  ii.Hlsii'  vvul.  hiiiiijrij. 
.\s  liiiis'  Indt,  tlif  liixt  nil  imtriiiil  1 1  liixl. 
As  lull,  iiiijiil,  roi/usnl. 
A.s  liidl.><it,  inilii.slriiiiis. 
.\.sl>iis,  sliiliiniuiji. 
.\s  liiill,  a.>  llU'tl, _/■////,  xillisffil. 

.\s  lict    Id.   I'S  IllCt    lill,   Sli/I. 

.\>  lii  Villi',  •liiih. 

.\>  i-liiil>.  ///'  III!  iislniiil    hiililiii)  loilijr. 

As  ('he  llUiil.'.  //((    liii'is  III  ilixjiisi). 

.Vni'Iii     lil^h,  iiiiin'liiiij.  Iii:il,  iiHi- 

.\>  cln  '  uk  wil,  iliilif. 

.\s  iliilsli,  stiiililtil  irilli  hnixs  iinils. 

.\--  ihiili  li.i.  III  I'liiiii  iri.iiil  I', III  irn'ir.     (,>il. 

irnil  I'll. 
.\-.  ihiill  liii,  /"  liin ,  liiiiil. 
.\s  dcMiu'.  iis  dilkliw'.  ill,  irilhiil. 
.\-~h  i!:i!->.  /ViVmi/  (si»(ll.inil  /■>  <(  nnni) 
A->  In  '  liiil.--li.  riirlii  liiiiieil. 
.\s  ln'  1  .'   /■"/(■ .'   /("/'■  lllllrll  ' 
.\s  111 '  liilfiiil,  IIS  lit '  hi  lit ',  /"•  .•7/'i(/(.\  j:> 

iiixi  hi. 
As  hi '  kwuh,  IIS  hill.-.',  tiiiii'l,  ii/,i:i>l. 


f 


£.4. 


1    t 
'I- 


2^i\ 


As  lifp'.  sliijiiit. 

Ah  lilulil  lull,    iisklaki  kii,    sjioltnl    [of   (in 

uniiiiiil). 
A'sh\i\, ii'shiiil, ii/iitiul  {.•ijiiiiLiiiii  t(i(i  iiian). 
As  l;i)l<\v,  (/  sliiiiiliiiti  Irif. 
As  Im'  MIS,  ilvli  l)ii'  Mi-^,  xlininu)  f'niij. 
As  Im,  a  siiil. 
As  Im  cliii'  ills,  h<iitl;ii<>si(l. 
A'  sIiikI  (liklil,  I' I  jtliuinta. 
As  Imdsks',  shiju'il. 
As  Imkw,  nii.iiili  iloini. 
As  Im  Ic'  ;i  kunl!  (lull,  h>  pull  tin  lip  <hnni. 
As-lmts',  as  he'  a  kwiih.  limiil,  ti/niiil. 
As  li«a'  kwil,  Had. 
Asliwal'  sail,  cmptii. 
As  liwc'  liui  Ink,  fliililixh. 
As-liwc'  kiis,  (■(Hiiihiiiii. 
Aslnvcikli-\v"t,  inini  old. 
Asliwctsli,  .scnitrliiil. 
As  liwiilliikli'liwii,  ntniiii/  (iiH  (I  iiKiii). 
As  liwiil'  \i\\,/„t)lisli,  ilniiih;  »/(c/((/.s7c. 
As  liwiil  If  iiks,  irith  i lie  ivr.i  pi<  rent. 
Aslnvulliiii,  lame. 

As-liwulshwiit  i{,'\viis(iiiciiiiin^  unknown). 

As  lnMiC,  torn. 

As  i'  la  kwiit,  h'clier(>ii.s. 

As  is'-ta,  so,  <is,  lihr. 

As  clial)'-l)a,  to  can-if. 

As  clml|i,  liri.stal. 

As-diit,  is  (lilt,  miilniijht. 

AH-ilckliw',  as  iliikiiw,  H-ilhui. 

j\s(liit'  clio,  one. 

Asil/cd'  /a-lic',  prnjnnnt. 

As(l/c};vva'  till),  (TrtCT/. 

Asi'ili  ffwut  ?  n-hat  is  naiil  * 

As-f'  iik'li.  /(((7,(y/  (f/.v  ((  //■(•(■»•  or  roiuJ). 

Asf'  Ilk  sf'  Ilk  (|)liir.),  icith  iiuuiij  /orLs  {<i 

till  ihliK  of  II  riri'r). 
As  -Ilk,  us  j,Mik,  open. 
As  ;,uk'  ki'j,  siinxliini/,  hri'ili'. 
As  fiul'  lu  liid,  niarnlifi,  mirif. 
As-Kwa'-diik'w,  hornnl,  ii  hurl:. 
Asfi'wilia'liad,  /(■i«//r</. 
Aslial,  nn.'iroiilcrril,  Jii/nriil,  irrillcn. 
As-liat-sitf,li,  corrriit  (u.s  icilli  u  lilmihrl). 
Asjadsli,  t\c  ;/((,'.•. 


As  )i  ilk,  asslickw,  .■<l,iillow. 

As-kad'  as,  opcn-moiilluil. 

Askatsks,  pufj-nnsril. 

As  kail'  ilsli,  IninrliliiiiLiil. 

Askc'a  kali,  tiniijliil  (ns  lliirad). 

As-kc'  lits,  t!i/lil  {lis  a  ilriss). 

As  ki'  up,  I  id.  I  lull. 

An  kla'liOt,  /«  licnr. 

As-klakli'  ka,  as  liliikl  kiit,  spotUil  (of  nu 

iinimiil). 
As  klakliw,  astlakliw,  liirt/i;  <iriiiri,;ij  liinii; 
As  kk'  dalckliu',  lispimj. 
As  khkliw,  kli'kliw,  Hirct;. 
Asklc'iik,  astlc'iik,  stickii,  lullirsirc. 
Asklu'  il,  as  klukliwil,  hnn,  void. 
As-klnds'-lm-lins,  dull  [as  a  tool). 
As-kliilkli,  spi.tlcd. 
As  ko  III!).     (^>iia'ii'  .'//•(((/. 
As  kii  t'lia'  ^'o  jiats,  idili  tlir  hair  parted  hi- 

hi  nil. 
Asklic.s',  starinii,  to  stnrr. 
Ask  liii-slic'-a  j^uiis,  "hiitchct/iurd'\.shiirp- 

J'aird. 
Askiik'li,  hjinii  on  tin  hack,  right  side  up. 
As  kiill)  (iiiraniiiH:  iiiiwitaiii). 
As  ku-lo'  sum,  stirp. 
As  kuad  zii,  i/cllitir  c/-  lii/ht  ijrccn. 
As  kuad  zis,  ri.iril. 
.Vs-k\vai'-i,  iri  trd,  irithi'ird. 
A s- k wil I'  )i w us,  irossirixe. 
As  kwt'tsli,  .scratchid. 

As  k\v('iik\v,ask\vt''yukIi,('()(7>((/<7/.',y//rj- 

nanf. 

Asla'j,'\vitsa,  naked. 

As  lakh,  hjilit. 

As  1(1,  ((  hide. 

Asliikh,  split. 

Aslol  cliid,  to  hear. 

.\s  lo'kuulcli,  lialil. 

As  lukw,  slakw,  ini. 

As  Ink  wadiib  {or  dOp),  niiidd)/. 

As  liitsli',  /'«//  (as  a  hrtllr,  .u;.), 

Asiiial'kd,  nii'nstniatioii. 

As  nals',  /ViVnf/  (.spriihinii  to  a  iroman). 

As  pc'  a-kail',  briftli. 

As[)i.'  aki'ii,  a  dead  or  old  mossy  lire. 


•JS^ 


As  i>('!',  hii'inL  iliicl. 

As  pi  t!<'Il'  sill),  irilh  tin  hand  raixid  In  tli 

hind. 
As  pud,  Ihr  nmtnof  jdoiits.  ii  hvn]t  nf  nittli. 
As  |ni'  kwiili,  (il'iirr  lidi  initir  [nf  land). 
As  pukwiu;.  iiiiniil  liniddl. 
Aspa'  111,  ilidnti'. 
As  sit'siilli.  clolliid.  dr(ssid. 
As  sliiij)',  (//•/((/  ((i.v./is/(,  iK:t'.). 
As  slials.  'iriixj  (imp.)- 
As  slu'kw',  as  slii'uUw,  shdUnir. 
As'  slii  (iiifaiiiii;,'  (l(Mil)tt'iil). 
As  ta'lii'il, ,/'»)•/•('/  or  hiiii-ii. 
As-takli'  lia  ^;v.-il,  liiiiii/  on  the  hilli/  (<>/  i>ir-  j 
suns  (iiilii). 

As-tak-!iul,  ilidpiinl  {as  the  liaiids). 

Asta'Uo.  thirst)/. 

Asl'lilai'  Ills,  siiidillis  {in  ii  mtin). 

Asm  k\va'-<l('.  '/((//'. 

Asti-kwa' <lit,  i<ini>nnit,  stiiiiid. 

Ast-kla'kos,  blind, 

Aslla'liiit,  /')  nnilcrslmid. 

Astlakliw.  tiakliw.  Inri/i-,  ijvuirinij  lar<ji', 

Astli'tl,  tattiHud. 

As-tliikl'kl,  spill trd  {of  (in  (inimal). 

As-tlc'iik,  askii-'iik,  stii'l.ii,  mllKsin: 

Ast  lii^  wa'  (Ii,  ini  nir  [nndiint. 

Asto'  aliils,  spotti:!. 

As  to'kaba-dul),  a  roiiiih,  ronsumption. 

Ast-saii'  I',  siiphilis  {in  a  ironiiin). 

As  tsc'pK  111,  irilh  the  iips  rlosol. 

Astso'-wiii,  asa'  will,  hnmjry. 

As  tsiikliol,  o  stnndin;/  tree, 

As-tsiip,  ((  puddle. 

As-uitl  kwa'-liad,  dinted  or  notehed. 

Ast/ak,  (i/alleu  tree, 

iVst/.al  lal),  iijnoninfy  nninfdrmed. 

As  yo'liil,  (/(■(((/  {of  unimols).  slillliorn. 

At-iibiid,  dead  {of  persons  oiilij). 

Atolli  da'flli  tlil,<ni  intrrjielion  ol'siirpriye. 

x\llilail<ili;\Miii'lill,   ///('   n-(st,  the  eounlnj 
on  the  sun's  road  to  the  iresl. 

Ati-la'lii,  tula'iii,  presently  (in  lln-  eoiuse 
of  the  diiji). 

A-ti-slakli'  lu'l,  today,  to-niijlit. 

Al'la,  iil'-la,  to  eonie,  bring. 


Atla'  liil.  ^'times";  the  nnmbir  of  times  any 

thimj  tills  been  doni . 
Alli'l  ;;"ll!,  on  this  .-ide. 
At'sa,  iit-sa,  /. 
At  sliiis  ka'-liis,  I yelids. 
Atsi-^wiis,  tit  barter,  buy,  sill. 
Alsil  ti'l'-iiiu,  peiipli. 
Ats  Ic  pal  (lull,  lips. 
At-silds,  iit  silts,  present  or  eristiiiy  {used  its 

a  rerb),  to  be,  to  harr. 
Auti'ks,  ealf  of  the  tiij. 

W. 

\\.\'\y,\i\i\y  o(}\prinfi,  younij. 

l>a' cliid,  ma' chill,  the  testieles. 

I>ad,  iiiaii,,/iif/i(r. 

I>a'  ko,  ma'  ko,  snoir. 

l)a'k\v:)li,  iiia'kwditi,  <i  prairie, 

r.alhiil  Ic',  bait  for  lishinij. 

r.a  lol'  sid  (lull,  III  marry  a  brother's  iridoie, 

IJat  silts,  bet'  silts,  a  smihi. 

lie'  a-kwaif  silt,  lo  shahi ,  trnnbli . 

I'.cb'  (la,  a  dull. 

r.('l)kiid,  to  piek  or  yiilhi  r  nuts. 

1)(1)  kwii,  all. 

Mi'ltkwiicliad,  iriryivhere. 

1)1-1'  kwu,  baek,  eonie  baeU. 

I5('sk' lui,  lics'kwii,  the  edible  crab. 

ISt'skli chad,  liee. 

lie'  Nets,  the  Jlesh  of  animals  aiid  birds, 

Hi  (loti,  the  lehitrfsh,  eoniionns. 

till  al  hah,  bit  a'  la  liab,  h,  l.nnl. 

Illal'  una,  Ihe  naril, 

l>lops,  ((  nieeoon. 

r.iikw,  ((//. 

Ilokw-di'tl',  all  of  them. 

r>o  'kwi  chad,  i  rcryahere. 

IJd  kwi  sa'it',  both, 

lliidsli,  a  lie,  it  is  n  lie. 

Iliil  kilt  shed,  /((  return,  eome  back. 

lint  lils,  to  pail. 

('. 

<'lia,  (/  hole  in  thr  yrotnid, 
<  'ha'  ad,  ochad'.  to  die. 
<'lia'clili;;'-uiis.(li.i'cliiikw,  o  [I'  shore,  keep 

oj): 


t 


^^' 


2S,S 


:fe 


1     ■ 

I 


:      '■ 


<Mi,i'  ili:is,  cli;!'  clicsh.  small,  lilllc,  II  1,1,1). 

( 'ha'  liril,  /()  tiiliiilk: 
("liiitl,  irl'(n: 
CIi.kI.s,  clijits,  iiidtiis. 

<  lia'  dills,  ((/(  (;((/,. 

riiad  /il,  liiilr  i/tiiirsi  1 1'  I '\m\i.). 
Clia'lcku,  llir  icilil  tulip,  lilii.m. 
< 'lia'li'sli,  III!'  loirrr  iinii.  ini.sl. 
<'liii'  IcsIj  Ills,  till-  liiid.r  /'till. 
( 'lial  Un,  (I  in  II. 

<  liap,  liiiihi i\  siij'l. 

i'liat^'  a  lail.  lla  IkiihIIc  i>I' h  hiii/'i\ 

«'lial   liiis,  ((  riiumt  hviltl,  liat  Jhillriicil. 

C;iiail  ili,  .shdis. 

Clia'  wa-tuli,  clia'  liuiit,  to  cut.  tn  chop. 

riic  bad.   (lie  Ita' (lats,   thr   hnir  (inil  haw 

llioni. 
Clu'  lilsli,  asclic'  lilsli.  /<//,•,  li:i/. 
('Im'1|i'  liii,  a  (jlm'.rt. 
Clicsl'  hii,  h'clicsi'  liii,  Iinshaml. 
(Mu'tcli'-tia,  .stiini/. 
("Iii't'-la,  ((  »■(((•/.•  ()(•  static. 
Clictla  IioIInIi,  an  iron  pot. 
die  \ailsli',  to  rill  at. 
Clii cha'cliil  \vi,  tlir  ariilin. 
Clii  clnlcli  ila.  iiranl. 
("hid flia  liii  (im-aiiiii^-  not  asccrlalncd). 
Chikli  KflJi'-tuli,  U,  kill  hif  Lnorl.in;/  oh  the 

hiail. 
Clii  Kill'  sid  (iiiciiiiiii;,'  iinci'itiiiii). 
tlii  l,\vii|.' .-uU,    klkua|i. sill)  till),  to   rhohr 

ill  siralloiciiii/. 
Cliil  ko'lia,  <'liil  kd'hats,  il„  i-asjilnrrii  ami 

hush. 
<'liil  |n)'  led,  to  iiiiil.r  sail. 
riiili  sf',  a  ilnr  <//,-. 
('ill  mas',  ((  sistir-iii  lair  {to  a  man). 
<'iiis|i  ai',  a  JishiiiiijHth', 
<'liiicli,  niat\  roinr  war  (imp.). 
Cliit  l.ik,  «'.s  cliiit,  a  harl;  mat. 
Cliil  Ic  I,  tlif  ra:oi-<lam. 
Cliit-scjiid csli'.liiid.  „  itin.  a  taotli  i>icl: 
Cliiisli  la'  liwats,  ///,•  irihl  jiia. 
("Ili  wakli',  the  salmon  trout. 
Cliii'  lid,  to  iiHiiir. 
('III. I  la,  .s"idiu|-la,  /(((/•( .s-  «/  thr  ma/il,: 


Choi  lilts,  chooldllts,  thr  iiiaiilf. 

Chot.sli  ot-liit.s,  a  place  where  map'es  i/roir. 

Cliii'  till),  a  Jlea. 

Chilli'  hush,  brother-  <;r  sister  i;i  lair  {to   n 

iroiiian). 
Chiili-o' ha,  hroail  leans  ol'treis. 
Cliilii'-wiish,  a  iril'e. 
Clink clnilv  ur.'s,  Anv/r  hra  't. 
CI. ..kh  laid',  to  spli;. 
Cliii  lalts,  to  lenil  or  oe.\  .ic. 
(Jhiil  piittiid,  /()  //()/■(  {«,■  irith  a  ijiinlet). 
Cllll'sild,  a  star. 

i). 

Da'  dato,  tomornnr. 

Da'hii,  dilklnv,  /».s7  noir. 

Dai,  (lai  ai',  di  c',  onli/,  hut,  e.rrept. 

Da  If'  tc,  another,  otlar,  (lifferent. 

Daiit'-.si,  the  hoilij. 

Di''-a-di',  ill  '-di  dc',  thtre,  elosr  hi/. 

Di-  a  Ic'-cliiip,  hei/onil. 

Dc  !),i(l,  iiiiiiiaii,  small,  a  ehilil. 

Di'had  (la.  dc  he'  ha-da,  an  iii/anf,  son. 

Dc  hcds,  heijonil. 

Dckliw,  do-iikli,  in,  iriihin. 

Del,  kcl,  kill  fiii('aiiiii}r  not  •■-■^•ortiii!!' I'j. 

DcI},Mva,  theii. 

Di  a'  hats,  hei/oiul. 

Di'  (lal'.okh,  turnips. 

Didi,  <li' adf',  there,  close  hij. 

Die',  onlij,  hut,  e.rei pt. 

Di  cl,  di  el  J4will,  across,  on  the  other  siile. 

Do' kwi  liiitl,  Xo  kui mail, //«■  Slaijit  name 
.far   a   principal    mi/lholoiiinil    character, 
familiar  also  to  the  Xiskmilli. 
Dote',  ijou,  !/oii  the;-  (aililresscd  to  a  mi  n). 
Do-tish'i-ha,  //..|,   there  (to  a  man.  nilh  re- 
spect). 
Dotsi,  i;on,  ip)H  there  (ailflresseil  to ,.  n  ■i>-'.'n). 
Dii^kussod,  to  liool;  or  fasten  {as  u  -■     ,;. 
DiiK  we,  thou,  ijnu  (siiij,'. '. 
Dii  ir.vcl,  /^l()r/./»V. 
Diik  .'  k"!;  -aiil,  i  ,  iripe  the  nose. 
Dti  ■  '.ikhw'.  >.  ,  rt'hqi  hraih. 
Dm  I'lio,  as  .;;t:  i;l::  ,  one. 
Dzaa'c'iij,  tli'  rijht  hand. 


tl' 


L>SO 


(1 


Di'.i'  ;i  ;;\Mil,  III  »■"'■'.■  ("A'  "  o'liilli). 

l)/.;i'  (lis.  //(«  ^r//(. 

1>/.;|  llii'  Ic  nwilt,  In  till'  riiilil. 

1>Z;|'  k;l-;:\\  il,  In  Ivun. 

|)z.l'.'  ^'«it,  Ihr  lariir  hnniiirlr. 

I)/.;i!  kiis.  /(»  /)/(•»  «(■<■(■  III  /'"/. 

I)/„i'  shid.  i|illll.)  (1/a  sIlM  slild,  Ihrf'iol.  '  .1 

|)/./.M'Mi!'.T/i'  Im.'lill  .I/.''  iHi.  lir.U  lomiio.,.  I  <i"ll.  Jl^v.Ul.  0/ or  In  loiujiiu.  In. 

(lilt    Ic'    till,  (I   SIHIJIIIll   ill    till  ,tl>'l- 

(iwii'  iliikw  ,  ((  //ii>';i. 
(iwn  Ic'  iil>«  ,  "VI '•(.«. 


(icil,  ;:nll.  UWUtl,  nj'nr  Inlnmiiiiij  tn. 
(iiikli  liai!.  ;;iikli  Ih'iI,  niistnniii  {as  -i  Imir), 

iinticil,  Innnf. 
(iiikkdt  sul  (lilh;    ('•.  ti  ■4ilk\  In  ni>iii. 
Ciiik  sliiil>.  npi  ii  (imp.). 
(iiil.  K"  "1  liiiiMiiiii;,'  imkiiitwii!. 


I)/.i»  kwusli  iiil>,  till-  liili . 
D/.o'lak,  «  ilhliijr. 
D/.nl cliii,  minx,  surf. 


l)/il(l  (liik-lcil  f.l.  //((  ci-niili- xtiik  or  inil.ir. 

Dziikli'  l/ut,  tn  iiinrc.  iiinb  mnni. 

D/.ilkii  liwilils,  oil  Zlikliw, /()  null  (iis  siinir). 


("1  W.ll  .    II  III). 

CwiU  rlltl  f   \i\\.i\  Ki)  ;  irhn  I'.ii-  ijnu  f 
(ivvisli  0  ills,  /(»s7(7  lininl. 


II  i<tnlli-. 


K. 


^,.^,,^^^^^.^^, „,„„,,,  ,.;uis.tnll..s.t;wi.ii,n.., .,//,,«,.,/. 

I)/nk-kml,.lzn  k.,i,^/,<' ..<-.»'/ ../•"•/.///m,o,.,  '  < '.smI  1  ,,1.....,,.,-  unkMuuiP. 

«iu  ils!i'-;;«ilsii.  /o  iiinn  J'oin  iilmr  In  jilnn: 

(iwildbi'liu'.  l;\\  mi  \<r'  liwiils. ///(  iliiilniiii 
iinil  rliic. 

(iuini'  ili'i.  .•//  (iiup.). 

(iwiiliiil'.  In  Lill,  ifniiiiil,  ulriki: 

(iuni  If'-cliid  (iiHMiiiiit;  110I  MiKlfrsimul). 

(iwiis  soli',  (I  sii(riisof<jnisn,arnii>si  tlnnul. 

("■Willi,  ;:iltl,  ni'll,  <;/'()»■  hcliw'iiiiij  In. 

dwiil'  cliiii,  Uinl;  fni\  mik  ;iiiip.). 

(iwutl  .-.li:!!.  /  iiii.ss  {it  iiiiul.). 


1;  liali  z!  iliM,  II  liiacli. 
!■;   li:isii.  In  iciilL. 
I','  liii  iiasli,  nil  flint. 
I','-li;l(s.  f' units,  iiriiiiililiihi. 
!'.'  Iiili,  1'  pip.  f'  iniiii.  In  ciijiiilnli . 
i.'-iiil;i,  (I  _/(.>/(  Ill  if,  nixn  iim  if  tin   cnll.ililln 
liiill,\  .\o  (lllllll. 

V,  (■',  (■  »'kii',  //(.s. 


If. 


Ivliuiilkiilt.  rliuiil  l.uali,  "  '"','/  nr  luirlinr. 

I''.k'kt',  ik'ki  (a  parlu'l.' of  iiicicasc).  |  \].\  nUw',  In/  ami  hjl. 

1;'  k will,  «•'  kwi'.l,  In  iripr.  ilail  dull,  s'liad  dull,  xummer. 

K'  la  cliid,  to  iiidl  Ihr  Imir.  Had,-.  Iia'  liiids,  a  .'<iiiviis  if  ilaiii,  liitrinia. 

K'laliail.   hnriiir  nr   nliji   if  niiiiHiiiiii.  tin      Mad- kiis, /oik/ hils"/. 


Iinri;nii. 
V.'  lak,  till'  .slirii  if  a  niiini . 
I','  lip|-si(i,  till'  niillit  III  a  ririr. 
!•;'  Inks.  (■'  la  llll>,  Ihr  mil  nr  iiniiit  if  aiiii 

till  ml. 
I"/- si  all,    nil    i.iiirissinii  if  Jlnlti  rii ;    •'.'/'■'> 

chiif". 
i:s  kfi'a  liu.  ski'l,  till   mil'  nnnii. 
Hskli  kos'  liiiii.  iniiiiins.s  fir  Ihittiiiiiiij  Hi'      II. 1  Ic',  ha  iikli'.  aliri. 

Imtil,  Iia  li'kw',  ((  Kiiiinii. 

'•:.  ini'i'-lili.  as  Im'I'  hr,  .'.ift,l>liiilili.  liinhir.     Hal  ;^w,i' ;   .|il.  .-//'■,  ■"In   ivltn. 
Ivs  pak,  (I  l>iiii.t  irltli  ritrailnlf  in  skill.  Map  a-lifd,  llir  nraUn)i. 

f'slilkli'  a  liil.  ilark  nf  I  if  iiini.<l  ((/'«//«■  niil\.      Hall,  iinnil.  iilml,  jilni.'nil. 
I'.t 


1 1, id  zai'  \li!  sid,  "  /""(;  rliiii. 

Hail  zuii,  till  kamaa mnt.siii.illii  isiiilmla, 

II, li.  iiinlKjIi,  stiij)  (irlaii  lirlpiil  lajnnil). 

11  ,1  «'t'  la.  aiill'la.  mini  ipiirk,  liiirri/. 

Halo'  liv^a.  Iiw.ii  11.  'I. /'.'/■ 

Il.ii  uk'  I'l,  II II irk,  III  im  ijn. 

llai  scl.  Iirnki  II  ills  a  linrsi). 

Ha  kill  clilll,  n  .■spirits  if  lliixth  . 


;   {■ 


290 


ilall  Ivii'cliis  ;  i\n.  ijiiitil  iitilvrtd. 

Iliill'  lid,  liiollirrui  hiir  Id  It  iiiitn  {IIh'  iri/i- 

liriiiii). 
IIiils,  hill,  Idiif/, 
Jliitsabc  <l;ili,  nhiii  Iriijiliitis. 
I  i    '  -I'i'l.  'o  iiirrrii. 
II.  '  !(l,  r(  sjiniis  of  slrauhntji. 

Ilaii  \  th(  In niiilcrith. 

II:i  wet'  .>;i,  tlic  .slnnr  vriih. 
lie'  ;i  Kcil,  lit  >i(r(iUh  llif  lioiil. 
I  If  a'  .--li  11(1, ///(';(/,  I/'"'  {III/ luif  mint  Uxtiuilhir). 
lie'  hid,  ti)  SI  nilili. 
Ill  d'dii  ,\  a,  ii'i'i  r. 
Ilfd  111,   a  lied  la,   iiiflKijis  [imiiJijiiuj  ilisJii- 

Hii). 

Ilckli'ka'bats  siikli  ]ial.^',  sjnial  Ihniul. 
lick  liul)',  iin  did: 

ilokli  pal' .vultsli,  ((  /((/•//(■  (//,v/i  or  iilatc. 
lU'kw,  /((/•//('. 

II('  K\v<'tl,"cfy/. 

lie'  kvvctsd  jil'  /.,i,  II  ii'l  lilmiLi't. 

lie  kwcl'-liilsli,  nilliiiinil. 

llcliw  j;\vil(l(',  It  iiiiilr. 

lli'ku  s"li(i'-,\  all,  iliiir  {ill  iiiiir). 

Ill''  jail,  lalit,  .s((  (imp.). 

Ili's-ko,  lliiiiiL'.s  (ii.snl  III/  iciiiiiiin  to  niiiit). 

Wfls,  law. 

Ilt'lsil,  for  xliitme. 

lli''-\vil,   lu''\vH  la,  Ihijoiu  (imp  ),  ;yo  <*/(,  (as 

with  11  xlory). 
Ilc-iik'  iiMa,  (»  kill'  la,  Id  tlunil;  mir. 
Ili'|iaiklill',  li'piii'it'^1  (hiijini  culur,  tinija. 
Ilitot-sa,   lilinl:,  iliuk  blur  iir  <irini,  iliirL- 

ailiirnl. 
Ili((i(  sa  lit'  /.I,  <i  ilink  hUinhil. 
ll.i  liai'  IK  .sill,  III  jiiiul. 
Ill)'  l)(il,  tliriiic  Dill  (imp.),  hiiil  Dill  {(IS  «  III- 

iiiir). 
llii'lti'l,  lio'-lu'Iu,  slop  lalkinij. 
Hull!,  ((  iiiiiliUi'. 
lliih-ti,  llwash. 

Ilit-liKli-tikobri,  till'  ri  ntriil  Jills  dI'ii  lisli. 
IIcmI,  liot,  /lie. 

lloil-i;i'',  llnii-iii''.  ((  miitliiiloiiiial pi rsDHiuje. 
llu'-di,    s'lio' di,    //(('    iDiiil-jisli,   cdIIus,    Ike 

PIciiidcK. 


]\i<  link  sill,  /<)  liijlii  {lis  (I  nnnlli).    . 

Ilu  (-ll),  til  mill. 

IIii'  i,  iiDiiilhi/r. 

I  In  kukw,  irliili: 

IIo  kOli,  ilolliir,  siln): 

link  ko  lit'  z:i,  II  irliitr  hlniilrf. 

lli>k  k'liap,  tlir  hill,  iiu  llic  hip. 

Ilukwaikliu',  iniht  him-. 

Ill)  kwiUs,  jiilliiir  or  lii)ht  ijrrni. 

Ill)  kwuts,  frifihti-ncil.  a/raiil. 

Ilt)k\vt.''lisli,  smui;r,J'i«j. 

1  Icil,  iiiliri: 

III.' la,  lioo'la,   111)' lu.s,  111)  liiklil',   if,  pir- 

hdjis. 
Ili)t,  llud,  _/(■/•('. 
Hot  hot,  .S7;(7//i  (iiin).). 
llotl,  thr  liirf/rr  (Iniliiliiim  shrlh. 
II()-ti/l'si)liiini,  /(( .shiHit  {irith  ijini  or  liiiir). 
ilotsli,  roiii/h  icatir. 
IIi)'-j  il,  to  hccoiiii',  to  iiroir  lihr. 
no-M)kli,  lio-.vnkliw',  .slop,  jininh  (imp.). 
Ilo-vfit,  (/()  (imp.). 

Iiu,  liwii,  a  .siifiix  di'iiDtiiig  lucalit.v. 
Ilflbdil' ild,  the  iriiiiih. 
I  Ill-Ill)'  sill.  ()  po'  Slid,  /()  throir,  to  nmt, 
1 1 II  clia'  iiwopud,  (/  irhip. 
III!  I'lii'  a  klld,  //((   liiriir  siit-miissrl. 
IIii  rliil  pi''  t,Mviid,  ((  iiinisrri  ir. 
lliiddi- KVV(';:'sali',  ii  "  ilittii-lioi/^\ 
lliid  di'-liii.  liud  ili'kliu',  //(,  ivilhin. 
Iliulili'Id.     (,)ii.  /;.;•. 

lliul'-di),  //((■  huinphticLi'l  suhiioii,  S.  proli  ii,s. 
Hud  »<li'iil'l)iil,  ((  unoicshiii: 
Hud  zadiiiit,  the  hiniiuii  xkiii. 
Ilii  ida'litld,  to  cnol;. 
llnlili  liiid,  to  lush  or  luie  with  a  rnril. 
lluk-ki'il,  liiikki;'  ml,  to  piil;  up  irilh  longs, 

lie. 
llii-ko  kt'il.  the  crown  of  thr  hiinl. 
Iliik-kotsiil,  I'orcrol,  irilh  thr  lid  on, 
link  sill-  tlril',  II  slrinij  or  conl. 
1  liikkwas  so  lil-za,  u  i/ran  lilnnbi. 
Ilii-kwa.s'siid,  ((  lowil. 
Hu-k\vi''ii-ki)d,  ((  (•»/). 
Ilii-kwul  Irt.sli',  the  (•()(■  ofcrnh.s. 
lliillai-iiiit  .sill,  '(()•(/(•  .storiiyi'liatilctt. 


291 


IIiiMitCsitl,  a  sprcii'sof  fimivis  unnl  I'tir  ifl 

jXlilll. 

lliil  Ifl'  (l(>|if'il,  tlirtla:)!-  of  (t  lioii.sr. 

IIiil  lo-a'st'd,    lull  \v;i' si'd,    it    hid    or   Iml- 

pliire  ill  a  Inilr}!'. 
lliil  to  iiiiil.s',  liuiil  li  iii:ils|i,  (I  iimi. 
1 1  111  (ii-l)()-lit  zii,  II  irliilr  lililiil.i't. 

I  ill  II  lie',  IIo(l(l(  ',  1 1  Willi  lie',  (I  iinitliiiloiilnil 

cliiinifli  r. 
Iliip  liiiii.  till'  iiniiinil  ijnijii;  {'iilnr  of  iiiiiisr 

liiiii). 
lliisli  k()s,  lii/lit  liliii'  cliith  or  JlinDiiI. 
Iliiskui  (liik'-kf  (incaiiiiitr  iiiikiiowti). 
Hiitcli,  till'  irill,  irii<li,oiiiiiioii,  iiiiiiil. 
Hull,  lihr  ill  ajiiiniriiiiir. 
Ilut  la'  li'kw,  to  such-,  to  riiisr  n  lili^tir  hij 

Kiictinii. 
Ilutld,  hitti-il. 

llati  pa  l(i!  kwid,  tlir  iimlrr  iiicllii. 
Ilnl'-lufiwiil  l(''-j(wiiil  (liil).    II    jionlliiinioiir 

ihihl. 
Iliit  sc'  hip  id,  ((  nitiliUe. 
Hiits^o-siid,  soup. 

lliil  sliii'  lohid,  ,s'liiid-slia'-l)('d,y'<»()/ 7i(/((/.s. 
iriilsli  kla'lus,  tluii/ihalls. 
Hills  liiiis;its,  //(('  irilil  iiiriuiiiini. 
Hilt  tills,  hliiiL-,  or  (Mill  iliirk  color. 
Hiittiit  la])',  a  tirocUjinl  kiiifi: 
Hu'-yt'-lo.  to  bivomc,  to  l/c  cliiiiiin'il  or  tniiix- 

foriiiril. 
H  wai'-o,  liaio'  Inva,  ///('.v. 
Hwai'yii,  tin  l.iiiTpiiii. 
Hwal'it  it,  to  miorc,  to  jiiirr. 
Hwas,  sali\va>',  if. 
Hwats'l  lia',  till'  insiilc  of  tin:  tliiijli. 

II  wall,  ((  pilloir. 
Hwc',  no. 

Hwi'  ako,  mnc-ijrass. 

Hwc  i!  kwus'-suh,  to  liniuj  niu's  srf. 

Hwc'clii-dOp,  to  jiloiigli. 

Hwc'  kil-Hii,  to  rii'i  itijninst  inn/ our. 

Hwc'kwa-di,    thnmhr ;    also    tlir   Tlnniilir 

Biril,  irhiKsr  iriiii/x  irrntc  tin'  xoiiiul. 
riwc'-kwi  biikli'  liwa'  clii,  tlir  Liiiu'Lli's. 
Hwc'  k\vi-c'ii!c,  ///('  I'lihy'-uri'Iiiii;  s'litiHo. 
H  w'l  laiiwild,  thirnrtx  of  It  niiior. 


Hwc'  lad  i.  till'  rhnhx. 

Hwiiikli' kwi  ckw',     kwicKw'.    it     siiil.ii\s 

"/)((/)«  ■',  (I  tliimhU  . 
H  wit:  liwii  iiickliw,  it  hdhi/  hoiisi . 
Hwotskiis,  xliinjip  iiiti'l. 
Hvvuli  laid,  tliroir,  put  (imp.). 
llwild  /iiks,  liwild.sks,  shttrp  poiiiti'it. 
Hwiil,  to,  irith. 
11  will  liw  III  kol;  sliid,  to  mill''  o  fool  of  oiu'n 

srij. 
H  w  Ills,  .sliiirp  I'llijiil. 
Hwidtiiiialsli,  liiil  t(i  nifils,  it  ijiin. 
Hwutsli,  tlir  srii. 
Ihvul  tiini,  ((  irliitr  tinni. 
Hwiiiiiic'.     Sec  "  Hiimic'". 
H  wilt  liw  ulli,  loiLvr  {Its  It  ilrrss). 
H  wilt  I,   to    hri'itl:,   to    srjKirntr.        Srr    iilso 

'•('oiiii'",  "  /•;((/■',  I'ltrt  II. 
II  wilt  I'.'Islit,  to  liri'iil:  (lis  II  slirl,), 
1 1  w  nil  iiiailiiii,  ^1  iiistrntr. 
Ilwiil  scil-tid  t(i  p(.|  t"d.  tiiLi'  ill  sitil  (imp.). 
II  wilt  sosatclii,  tlir  pitliii  of  tlir  loiinl. 
Hw  lit  Ml  tell,  'lir  jiosti  riors. 


I. 


I  h.lsll,  to  sinll  upon  II  iriiilKIII  lit  uiijhl. 
Ikli  clic-^wa'siili,  /((  titUr  it  iril'r. 

Ikli  Imp'  a-Kwa,  t'liiip-a  f,'wa'-,siid,  to  fold  up 

(IIS  It  hliliihrt). 
Ikli-o'  .viis,  as  ho'  yiis,  to  sliiiiiini  r,stiiiiiiiii'r- 

inij. 
Iklipc'-liis,  II  lliiltiiiiil  licad. 
Ik'  ki,  ck  kc,  a  particle  of  increase. 

II  chiikli',  hiilfiin  iiiiinitili/). 
II  Iiwatl,  (I  pitrt  of  luiijtliinij. 
II  liikli,  half  (in  liiii/tli]. 
Isdat,  asdal,  midiiiiihl. 

Isli' i  lia,    an     iiitci  jcetioii    dciiotiii;;    con- 
tent. 
Issa',  an  interjection  of  iinpal  Icnce. 
Is' slii,  riyi//,  {i\{\.  hrsidi's,  toiirtlirr  iritli). 
Is  slii  lie',  vrnj,  a  stroiifj  assescralioii. 
I.stut  lilkli',  Inxt  niijht. 
It  In^r  wilts,  tlir  iiiiildli'  {of  li  ii;i'li). 
It  sa'  li  irittiili,  toti'il  ours  ilniimn. 


i  ! 


.'li. 


L'lrj 


.1. 


•  I;iil  ."-lull,  ((  mil, III!  I . 

.loll  id,  (/((/(■  iif  (t  (lull,  llii   thiijli. 

.lukli.  iniiiiil. 

.Ill/,'  Wii,  Zii;;'  \\,t,  Ji  ii/lil.-i,  nunisli  IS. 

K. 

K  I.  )iiiiiiii  (llii' |iliiiiil  .•^i'^ii). 

K.i'  1):U,  II  ijirl  mil  l/rliniirnl  ul  jinhi  iti/. 

Kill)  IIimI.   Ill  IiiIiI. 

i\;i  iliii'  \  II,  llir  liiiii  1/  tililnl  iiit,  liiiitiniiil. 

K.iil'  liM,  llir  iiliililli. 

K;ul  /:iUli',  kiiil  /iiUli',  nilniih. 

\\A;i\\,\V\i\\,  Jlii-i. 

ivi    ll.ll    1,1    llll.   Ii/llll,    lllillll/   lillKs. 

K.I  hill  -Willi'  [ill.    U'kul  ;,'\viiii  llll,  till'  cast, 

tlir  niiiiilii/  oil  tlir  >^ilii'.s  iiiitil  in  lliculst. 
K;i  liDS,  k;l  111)'  sill.  II  I  hill. 
K:li  ll.',  II   I'liill. 

K:iiUli«.   sliiiikli,    ijiiiiiil.  till-   iiiliiiiir.    nii 

sliiil  III. 
K.ll  uUll  U«  :l,  llir  mil;. 

K  iIJi'  |iii.  Um  ]>"'  lints,  Inr.i  I  )nil.-<  iiiul  Iniyh. 
Kii'  kaiii,  xnlt. 

Kikliw,  kiikii  hwilts,  iiiili  iiiijili   iiml  tilt. 
K,i'  ii'l  rili.  Ihr  hit  liiliiit. 
K;i'  lull,  kii'-iiis.  //((■  ijli: 
Kal  siiiil.  tlir  I. ft  foot. 
kills,  till-  silii  jtiiiri  r  runt. 
K.I  111, i'  III,  //((■  sin-xiiiiit. 
Kii  >!•'.  iinclr  on  litliif  .M'.'r  irliilc  the  jiiiiiiit 

is  tiriiiij. 
Kills  a"  j;' Wilts,  npinru. 
Kail'  its,  ((  liinirliliiiil;. 
Kaiikli,  till,  till  ii-iiii-. 
K.I  will),  />  hiiirl  lu:  II  irol/iir  lUnj. 
Kr'  a  kiilkli,  lirrriiiii-ror. 
Kc'  iliai,  iifoiiiiilmoxs. 
Ki'  kai'  \itks,  triilliiiij  Urn  J'nr  lisliiiif/. 
Kckli-liii,  kaikliw,  iiiliiinl,  iii>-st"iiiin. 
Krk  li  I'Isk,    ((    iimni'   .similnr   to   Imrki  ij   or 

hnmlii. 
Kr'  ki>  wilts,  till-  iirilsitho)iprr. 
Kil,  kill,  ^iil  (iiicaiiiiiK  iiiikiiowii), 
K''  lal),  kf'  loliit,  ((  i-iinoi-  [gv\w\'w). 


Kelt,  till-  sl:\iiil,i-iihliii(ji\ 

Ivc  pDtl.  ((  stniif  iiinrtiir  or  iiutnti. 

Ki'S,  tlir  hiijliist  or  I'liiir  jioiiit  in  ilirr. 

Ki'tlic  cliaili',   ijroiinil  iiiiir,   vnijiini)    ir'r- 

i/nrn. 
Kctsli,  ili'iir  in  price. 
Kciik  111  sliid,    to    holihlc    or  Jitter    {ns    <i 

liorsi  j. 
Kf  ya',  hr^ttlr. 

Kc'  \a,  ((  iiriiiiiliiiotlii  r  or  iimit mint. 
Ki-  \ii|)  lull,  i)-ki  lip,  /')  tiiklr. 
Kli'ali,  Uiiirij. 

K'lio'liil  liclts,  iriiitr  lutililrs. 
Kik  (l/.o'liap,  till-  ijiirroir. 
Kla'  liails,  II  l-iirii,s.s. 
Kla  liat'  sub,  to  rros.i oni's  .SI  l/\  .\ii/n  iritli  the 

cross. 
Kla'-fliiili,  liriiii;  lire  iroiiil  (imp.). 
Kla'  ilap,  til  lii'il.  i/irc  to  int. 
K'a' di'  I'l'  li,  iniili  r  Inircs  of  hiilhnns  plnntu, 
Kla'  (li,  ((  Jiillin  trie. 
Klii'-;;witsali,  to  striji  om's  silt'. 
Kla  liai'  lalliis,  tin  creninij  stiir. 
Klai,  '(  sliorel  nose  or  Ininlen  cnniic. 
Kla'-kwii,  ////  nnil  hi/. 
Kiakli.  (/((/■/,■,  niiilit. 
Klakliw,  lis  llakliw,  to  i/roir  Inrije. 
Kia'kwa  Ickw,  to  tick. 
Klakw'  till,  <l  iiiiit-ni eille. 
Klal,  klallias  (iiicaiiini;  iiiikiiDWii). 
Kla'  lail,  kla  lad  kli,  jiresentli/.  soon. 
Kla'  lap,  klalliip,  the  tomjue. 
Kla'lalsa'  111,  n-n>t  (iiii|t.), 
Klal)  l)i  \  iikli,  leeiiniil. 
Kla'lrl,  tn  Innil.  cnnie  to  Ininl. 
Kial-fjwiis,  iiiiitni. 
Klal'lck  .sliul),  to  jint  out  the  tonijur. 
Klap,  to  hiile,  Cliche  inn/thinij. 
Kla-pi)k,  of ti moon. 
Klat'sii|ipud,  ((  liHclde,  belt. 
Klatcli,  thelielly. 
Klaiit.  klo wilt,  nrir,  fresh, 
Kk'h'  1)11(1,  tsiili'-hcd,  ((  .spoon. 
KIo-1)cm1s,  on  one  siile. 
Klc' cli'iii,  ((  iviiisel. 
Kl(>-cliil'-k('(liili,  to  cut  the  hair. 


if! 


-".•: 


KlfilaU,  .//•/(('/((/  liiif. 

\\U    (l;l|t.  liillHiiil  liiii.k. 

KIcil  r  ell,  (f  l:i  niiiililiioililt'. 

Klf-ditl.  linl. 

KIcd'  ;i\vil(l.  IJisl  till,  ci  roji): 

KIc  jitflii,  sliiiij) uliiiil. 

KIckli  (i:if:liiili^'  iliikliitwn). 

\\  I'Uua.'  Iu>ii,  Id  ciitch  lilt  [ii.s  ((/I  ((  !!«i>ii 

Ivlcklivv  ,  ;is  McUliu,  lliicr.  j 

\\\f  Uuiiil.  <(//  iniii  /mil  liiiiil:.  . 

\\\i-:'  ;^vviil  •^\\l\\.  II  i'liil-.  ItiioL.s  ami  ril'S.  I 

Kli'lUli,  ^|  f"i'/i  iiaiilt,  j 

Ivli'l'  l;i  ;,'\nil),  hriiiii  Jill  \iiii|i.). 

I\li'lls,  III  liiiiul  III.  Ill  I'li.  j 

l\lclll    llWf'    1.1,    llllil. 

Kli'p:  Klip,  /.'i'  I'.i'  I'lit^.  li'K'ilii,  iiiiil'i'- 

KIctI  pikvv,  ((  intiiiiiirs  ilri.s.i  {iinnlirii). 

Klftiiil.  Ill  jiiiiL  [us  iritli  II  iiiii). 

Ivii'  111,'  w ml,  ((  liiililiiil  hiiiil:  (';/'  irn'nl). 

Kli'  .\  III  (iiKMiiiliji'  iiiiUimuii). 

1\1  lie'  lil>ll,  stnilil,  stilild  iiji  (Imp.). 

I\l  li'ls.  kl  IidI  .-^iils.  rniiilirnii  mill  rim. 

I\l  li  will  .--III  >.    slinili    iif    rrriiirnii    limlJi' 

lirrri/. 
Kl*  livvMi',  III''  iriiihr  siihiiuii^  S.  niiirn. 
Klikwa'  111.--,  Ill  simii  (im  u  iluul  .s:iil,  Innih 

iiifl). 
Kli|i'pU(l,  the  ciiihislii.s. 
Ivlip,  tlip.     iNVv  '•  Ivli'p". 
Klit  U-'ii  liilliiks,  kill'  a  In!  Inks,  Imni.i. 
Krkil  litl,  II  Liliiiil.s  slirl,-,  II  stirl;  fur  iliiiijiiuj 

liiiitu,  (t'l'. 

I\l  kwap  siili-tiil),   clil  kwiip  siili,   to  iluil.r, 

slninijlr. 
Klo,  tlo,  kill,  till,  prclix  (li-niitiiij;  ilif  tiilii'c. 

Kidli.  tluli,  iimiil,   lii/lil,  irill. 
Kl:iU  as  i^'  ta,  it  in  i/iioil,  l/oml  Sit. 

Kiiili  u  t.i',  //"//  /•■  lii/lil. 

KIdh  ol)  klol),  iioiiil  iiiititnil. 

Klol)  kat  silal)!,  Uml;  nut,  tiikv  ran:. 

Klo  ImiIi,  to  hunt. 

Kill'  liic'il,  iiiitnivs,  falliiuj  Ktiii-K. 

Klo'  liwiil.  inniujli. 

Kiokliklokli,  ojisti'i-M. 

Kill  ku  all,  the  aiiii. 

Kill  kwt'ls  bill,  Ihr  uLin  i>/ a  l/tilii  ur  liilnr. 


Kiiip,  siiiirisr. 

Kin'  sill,  a  iiiiiiiliii'iii  r,  (I  liiiul  iiir  a  ijnii. 

Kliits  ali'kvx',  III  tir 

Kill  \\  il  alp',  /"  ijalhi]). 

Kl"  pal',  till  liiimi^  oil  li'ml.ils. 

Kill,  till.      Sii    '•  Kin". 

Kink  iiil.    klukli  kii.    Iiiinl    III-     utiiiiiii,    mil 

Uiitlli . 
Kink  sliiil,  liniir,  an  mlil  .v/d''  <■'■  slm  l.iini. 
K  liil  ilnkliw',  iiiiiiiiili. 
Kllll-.,  kllll'  si'l,  kllllls,  .s7i-/)  tilniiiilur  iiiiiii<)l 

(imp.). 
KInp,  /(  hid 
Kliitl  Ir di-'  K  al,  .M/'/s. 
Kii,  null  i\  </.  ''.  ill  I'm  I   1 1 ■ 
Kit'  liai,  .skii'  lial.  '1  iliiji. 
Kn  liali  sliiil,  ku  Im'li  >liiil,  //((■  iiiihlr. 
Ko  li.il'  il,  I'll  "  "  . 

Ivnii.ll'  sliiil.  ko  111,11  --liin.  II  iiiiiiliiiir. 
Kllll  liuiil  l.i'  li.i'l,     ku  liukh  uiil  slinl.     III!' 

vlliiiir. 
Ku  li\\.i'  (111,  ku  liuai'  ill',  till   mills. 
K.U  kal  (■'  k«  II,  I-  ijiiiliili'ii 
'■  Ku  las'-taii,  lliisiirii  ■  In  rni. 
,  Ku  lalsli',  to  liil.i miiall  lisli  irilli  a  inhi: 

Kllll  cliiils,  mliiiliia  iiiiimviii. 
\  Ku  iiiati'  kcil,  ((  ilnii's  liiiir  liliiiii.il. 

Kuu'ilak.      (<,>ll  )  III  ijiri  II  liiisl. 

Ivu'  pri  la,  //((  niillisli. 

Kut,  (/  Hint  II/ Jliit  inxlii.s. 

Kills  a  ilits,  III  A/.s.s. 

K"pii' sinl,  III  iliilliii  llii  Ill-nil. 

K's-.si"  (1,  a  jiiiijiiiiai'. 

K'.siik  lal  k'scl'  rlii,  nails  II/ /iiiiji'rs  iiml  tms. 

1^11  ila'      (liiilns      kn  ila')     i  iiiimiiiii;,'      iml 
kiiiiw  II  I. 

Kilk'li,  ililir  hiiilliii-  (hi/  a  man). 

Kill,  kcl,  ^;iil  (iiii'aiiiii;;  niikiiuwii). 

Kn  hilar'  liii,  liraxs. 

Kiilkli,  sniiiiiiii  nil: 

Kalla'  k,l  lilil,  //'*   sill  lis  III'  ri  nslariaiis. 

Kill  la'  li;,'" 111,  '"  ""  ''./■'• 

Kill  lull',  liail.  iriil.iil.  riiimis. 

Kill  sill,  III  iiiiik  irilli  hill  stiiniH. 

i\iilts  !•'  Iiii,  ijil  n)i  (imp.). 

Klip  In.sli,  ((  ulinnj  sliiil,  a  limilnl  xlui. 


'.i. 


■A 


^li 


t  ! 


L".)-} 


K  w  ;iil,  II  iHiisiinitii. 

Ivwiul  lllll--ll,  In  lill.i  hurl:  (<(  inisoil). 

K«;i  lie'  a  k  wals,  nil/iiiiiroinl^  iiaiiitlus. 

K  u  ail'li,  ((  iiK  usiiiii . 

Ivwa'lsn  lat'  liii.  u  hniss  l.itil,. 

Ivwa'  Kwilcli,  /(  hiiikill;  ;  iiIsd  tin  roiixlrllit- 

Hon  1,'i.sa  Miijiir. 
Kuai'hii,  <(  l(tiiiliiii/iiil  I'm-  fish. 
Kwai  i  Im)(  li,  cdjiw  (ixhnrc  (iiii|i.). 
I'wuai'  ikhl,  to  Kcnil  (iiii!  an  an  irnniil. 
Kw  ai'  liillsli,  hurl,-  hii.sl.rl.t  ur  sinhs. 
l\\\aU  \va  stai  iiiiiilili,f(.'((//H/u((.v  nicv o/jiiy- 

mils. 
K\\al,  niKilail. 
Ivwa  I,  tdiiir, 
\\\\:i'  lill'li.  /(//(■//,  i/iiiii. 
Kwa'  li  IIS,  kwal'  .vii-!,  mi  nilzi: 
Iv walls,  hiiil  (iiii|i.). 
Ivwas'  lid  lir  /.a,  ((  (jDiil's  iriiiil  lilihi! li. 
Kwashil.  Ill  aiinit. 
Ivwas'ill  sliid,  ///(■  jitiiiiirli. 
Kualld,  ^)  lliroir  lUiwn,  tliniir  diCai/. 
Kua'  Inn.  skwa'  (ml,  a  niousc. 
ivuaii  SI'  Ills,  //((  liipiii. 
Kuc'  ad,  /((  ulnmt,  rail  to  iiiti/  our. 
I\\vc'  a  kwc',  lirnil.i. 
Kwi  '  (  lijd,  In  x/)///  iqii  11^  to  liinst. 
\\n  I'd,  /(()((•  miiiii/ .' 
Kucd.  kucdl,  //((■  /;((((■(/. 
J<\vi'd  i  fjwiis,  III  icr<:>itli: 
Kvvc-kwa  dc'ii  kwiits,  the  aspv:i, 
Kwc'dcwats,  llic  tnir  rn.sh. 
Kui''  kwi  ic,  //((■  ,vA■((^•  {Jhlt). 
Km'  kwiia,  /('(c. 
Kwf'kwtilli,  ijra.ss,  lurhs. 
Ivwi'  Id'  lilsli,  ((  liiislctt. 
I\wi'l|p,  roots  of  trees. 
Kwc  liikhr  li,  roiiic  (tshorc. 
Kwid  dii-hai'd  clit'd,  kwiui  diib-ha'ioli.  //« 

liitnilk'  of  (iiii/l'iiiiii. 
Kwid  dat  shiids,  sIkiI.i  lioiuh  |iiii|i  ), 
Kwifkw,    liwi  iikli' -  kwi  -  ckw'.  a   soiior's 

'•/)((//)(",  ((  tliimhli: 
\\\\\\  la'  di.  the  (VI*-. 
Kwisli  kuishk.s,  mi  mrl. 
K«i  .Mikli',  kwijo'k,  llu-  lulli/. 


!  Kwnut-did,  Lillnl. 

'  Kwo  tail  sil,  tilt  sliiniron. 

Ivwcil'  Ic  rliid,  In  iiiiiiirli,  titroic  IClltir  on, 
,  Kwil  d.l  he'  dills,  the  iloij/riioil,  eorini.s. 
\  Kwiid  (lull  l)a'  luli,  kwid  do  l)ai'ii chid,  the 
hmuUe  of'  mii/lhiii;i. 

Kwild/.ab,  lieheiis,  luos.ses,  il'f, 

I'Cwiil,  coolccil,  iloiie. 

Kwid  la' clii,  the  stiir  fish. 

Ivwiil oi'-sid,  .siilirn. 

Ivwill  -  lll.^'ti -o,    the    oiiliihmi,    tltiileicUhi/.s 
Oreiionn. 

Kwid'lnts,  ereri/nen  hiiehlelterrij. 

Kwiisis'-las,  //(  litis  leoji,  thus. 

Kwiissatid',  tliv  initiic  of  a  horse. 

\,. 

L.ilil,  laliid'llc',   he  lali,  sie!  si  e  1,1  (in. p.) 

Lal>  Im)  had,  n  rest,  or  iniisteoiil. 

La  liais'  !a.     (^>ii.  to  eome  or  ijo  irithoiil  pur- 

La  lial,  sla  hal,  the  (jmiie  «/'  hmiil,  iimiie  of' 

llish:>. 

La-li(id,  to  stiili. 

ImU.  hueh,  hehiinl  (for  coinpomids  si'c  I'ail 
I       II.) 
'  r<a  ka'  lot  sid,  the  knee-pun. 

r.akh.  tiijht. 

La  Ic',  liil  Ic,  (iifolher,  other. 

La  Ic'  kwiis,  anotlier,  ili[lerent. 

r.a  h' itiih,     lalc'-il  iikliw,      /<>     alter     or 
ehmifje. 

La-k'l,  lain  (sec  M).fm: 

\i\\  Ic'  osil,  to  alter  in  nppenrmwc. 

Laliid'  Iiii,  iruit  (iiii|).). 

Lap  jicld',  to  drive  dnininls. 

Lc  lied' elm,  ashed' elm,   ichat  is  the  mat- 
ter icith  ijou  .' 

Lchc'  lelliis,  //((■  inorniiifi  star. 

l.ckh'  iiii,  Ilk  ho,  short  (in  ilinieusion), 

Lc'-kiidja,  tofi,sh  with  a  rahc. 

Ld,  III,  laid," lain, /((>•. 

Lclc'  yi-was,  the  eonstellation  Orion. 

Lclsliiidst,  the  hoivsinan  if  a  eanoe, 

Li'l'  tsiil,  Iil'-t.sii(,  morefarther,  heoff(\ti)[).), 

Lct-iisbuUbw',  the  antumn. 


n 


Lit.  l.'l,  la  lit.  la  Id,. /•<!»•. 

Lil  tMit,  li'l  tMit.  hf  <(/,'■  (im|>.). 

l.ilkwi,  i(  iriiiiiliii  ili.sli  III-  iilitlr 

l.iil,  a  particU'  (Ifimliiijt  (liit'ctiiiii. 

l,itltl/i'  liii,  Ix/iirc,  go  iiiforr. 

I,itl  lak.  litl  f'  lak,  //(«•'.,  'j"  Urhind. 

lat'lfl  <;\viil,  <(  littk  iniji  ".//'. 

liitl  ti  (hi;;'\vitsli,  routi'l  the  i>:iilillf. 

1,0'  f^VVIlS.  (/  Clipf  III'  I'lotlk. 

Ld'-liill.  old  (ol  |Tt'rson.s>. 

Lot  ill,  '"  ,'/'■"""  l(tr<n: 

Liiil  liii  tliail  liii,  irlin-r  iioir  ? 

lain  \Mil>,  (I  i/iiutli,  yoitnij  mini. 

laikli,  thr  rilis. 

laikli'  sliid,  (I  torili  of  (■(tiidlr. 

laik  wai,  (i  ili.sh  of  stiiiio  or  inirhny. 

laik  kwat  lad,  to  ihirc  (uiiiikiIs. 

1,11k  wuil,  tiike/oo'l  (mi|'.). 

I. Ill  Ic',  la-li'',  dijjrrnit,  o/lur,  (iinilluf. 

I,\il  wa'sfd.  1ml  loa'  sfd,  a  hid,  Ixd  pUui-  in 

((  lodijr, 

M. 

Ma'  fliiii,  l>,i'  <lii<l,  llic  l<:sticlr.i, 
Mai  ct^,  "  liiick  <'lk- 

Mil  k\v( ba  k'viili,  n  jiri'irii ,  mindmr. 

Ma'  ko,  lia'  kii,  xninr. 

Man,  l)ad,_/''(^/«»- (used  by  liotli  scxis). 

Ma  pot,  iiifdin. 

Mat.  iiIkc  mitdr  0/ Jisli  skins. 

M'dali,  to  (jiir  liirlli,  bruojfotlh 

Mf'  ta  la,  sine'  tali,  (/  (jmnc  o/dirr. 

Mi  man,  di'  bad,  small,  a  child. 

Mi.sli,bisli,siillix  iiit'aiiiiig"iu(ii)ie",  a''''" 

to  local  iia:iu'. 
Mit  clii  lo'  la,  thf  out. 
Miiikli,  aiiUix  dfiiotiii;;  locality. 
Miik'li\v,./W^  (of  a  person). 
.Milk  kv\ai  liii,  Im-ijr  round,  staiit. 
.Milk  kwc'  {^vva do.  (I  prniinihrii. 
Milk  kwct'  sa,  to  carry  on  the  .sliouidcr. 
Muk  s'li,  thr  nosi'. 

.Miitst't.^'  dalctl,  n  rdrirli/  of  sinilo.r 
Mukw,  liokw,  all. 


N 


Na'  ;;wa  bet,  on  viho. 
2>a'liatl,  rt  sea  otter. 


N.it  la'  lull,  sunsrt. 

N'clia    Imkli,  Olid,  IKK  tiinr. 

N'llii  liii  da'),  to  ironn  the  iiostn  iom. 

Net'  iliil,  /'.'  ilintdliiim,  '•  iromiium  ". 

N'^jwiit  chid,  to  ihiise. 

So  kucd.  on  i)i>»  (irrior  hrod. 

No  k«i  liiakld.  l»o  k\\i  biill,//i('iV/.(ij;ir  inimc 

for  till  iiiiniipolsnpirnotuio'.lninii. 
N'>la'  Ickvv.  to  tub  II  H-ii'r. 

0. 

()  ad  /.I  kad,  to  turn  oniitliinij  round  or  orir. 

()  ,iid'  liil,  o  cd  liii,  to  Jiiid. 

O-akli  ho,  to  dill  cliinii,  to  1  loni. 

0  at  a  bud,  o  a'  la  bud,  to  die  (iiM-d  ol  pc- 

soiis  only). 
0  atld,  o  iilld,  to  nit. 
{)  l).ii>'  hub,  o  liais  ho  bil,  to  nien>,truate  the 

JirsI  time. 
0  lial  bil,  to  ini.r,  to  mistake  one  for  anolhi  r. 
0  be' ad<nail'Mil, /"  sair  [as  in  11  lumber- 
mill). 
()  be  dali,  to  ijire  hirth. 
Obet  lil,  to  /iol'lin  OS  iinase,  milt. 
(»  bet  lalckrt',  to  ijrind  tos  in  a  mill). 
Obs  cliil;;  \\n>h,  to  toLe  o  irifi. 

( )  bud  chub,  to  lie. 

Obiil  .sliiis,  to  lint  diorn,  laij  doirn. 

O-clia'  a  chatl,  /"  /'/«'.'/.  omu.ye  one's  .>ielf. 

()-cli,ili.  11  cliali,  to  dii . 

<  )-clliid,  to  hidr. 

( ) chad  dub.  to  tn  ni'de. 

( )  elia'  liuiid  Md,  to  irhi/i. 

Oclia'  |>ab.  .sfH//',  //  (•<  siiiir. 

Oclio'ba,  as  chub  ba,  to  enrrij. 

( >  cliokvv,  /')  ent. 

(Jchil;j  hull,  the  fionorrhieii. 

0  1  link'  wiib,  lo  sink  in,  he  mind. 

()cliut-i>lii  (iiieaiiiii},'  iiiikuowu). 

0  da'  at  sid,  to  ijirr  a  nainr. 

Odab,  to  Older,  lommnud. 

C)i\  liii  kwakw,  to  abort  hij  riidenee. 

Od  liil!  kil  (latsh,  to  eot  e.nremenl. 

Od  hut'  zo  sub,  to  idiii  k  nut  thr  hilir. 

Oilhwc'  cliil'-,  to  siratrh  thi  fiiei . 

0  (iod  kub,  it  is  had  leeathrr. 


L'itC) 


^' 


I  I 


;':  i  I 


f\ 


i  1 


H 


Mi- 


Oilil;;  \\.i'ImI>,    ^/c    iiiiihlh    <>/  li  ikjIIi^  hull' 

II  III). 
Odilj,' wil.^li,    (I  (l:i' ;;\Ml>li.    t/ir    iiiiilillt    nj 

iriillh. 
(>  ilii;;  «l|s,  In  jiKt  iiili)  {im  iiiln  H  Imirl/. 
<)  link  cIim'  l.i  ;ili,  Id  /'iiIIdic  <ir  jiiirniif. 

*  M  /a'  Im  iiw  il,  /ii  Inn  It. 

( )il  /.iMiw',  ^(  /)/(>*(•  iliiivii, 

<  )(l  /.iikliw,  /ii  nil  It. 

Oil  /,,('  kwiil,  /i)  ifiiirn-,  roil,-,  ••Inlir'', 
{ ((I  /.;il  lali,  hi  Insr  Ihi  iril'li  liliiiulir  in  aiiiirli. 
miller  II  miHtiikr, 

•  )  1  /I'd  /!,  til  rnnrrirr, 

( )  il/i','  lull,  /(,  .v( (■/,■,  IdiiI:  for. 
(  M  /(■'  Ilk  ii>l,  ()  isc'  a  kiul,  /<(  «(/;//(. 
(>.|  /.II'  hcil,  cl  /.I)'  l)iit.  III  hlik. 
< )  d/ii'  livviii,  ^)  i-iiiiiil. 

<  >il  /.Ilk'  kiid,  /((  //■/((/  iK.v  /(  laiil'r  1)11  II  stiiiif), 
<)  !■'  .1  kuiid  dii|i,  In  rliilil  lip,  xirii'ii. 

(»  (•'  l)a-.|i,  Id  inill:. 

(  )  (•'   lll'l.    III  Clipillllli  . 

<  >  cd'  liii,  ()  aid'  liii.  III  liniL 

()('  llil,  oc'-liiil,  III  siiiiH  siiiiii  Ihiiui. 

<»  I'd  i  ;,'Uill,  as  vX  I  ;;wiit,  /(■//((/  /.\  it .'    iilin! 

is  Sllill  .' 

Of'  kii.  //  in  iliiiiiiiij  up  [iif  Iht  h-viilhn-). 

( )  (■/  ;4U  lit,  / 1  sill/. 

O  i-l  i  ku  111,  til  (■  ipiihilr. 

()  (•'  liil.  Ill  .slii'p. 

(>;4iiai,  III  iiiislriiiii.  luilii. 

O^iiik,  o  L;iik  kiili,   III  iipcit  {iix  u  iliiiir),  In 

rliiir  lip. 
()-,i;i,'-siil,  II,  till,  rrliilr. 
()  ^'\\a'.',  Id  iiiisiI. 
(  >  UUa','.  Ill  i.rpliliil,  tinvh,  aliiiH'  llitic. 

<  >  ^ua'  lalt,  to  i/iipr  iir  j/nirii. 
< )  i;\\(''  ^ui,  In  iissi  iiilili: 

( )  ^\\(  '  lid.  In  inicnrrr. 
<>  j^uii'  hull,  In  hnrk  (nn  n  ilnij). 
()  ;,MViiil'  del,  In  nit,  kH  up. 
«)  fiwiil  lair,  to  .sIriLr,  inniinl,  hill. 
<)  hall.  In  surprisr,  attiiil;  unmriins. 
<>  hall,  u  ha' hall,  In  Hrri>,(o  cry  k.v  an  aiii- 
null. 

<  •  had.ikh'.  In  ir.uiu. 
( >  had  (hid.  In  pu*lt. 


< )  had/,'  III  liid.  In  pii:i  ii\  inlh  a  Uri  r. 
<  >  liai  nil.  In  liiuijh, 
()  iia' kill  liil>,  /'*  iciml. 
()  iial,  (>  li.t'  lad,  tn  inihrniili  r,  irrilr,  ilc. 
O  li.i'siil),  ()  Invii'  sill),  In  .>inir:r. 
()  hall,  In  liirr,  lih'r,  winh,  ininl. 
()  he:!,  \vi»  lll'l,  ('•////,  irliiil  is  Ihr  innltir.' 
( )  hi'  iM-iic;  m1,  tn  prill  II  I   t  I  lir  niu/rij. 
()  h(^'  hud  dull,  //((■  spriiiij. 
<)  lirt-sil,  to  he  uni/ri/,  In  hi-  ushii.    il, 
()  ln'lsil  n-i.  In  siilh,  In  hlush. 
( >  Iii  ctl,  /')  riiri':h. 
<)  Intli,  o  huiili,  to  ijii. 

()  ll  .'lull  silt.   In    t'litl,  limp   ilniCil,  III    limp. 
Insi: 

Olmd,  1)  liwash,  In  liuni. 

()  hut  h.it,  Inxpi'iil;.  lull;. 
■Oho' kill.  iilM'kuiit.   In  prick  lis   irilli   a 
pill. 

Oliii' villi.  1)  liw o' Mil).  Ill  liiirlcr, 

( >  ho'  viikh.  In  linish  . 

< )  lio'-\  III,  In  ill. 

()  hud  a  iikliw'.  I)  liri'iiiiir  irnriit. 

Ohlld  d('\lnv.  In  cnnr  iitsiilc. 

()  hulls,  /(  bite. 

<)hul  liisli,  to  III-  jcnlnus. 
I  ()'  iiwi),  ()-li\Viikli\v,  <jn  (imp.). 
}  ()  liwa'diitsh,  lnihh[,is  tlu'  tiili). 
1  ()  h\va'-,-<iih,  ()  ha'  sail,  In  siurzc. 

<)  hw,'  I  kwits  hat,  1 1  hlir.r  (us  Ihr  fin). 

()  hue'  elms.  /  (  riitnr  srrntrU  Ihr  face. 

()  liUf'-lnvi,  s'liui-'  ui,  tn  ml. 

I )  hue'  iiwud,  /*  irhiillr,  ,v//(//  ns  liinh. 

< )  Invct,  lil  (iif  iiiiilcars  ;    iju.  Infill  nr  shunt  j. 

()  li\V('!-s'lia  ('hi.  Inri'l  nr  srrnlrh  Ihr  hiimls. 

O-liwci  skii  iiil.  o  lnvi'i-.-,ki)-iluli.    ,'((   rut  nr 
srralrh. 

<)  huii  lal.  In  Insr. 

()  hwoU,  o  h(i'),  /()  (p) 

O  Invo' yul),  ()  hi)  yub,   t )  barter,  sril,  bnij. 
Irnili . 

()  hwuli-hiid,  /()  Ihrniv  ilnirn.  Ihrnir  inraij. 

O  liwiitl,  tn  brrttk. 

O  huul  la' liatl,  tn  break  the  arm. 

<>  hwilll  huiill.  rhrrkrrnl. 

(J  liwuU  .shild,  In  brink  tin  luj. 


!.h 


•JUT 


(  Miu  III  ^,  lit  iliiiit. 

<)  hunt  >i(l.  III  Idl.r  ii(f'{"x  (I  hilt). 

n  liu  iit>  Kll  lull,  til  iiiill  til  pliirs, 

«)  liuiil  (lilt,  ti)  tiiir. 

()  jills,  til  uri  itliiir. 

()  jil  11,  til  tir  iiliiil.  jiliflsnl,  inoilil. 

()  ka'diili,  o  kii'  (lull,  til  stiiil. 

O  kail  <lult,  o-knd  iliih,  \\<i  U.ni  ilut)  ukli,  In 

iiiiirt,  miihc  lore  /•>,  lit  irilhii  irommi. 
()  ka'  y:«iii,  oka'  ),'\Mit  tult,  i>k  lu'  ywud,  to 

liiliiiilc,  sill  I  r  III. 
()  k.i'  liiul,  to  I'jii  II  till   niiiiilli. 
<)  ka'  kah.  d  I  la'  tiali.  In  tn^tr  ••/  siill. 
<>  ka'lialail,  /"  Inni.r  nr  linmhiuj. 
Okall',  '"  ruin  [it  niins). 
<  )ka|i  o,  til  iiiilln  r  nuts. 
<)  kali,  1)  kiikiil,  ti>  iiinil^in. 
O-ka'  \va  likw.  to  iln  ir. 
t)  ki'akail.  In  Imhl. 

()  ki'  hijiwii,  /()  ijit   nil  or   iiilii  {lis   II  Imrsi 
nr  ciiiiix ). 

Okc'lalal  liii.    /"     ijn    iiiinnl    {ii.i    rniiinl    n 
liiiii.'-i  ). 

( )  Ui'l,  skt'l,  (ill'  llii>  iii'W   II II II  III.  1 1 II.). 

O  kl'llU  lit  .^lli(l,  In  IiiiIiIiIl  iI  lliiiwr. 

Ok  lie'  n\vinl,<ika'  !;\val,  tn  siui  r  lit,  ili  iiili . 

Okli  l.iii.  ii'  l;iil.  iiUlil>liiii.  ijn  (iMi|i.). 

Oklitiisiiid,  ((((■///  (imp.). 

Okll  kus,  till   ihitnil. 

()kl'  up.   kc-\  lip.lllli,  In  tiil.ic. 

()  kl.i'-kwiii  !iil        >i,  In-h. 

O-klatfli,  /o    '      I  i-.ii.'.li,  imt  nut    [its  ii   mil- 

dU). 
Oklu'eiiid.  <iKlfls,  to  rut. 
OkK'I'-lutl.  tn  piikf  (lis  till-  Jill  I,  /()  jii  ill,-. 
Oklu^- Willi,   (iililnj;-\viill,  /i/   Imrr  n  in  r- 

snil  nr    tliiiii]  ilittiitiniHtUil. 

()-kliik-\vii(l,  o  fliikw,  /('  ihnp,  or  iliip  nil'. 

()  ku'  kwa,  tn  ilrinli'. 

Ok.-i,  ak,  uk,  sninr. 

Ok  sa'  ;,'\vil,  In  sliilr  {as  on  in). 

Okllll'  o,  tn  siirl:,  tn  siliLlr. 

Okuddul),   (i-kail  (liil),  to  i.oini,  niiihc  Inrr 

to. 
O  kiiklil,  II  kail,  to  iiiniLin. 
U'  kul  la,  lifiik'  ul  la,  to  tlmnk. 


()  kul   I. ill.   In  sinillll. 

<)  kill  kl  l.il    I  lul,  ^1  iln  nni. 

(>  kwail  ilal.>ll,  to  tilki  lull  I.  ii  ijijt. 

()  kwa'^walt,  .^»((7,  ;/i)iii/  to  iilt. 

()  kwai'  i,  tn/ailv  nr  irill  (as/lmnrs). 

(>  kWilll),  (I  kwillll,  to  rnilst  nil  II  .i(liiL 

< )  k\\all.>*,  />>  />iii/. 

< )  kw  a^ll,  (I  liiiil,  /((  liiini. 

n  kwa'  tal^li,  In  iisiriiil  [II  iiininitiiiii}. 

Okw.ill,   (ikuiill,    tn    llirnir    II  nil  ji,  I  III  III  II, 

linin\  sjiill. 
()  kwal'  .-111  cliud.  In  SI  ml  nil   il   iiiissiiili. 
()  kwi'  1 1.1  ;i\wl,  In  III  I  ilnini. 
()  kwc  chid,  In  sl.iii  nil  iininiiil. 
()  kwcl',  ()  Uwil,  tn  jiirl..  iis  Inrriis. 
l)-k\\»'tl,  (I  kwrllkli,  (iiicaiiiiiu'    iml    ascn 

tallied). 
(>  k\\  i  dal'Clii,  )i  kw  id  ilat  sliild.  In  Inhr  tin 

liiitiil,  sliithr  liiinils. 
()  kwiid  dc'  liiul,  tn  tliiinl;  oni: 
Ok  wild  dud,  to  tiiLc,  to  intrh,  In  iinllnr. 
(►  kwillll.  (I  kualii.  In  must  on  n  sliil,-, 

O   kw  111    ku  III,    Id    sin  III. 

i)  kwiitl.  In  llnnir  iiiriiij,  niijilil,  jiniir,  sjiill. 

( >  k  Willi.  /()  miss  It  iniuL. 

O  kw  III'  Mill.  Ill  sliili.,  lis  on  ii't', 

( >  ku  UN  chid.      I^>il.   /  .niiit. 

O  1,1'    Int.   In  HI  .   In  sllliir. 

O  la'  had  hii.  /"  rimllirt. 

O  l.i'  hcl.  ,1  la'  liil  liikh.  /..  iliiini. 

( )  la  lial,  ii-la  lial  lull.  /<i  ijninlilr. 

( >  1.1 1,  till'  (lit  tiiil  rush. 

Olc'auil.  /"  /"■   iiiliii,  nr    sinniilh    (nf   the 

iriltrr]. 
( )  Icl  shid.  In  rnir. 

(»  lilkli  liwnd,  In  strihr  ivlth   II  irnllinn,  sliih. 
( )  111'  1,  In  ijn  in  II  nliini: 
( )  III;  Ua'  Ick"  ,  tn  sirnllnir. 
<  >  iikll,  /<<  ijn. 
O  11'  pil,  till   liiji. 
( )  (>'  sil,  In  din  . 

Oiil  liii.^,  II  i-iiniii  (M.ikali  patlcni). 
O  pai'  ak,  a  rarpnilir,  irnrl.ir  in  iroiiil. 
O  pa'  111,  to  ririrr,  mini:  In  ii/'r  injnin. 
O  pall  lid,  /(,•./■*(/. 
O  p.id  slad,  /i<  stw. 


i; 


i   ( 


^i 


!  r 


L'StS 


|ii 


<  )   |)(  '    l,l|l,    /((    /  (,S(  ,    ((.V    //((     ,''■>/(. 

<)  |ii  Mo'  Ml  1 1,  III  riiinli. 

()  |i">'  11  Irkw,  III  lilinr  {<in  lli,    iriiiil). 

<>  |iii'  I'd,  III  lilii."  {iridi  Ihr  hiiiilli). 

i)  |)()'  Mill,  III!  Iiii'  s,:!.  Ii,  tliniir    an  ii  .ftich. 

«^•^■.,  vidl  i). 
1 )  |iii,  III  liinih  irliiil, 
< )  |iuil  ililil,  III  hitri/. 
< )  jpiiUw,  lo  iliif:  II  ilk  ilii-  slrmiii. 

<  >  piikh  liwiili,  lo  'itiiim. 
<>  |iiil  Iiii'  t>iit,  In  Imil. 

<>  sn'  liMil  ,-liiil,  III  .siriii))'  {US  ivilli  a  Liii/i }. 

< )  Nil'  li\\;i,  III  iiiinalc  (if  u  iiniii}. 

O  Mili'  Iiii,  d  miK'  liwii.  liilli/. 

<)  .Nc'  <li  kiid,  /()  iiliisjii  r. 

O.shil'  llll.l.  Ill  ,hy. 

O  sliii'  hits,  II  11)1111  (ifsiipplic:!  I  ion, '•;</(  dvc", 

J ). shell  /.III,  Id  I/O  nut. 

( »  .lilt '  iiwi  (ult,  /()  liinr  {((I  pliiji). 

<)  sla'  \v;i,  In  iiiiiidlv  (if  a  irniiii(ii). 

Oshoh,  In  hf  litrili/,  li'tr. 

( >  --liiikliu',  /(*  sirtll.  IIS  II  hniinf. 

(>  sliiik  ml.  III  lif  iiji, 

<  )>liiii  hiKli,  ^,    linn'  ihj/  [n.s   lnj   ililiiiii/   nj 

till'  ll'lr). 
()-sn'liiiil,  II  I'liiil,  In  siiii'il. 
()  siiKli  liiill  Uucil,  In  .sliiirr. 
()  siil|i.tMil,  In  irliirl  (UK  iriilcr). 
( )  tilt;'-t;l;;wil,  Ini/rl  ml  Iniiiii/lliiiiii  (iis  ii  Inii). 
Ola' j,M\il,  Iiii  ta' -w  ii, /«  (/<  7  limni,  ilisviml. 
<)  til'  liuot.  In  liillll. 
< )  liikli'.  In  full,  ilnip  ilnirn. 
<)  takli'  Iiii  ;^\vil,  in  cniii,  ciiiirl. 
«)  l.i'  :;im1,  '')  trluni,  In  piiy  liiul:,  i/in-  a  n- 

linii  /in  SI  III. 
(>  tilt -Mill.  /,.  Insli  hiiil. 

<  »l  iIu'mi  \M-1.  /„  iiiiiliili: 
( )  li'  M-klls,   ■:iir/. 
O-tc'cllil),  wii  tc'-cliili,  In  Kiiiiii. 
(>tl''tCtlll),  /.(  /((///((■. 

Olc'liii,  /()  .■^imi  (sliiiihiiiij  n/  ptn/ili). 

(>t  lilnii-wiitl,  o-klnjiwiitl,  In  livn,i  inrsnii 

or  Ihiiiij  liitniliniiHlli/. 
Otliir-iic  kwiti.  In  nnlir,  riit::iiiiinil. 
(It-liii -pud'  (hill.  In  hivomi   iiiiulili/. 
()  Ihil'  kwiih,  to  /','  i.mijiitt,  spill/. 


I  <>  lia'  llWliil  Mllh.    In    ililliii,    In  pniiiiil    uiU, 
sliihs. 
<)  tialsh',  ()  lllll>',  In  pill  ilirilij.  In  pill  nil   {lis 

II  hill), 
Othi'thili,  ()  ka'  kah,  /-.  tuslr  of  .suit. 
Olla'wil,  In  nut. 

Oljii'.kwilts,  In  plisli. 
()ll.)l  riiiih,  In  ml  irilil/mrl. 

<  Ml-tal),  lo  ilraini. 

<)  llllkw,  1)  klllk'  WimI,  /..  limp  n>  rliip  oil'. 
<)  lliil'cliil,  (>  kliil' cliil,  /„  iirriii. 

()  Ii.'  kiih,  ()  lo  will,  In  spil. 

O  lot  sil,  oIoImmI,  to  sliniil    -it!i  ijiin  m-  limr 

to  hil  II  niiirt;, 
(  H  saklnv',  In  I'mlr  (us  m 

<  >l  '■all-iiii.  In  liiiiiiiiin-,  In  /,      ,,,/. 

()  l>al  lull,  («  iMil  tiih,  In  i/iiiiihlr,  hrt. 

Oisc'  a  kiid,  oi'  /('ilk  11(1,  In  iiiiijli. 

Ot  sc'  p(»  III,  III  iriiih: 

( )  Isc'  iik'h,  lo  siiiiii  :r(,is  liirriis  In  tin  hnu,!). 

Ots  ;flll'  Ic,  In   he  lint   of   iruilll  (.spiiihiiiij  iif 

liirsoiis). 
(>  Isi  if'kuid,  III  piiicli. 

0  tsla'  If'kw,  to  irin  at  phnj. 
Otsiikliw',    III  ipi   out,   Iwrniur   riiiiiiinislinl 

las  a  lii/lit  io-jin),  to  put  out,  ritnii/nisli. 
Olsiiltiil),  o  tsal'  lull.  In  (jamlili: 

01  sii^'  Slid,  to  ili-irr  nails. 

Ol-siii  hill),  In   Irickli-  (as   nakr  Jivin    the 

rorl.s). 
OI  thits.  II  J,- not,  a  liiiii/li'. 
Otllotsol,  to  llr^  In  l,,inl. 
Otul)  sid.  In  liraiil. 
O  lii'-dii  };ualts,  In  Imtil  a  ijun. 
Oliid'/cl,  to  III-  ilmrn. 
Otllk  kill),  In  net  irllil/mii. 
0.tiiN'-v;jil,  ,1  tut  No.slii'd,  In  sh-ll.-r. 
Otils'  sill.   In  III-  cnlil. 

Olii'.,s|ia  shiikw.  In  nnhrolihr  irilh  ImnU. 
Oliit'sosliid,  o  Ills  sid,  /()  strlki-. 
Olut-uhid,  In  mil  (as  a  hall). 
Ol/.iikhw'.  (Iziikh  hwalts,  to  mill  (as  snow). 
Oiilld',  ..al>l(l',  In  cat. 
Ovai'  lis,  In  liiaLi;  irnrh;  In  he  linsi/. 
O-.yt'l'-Miiii,  wiyf.t'siiiii.  In  till,  narrate. 
0->(/bil,  lo  die  (oin.Jineil  in  animals). 


2W 


V 

Pad  a  IumI,  |pa  lab,  jmiI  lie  !,  icl.i  ii,  i  m: 

I'ail  sti'il,  piit^'  (li'il,  II  iiiidlr. 

I*a<l'  toliis.  (uitiniiii. 

I'akw,  pa'  kvMits,  n  iiii",  a  l<iii;i  fiipi- 

I'M  \n\\,/'riiiilliiii!iyi(  itiiiiiit  iniri>i,.\,;iiiiihr 

tiiiishi,  inirlliliss. 
I'at  sill)  iit.s,  ((  sliiil  ii/dnsKid  skins, 
I'l'  cliiil)',  llic  irilil  i(il, 
I'cklil,  nulls  ii/jiri . 
I'l''  liikw,  ((  siiriiii/  III'  inilir. 
r«'  liil  \i\\:u\,  liiiiumis  I'luiijl  iiriiiiiiiii  on  Inm. 
I'('l»'a  c'lii,  a  lint. 
I'd'  Id  ki,  tlw  spiini/. 
I'l  ila'  lik«,  III  i>hinl  III-  snir. 
I'ickl,  iilumhiiijii. 
I'i  kals,  piikats,  mlli  a  irmul  fur  sini'Liiiij 

sLins. 
1*1  (I  iiips'  pisli,  ((  lillir  III' i.illiiis, 
I'lp  kol  /III  I,  ((  Kiiliiiiiinuli  )•. 
I'isll  pish  (i;il;illslii,  ((  rut. 
I'd  ai',  a  jliiiiniU  i\ 

l'«)i'-cliii  (i(lii)iii.),  lure,  i/int  ;  ciniif  Uin'. 
I'dk,  po'kwiits,  fnl  Jliiirvfinij  rniriiiit  n.iil 

Imsli. 
I'ul  ki',  SjHiiiish  muss. 
I'lip  sa  lia'  liat.  lloiits  ni' a  m  I  ar  si  inc. 
I'o'  tuil,  ((  silil. 
rolsdcil,  pad  sled,  (;  nirdlc. 
I 'lids,  III  CDiih  iinilin/riiiniil. 
I'llp'|i  k('-,\  t'Is.  Ilic  iliiijiruiiil,  riirniis. 
I'lil  lu'il,  pad  a  lied,  »■/(('/(.  ()•((•. 


Sa-filsliid,  ///('  tins. 

Sad'diili,  sininiicr. 

Sad'  x.iip.  lull,  liniij. 

Ma'lia  pill,  sii|)liiili,  till'  niil.lc, 

Haikli.  the  iiniirir. 

Sakli'  lid,  rliniis,  iniis.sils,  df 

Sakliii,  suk'wii,  lnjli/. 

Sa'dvO,  W;!/  W('^/l(.'/'(.Spdkcll  ll.\    lllltll  SCXI'S). 

Sakli-liiiiii.  ((  iliiiirr. 

SaUliliiiiii  all  Iiii,  <i  pliur  nf  ilaminij. 

Sa'lap,  llir  tltiijlt. 


Sa   If,  ml  III  nihil . 
Si»'  !«',  :i»  Ma'-U',  tiro. 
Sa  If'  iiks,  II  iliiiilili  IhiiiiIIiiI  'lint. 
Sa  in'  /a,  hhiiiLiis. 
Sap  pus,  iiiiiil. 

Si'  puts,  s'l  sa    p. Its,  tlir  irillmr, 
S.illd,  Mil  Id.  Ml  M,. /ill"/. 
Sal  Ic  ;iwiis,  tlir  iriii.'sl. 
Sal  SI'  kiilt,  mrrri/. 

Sikt  Mini,  sitt'Siip,  (I  KfiK  im  III' siilmnn. 
.S.it.s  kdlil,  till  III  III/  of  II  .Milimni. 
Sa;  /us,  the  fitiT. 
.Sails,  sa'  MIS,  <i  iriMiiIrn  hoirl. 
Sli'da'.  rnr  III' smii'.l  Jish. 
S'lid  kw  alls.  /Ill/'  (If  siiiiilt  shot. 
tS'luill),  tlif  iirtiitii-  thisHc. 
S'liliiii'  vii,  II  liiniv. 
."sVll./  di-,  II  iroiiilni  Jish  hunk, 
SVIiad  /ill,  (/  iriimiin's/i  intjiil  lutliriiiit. 
SN'liast,  thr  liinlis  nf  n  tm: 
SVlm'-ldIt,  the  Urn: 
.S'rlial  kliili,  II  i/Mcc/.v  liiiii'. 
S''lit'  a  kuil.  II  iiiiDsh,  siriiniii, 
.S'clu' III' (lilts.    Ihi    jiilliiir    lir,   nhiis    lluu 
I       ijliissi. 
.S'clu'lt'  il,  s'cliiili  cd,  Imil  11/  Irus  iiiiii  iiillij, 

inner  hark  »/ jir. 
S'liit'  iladlui,  siiliniin  (;:i'Urlic  liu'  the  tiiiir 
'       kinds). 
S'clicsl  liii,  cln'slliii,  hnsiiiinil. 
S'cli4't  w  Ul,  ((  Lloik  hiiir. 
S'lliii  Ids',  sliiiulilirs  mid  fun  pin  t  nf  n  Jish. 
S'cliit  sad,  thi  liiil  iiiirtliin  nf  ii  Jish. 
S'fliil  s'sad.  till  liiil  11/ It  Jish. 
I  ."^"(diits,  //(('  liliir  tiiiissil. 

I  S'llills  sill-  (Id',  II  sinilll   hlllliolls    nmtj  lillllis. 
'  >S'c|iii  liaiH,  till  iliiiidiliiin. 
S'clidtli,  thr  liillilii'l. 
S'clidl  la,  the  liiiiis  11/  ilii  iiiiijilr. 
'<  S'('liulil:"d,    .s'cIk'U'  it,    the    linik     nf    tins 

(;;ciifric;. 
S'cliii  lalts,  III  linil,  liiiirnir. 
S'lliiilkli,  II  Jirst  horn  vhihl. 
.  S'cliuiii  slia'  VII  (liid,  tl:r  /III'  hum: 
I  .S'da'.  sdas,  da.  ila-.  d  nnini: 
I  Sc  ai'  i  pld,.//(A7i  lailir  miiUil. 


m^ 


t '. «? 


uOU 


ill  ' 


If: 


M  if 


;M  ; 


.Si'i:li;i'  clhis,  ((  1/011111)  ijii  I, 

H(!-;,'\\c>'  tiillf,  skwf.s'  tiill;,  <iirlli,siiil,  sand, 

iliisl,  ((r. 
.Sc'  j^wiils,  «  liniitj  In i: 
.Sc-lv;i,'  ,si/ii,  iiJIdiKr;  <i!.sii  ti  jiriijiir  ikiiiii  J'nr 

Ijlll-S, 

Sc'  liu  III.  lo  liar. 

>^i'  lic'  \ii,  Hill  ijid ltd iiiiithcr. 

Sc.'-hllillils.  //((■  ((/(/(■  /;/■((  l.iii/r, 

Sc-l;i'  hiiil,  side  fiiiK  n/' liillihiil,  ilc. 

•Sc  Icil  ;;\viis,  tlif  Itirtisl  or  fliinl. 

Sc  Iclls,  sil  els,  //,(  /iirilinid. 

SclKs,  skill)  IP  al'li.  //(('  iiij:idis. 

Sc'  liiivs,  c'  liiUs,   //((■   ( /((/  ()/■  jiiiiiil  ll/'  mill- 

III  in;/. 
Scsku  ml,  llii  .•:iiiiirlii  I  I'll. 
Scild,  ^:i;|il,  Miild.  /(i(»/. 
Scl_s:il  sliiil,  III  tint. 
Sct.s  No,  li'jlil,  ciiirni,  line, 
Sc'  hill,  III  .siiii[lli: 
Sc  wilts',  ((  liriili/r  iif  iiiijs. 
Sc'  \  lip,  ((/( (iiiniii. 
S'^ilk  kll,  ildijUijIil. 

Sjuwis  (ml),  M'-jiwcs' mill,  </.  (-.,•  (,()■//(. 
Sli;i'  iiM,  nil/  I'll  till  r  (s|)iikcii  li_\  liolli  scxt'.s). 
S'liail  iliib.lhiil  dull,  siniimir,  iiiinii  iriulln  r. 
S"liad' /.nil,   .s'liad'  /Mill,    Ltniiii.s-ninlti    irlu.t 

ciiiiki  d. 
Shii'  t;aK,  llir  irihl  iiiniil. 
S'lia  liiili'-cliill,  l/ii-  riiiiiiiinii  llii.^tli. 
S'lia.'  Iiai,  ///(  iiHIk  of  lisli. 
S'jiai  _\  us,  Ihc  liniil. 
S'liak.s,  the  rihs  iij'jhh, 
S'hal.  I  iiihrvidvri/,  ncidlv  irorl;,  initiii;/,  diiji- 

Ihimj  Jiijiircd. 
S'lia'lat  clii,  Ihf  liiiiid,  llir  Jiiii/rrs. 
S"lial  laiis,  .s'lial-lcd  ctl.  ii  iiiidli. 
Shal  lickliu',  sliullic'-iikli,'ii(/  nf  dimis,  out, 

irilliiiiil. 
Shall  iitsli,  till'  .shiill. 
Sliaiik.'i,  II  lioiii  III  line  liiiiil. 
Slicliclli,  IniisI,  iritli  'I  siiiir, 
S'lic  da.s',  till  irimd-fon. 
Slicd./iis,  the  smill. 
S'licks,  thf  Slid  .■til  Ills  III' .siiiji. 
Slickli,  til  rise,  us  from  ilirinij;  In  rniiu  iiji. 


Sliclia,  the  jii  Ills. 

Slid  .slid'  aw  ap,  n  ti;iird. 

S'licii-lia-tiiiii,  s"lii-iia,  ((  i-oiijuriiiii  jn  rl'iinii 

nine. 
SIicsIki'-Iiik!,  (I  .W//I///  .\iliieiir  int. 
Sliitl  l)!i'  dali,  ((  stijij'iithir. 
Slii  a'li,  til  (jroir  iiji  (ns  ///vi.v.v). 
Siiidu' dal),    .slui-iia' nam,    ^' iiiedieiiir"    or 

eoiijiiriiiii. 
Shi  jl.s  k( '  (lull.  In  inuh  the  h'lir. 
Sliikhlta'dali,  u  .sliji-iiiothir. 
Skika'-bats,  i,n  to))  of,  on,  niton. 
S'hi'-Iia,  .s'licllha  lil|ii,(i  spreiisoj'eoi  jmimj. 
Shi  put  ai'  Ii,  Ike  must  of  u  eiiniieor  hnul. 
Shi  shiik'ii,  al'iire,  over. 
Bliis-ciiiik-sit'chi,  a  fuiijir  rinij. 
Shis'-kii  bai,  //Ar  ii  do.j  (in  the  form,  of  one). 
Shiillia'-had,  to  amuse  one's  self. 
Sliit.s-t!(l',  iijile. 
Shii.so'-kwa,  a  i/onnijer  hrolher  or  sisli  r  (l»y 

OIK'  of  cither  .^cx). 
Sliil'!i)  kuall,  Ihiii/li  rniion. 
Sllillli  It  chilli,  /((  mahe  n/i  one's  mind. 
Sli  kai  viit  .sid,  Ihi  iijijier  lip. 
Sh-kul'-chichil,   nnrroir  or  ae'ienlar  leures 

<>/'  trees. 
Sh  kwdk  wii.s,  ,(  hi II I)' or  still)  inuii;. 
Shla'iid,  sia'hd.  dai/. 
S'hii'  (l.i  Ic,  a  Jire  jilfiee. 
S'lu/di,  the  loadjish  ;  also  the  I'leiades. 
Sluiil'-za,  //((  niaiji/ot  of  the  hloirjl;/. 
S'lui'  lioliip,  II  spieiis  o/'smilii.r. 
Slid  iiiiii',  .shodab',  a   '^  niedieiiic"-man,  a 

eon/iiri  r. 
I  Sho  iia'-naiii,  shiiKi'dah,  "  mediei^ie",  eon- 

H'liopat.s,  sediiefirn,is. 

Shop,  tlie  siphon  of  a  shell  Jish. 

Shiiwll,  the  aploiloii'ia  liporina. 

Shiili  c'd,  (/  seine  or  m  t. 

S'liiicliuU'kii,  tVhub-krddi,  elondi/. 

S'liiid.sli,  .s"t  siidsli,  nettles. 

Sliiuhi.t,  the  lioir  of  a  eanoe, 

S'liud  .sha'  bid.  hat  .slia'  to-hid,  a  footprint, 

Sliiiifu'il,  ((  )(),(//,  dooriraji. 

Shiik'h.  t/:e  shy,  ahore,  over. 


. 'i- 


iri* 


noi 


SliilK'  lios.  iqi  hill. 

Sliiilili  liiiiii,  wind. 

Slink'-.sllid,  //"  iiialq). 

Siiiilvh  sliiiliats,  llir  IrHliuin. 

Sliiilv ml,  lift  ujt  (imp.). 

SImUiis  sc',  ))///  iiiii-lc  (Itji  nuirriiujt). 

SliiiMi'  sliiikli  liinl,  slit'  hliii  liiid,  ((  mini' or 

nit. 
iS'luilsliiitsiil,  Id  »;i'?irs7(iH-/. 
S'liiil  ;is',  <i  plunk  or  ImnriL 
S'liii  lal'  liiis,  (/  loiikinij  (jl(i.--s. 
S'liii  '(•'  Ilk  WHS,  Id  jiidnl  llii  flirt. 
Sim  luit,  III  iiiiriv. 
Sim'  put  (l",n;;lislri.  a  shirt. 

S'lm'-pU,  till-  lihlildrr. 

Simp  I),  (I  lilaililir jhmt  I'lir  lishimi. 

S'liuskwal  III'  kwad,  tlic  njijur  ijir  liil. 

Sliii-lii  ba'di,  III!'  iliiihs. 

Sliiil  sitsa'  liii'.  Ilic  fiiitlii  rivfi  "f  ini  nrnnr. 

Shu  tiikli' liw  itsli,     lukii  liwitsli,     ((     liinr 

.strimj. 
S'lm  IftMllsllid,  /'(  kilink. 

Slmtrii,  to  hiroinc  ihii  mi  tlii'  fcliniij  i<J'   In 

tiili: 
S'lm  >aiii,  "  iiriintrul  nici  of  .siqx rnn'iirnl 

In  i  mis. 
SliwaJN',  hilt  or  cui). 
S'liwc'wi,  /()  i/i  t. 
Sliwiii  11  kw',  //(('  liind-sniiil,  hili.t ;  iiIsdii  pur 

tiri'.liir  dniion. 
Sliw  iikli  u,  (( .s7/(/('  of  nirks  I'roni  ii  niimntinn. 
Shw  ulliik,  II  foul. 
Si  III)',  siaii.',  (/  ihiif. 
Sj-iiU'-okll,  to  .srold. 
Si-lilt,  liiiskit  inirk  i.iltli: 
Siidi  liv\i  ai-Mis.     <^>ii.  n  tool, 
Sikh  Iiwd'-viimi,  /or  sale. 
Si  I.i  had,  iir'iinnii  piOfdv. 
Si  l,i'-lo  bid,  /.'('•  slioiihlrr. 
Slkai-.vnsid,  thr  inidi  ndu. 
Si  m1  till,  l<i  dill  oiil  {us  II  cinior). 
Si-ii'  till  >'ill.sli,  to  drum  {us  iit  diitiiis.  il-c). 
Ska,  I  lilir  hrolhi  r  or  sistrr. 
Ska'-da,  a  thief. 

Skiid'h,  wkai'-kikai,  thr  kinnns-rat  ;  (jniviiys. 
ykad-zo,  skudzo,  thr  hair. 


Skad  yii.  tin  piio  sifiiinil  ;  sriiirrj. 

Skai  \ii,  ('  mrjisr,  iiliost. 

Skai'wa,    skai  wa' diits,    thr   o.lnitns    urn 

iirsi  lirrri/  luid  rinr. 
Skaikli    kail^liw.  /»'in;</, //i(    inli  rior,  up   n 

riirr. 
Skai' kad  /.ii,  o  llshiiui  iim. 
Skai'  kikai,  sl.ad'li,  u  tliirf. 
Ska'  ka  lak'  lio,  thr  full  moon. 
Ska'  ka-fiwiitl.  pcoplr  of  thr  Inltrr  rlnss, 
Skakcd,  aliriijis, 
Skak'Im  ab,  short  i^in  diwnislun). 
Skakliw.  ska'  ko.  (<t,  irirlrs. 
Ska'li'k  slid,  thr  shonldrrhlndr. 
Skai  111  kuad.  In   iipprr  iji  lid. 
Skap  sub,  ///(■  li'riiii'. 
Skap  ats,  rosr  hnshrs. 
Ska  1 1,  thr  loiidiitlir. 

Ska'  uiii,  //'.'  sniiill  or  pruirii  indf,  roindr. 
Sk«'  j;v\  iits,  II  drrr. 
Skt'-lia,  ((  ritrirlij  of  thr  dnj,  shrundfor  its 

Jlriri , 
SI, els,  (/  siior  piiik. 

t'^Ui'  iaii    lid,  niiiijir,  II  pnirrr  or  <i[l'l, fortune. 
Skt't,  >i  ki  i,  ihr  III  ir  nioon. 
.■^kT'lH  iv'sc'  ilii.  II  liuin  r  riiui. 
Ski  la  jilt,  il  him  oflrr  dnilh  if  hi  r  innthir. 
Sklakli  lioddp,  pUiuts  or  In  rhs  (^iciiciic). 
Sklakh  hcl,  slakh  lid,  niijht. 
Skia'  ka  d.sli,  dirt'.j. 
Skia'  III',  sla'  dc,  <i  iroinuu.  thr  frmillr  nl'miif 

ouimal. 
Skli'lioi,    skid  Ir'  hi)!,   iin    mini   pirstoi    of 

ritlnr  sr.r. 
Skll'l  lilsh,  tiiltooiu;l. 
Hkh' pai'  ,\iil  sid,  Ihi  undir  lip  mid  chin. 
Skli^-wa'ili,  sl(  I  lo  a' ili,  nirrimjs. 
Sklul  1  ultsli,  thr  riiinhrrrii. 
Sklil-clk,  thr  lirorirr  fi  rii. 

Sko,  iill  cXprissiKIl  (U'lltil  in;;  ul  bcspiMkillf; 
ijood  irill.  Irii  lid  ;  it  seems  also  to  deiiulH 
riiiiiirriioii, 
Sko  al  ko,  a  point  in  thr  forks  of  ii  rirrr. 
Sko'-bai,  ko'-bai,  ko  iiiai,  n  doij. 
Skolietsli.  thr  dorsiil  offish. 
Skod,  a  ivntrr  hucki  t. 


3' 
fl 


no2 


V  ^ 


ss  'IS  ' ' 
1^  "!  i 


I'i: 


h  '■■ 


SNccl  /  1  1(  l;\v,  K<iih>inii. 

Skii'  li«  Ills,  ((  sjircir.s  iif  stiliiiiDl. 

>'i\ni'  \,  mollin-  (siiiilicii  u(  l)\   liiitli  sexes). 

Sko'  k\v;i,  (I  ilriiil:  iir  iliaiKiht  of  an>/lliiii<i. 

Slai' kwi  ;,'v,iu,  kokh  he  t,'\\n(l, /(I   tiini  the 

/'arc  (I  irai/, 
Skotaiii',  ///(    Kiiiiill  piir  ;  also  the  ttiiHon  iif 

siiiiill  po.r  anil  ]!<Ktil<')icc. 
Skinii,  I'lixh  iC(it(  r  michtir, 
Slici'  puts,  Ihf  Iwmlorksprucr. 
Skn'-Mili,  snt/iKtm. 
SkOs,  sko'  <»-;,  nl.niiis. 
SkiiU  CI.  '/((  liicdul  I'f  It  iriiiniiii,  milk. 
Skiiho-.il'li.  .'■(•:ks,  //((;  nijijilis. 
Skull'  lii  \n,  tin-  skunk. 
Skull  III  iiil-iil  li,  ((•/(  ii.rc  itiinillr. 
.Skuil  ilikliu',  skiid di'.',  ((  nin.skiiit. 
Skiiils,  liinr,  .\irrilltiiiil,  inislns.s. 
Skiiil  za  !ril>(  liii,  an  (iiiinolii  inns  ti'iiii,  I'r. 

Iii>niin . 
Skiik' e  ki'iai,    still;  liki'ili,   foiist,    irnoilcil 

ronnlri/. 
Skiik  ke'  ill,  ((  rniilli: 
Skiik-nk',  (•/(/(/•  Iniitlirr   (sjidkeii    lo    by  a 

woiii.iii). 
Skiilli,  (7  ntlns. 

Skill  lllt>ll.  rlitlli  Jish. 

Skwa'  kwc  iiisli,  inilrr/oirl  (tieiieric). 

Skwal'  liip,  ii-liis. 

Skwa'sc  lints,  u  .vm//; 

Skuii'-siili,  ///('  ,s/.//(  of  nn  iinininl  irilh  tlir 

hair  iiu. 
Skwa'-talsli,  a  nnnintaiii, 
Skwatcli,  llif  (litij jish. 
Skua'  tun,  kwa'  lijil,  mnUKV. 
Skwaiil,  sUwa'  Willi,  a  sjnrii's  u/ .inlinnn. 
Sk\v('},'\vnl,  a  niul  of  the  liilr  ntsli. 
Skwe' a  kuiil,  ((  iriili  r  hiirkil. 
Skv\ekli\v,  till  ririinininx  jii'itIi, 
Skwe'  k\vilf;li,  tlir  .sni  nicliin,  nliinn.-i. 
Skwf'  kuiil  li,  i/riiss. 
Skue'-lilslit,  ijunpiiwilir. 
Skwei'-lub,  (( jLtlii^pinr. 
Skwe'  o-liwe'  ()-k(i-l)ai,  a  liltir  of  pups. 
SkwC'is,  a  iciilotr  or  ifiilainr. 
Skwostall),  si>-ti;\ve,sttilli.  inrtli,  soil,  .suiiil. 


.Skwetsks,  n  point  ofUiml. 

Skwdlaf'-lail,  hirrii'.s  nr fruit  (;;eiieri('). 

Skwiul  tie',  hnir  of  piihis. 

Skwiiklilt,  till-  tail  of  It  fsh. 

S"k\viil,  mis  kwiil'  hull,  hot  or  inirni  {if  a 

mom). 
Skwiilliiits,  irilil  irlinj. 
SUwiisli-iili,  (skwiisliiiiii,  clouds, fog. 
.Skwiis  p'tl,  hrook  or  npickliil  trout. 
SJiWiit,  the  iinahoij  clani,   Vnin.s  (sp.  /). 
81a'  ^;\viits,  insiili-  hark  of  tlniJK. 
Slii'-;;\vi(l,  tin'  unilir  mat  or  slirrt  ot' a  hnl. 
81a-lial',  la-lial,  thv  ijanHs  of  haml  ami  the 

il-isk.i. 
Slakh'  licl,  sklakli'  liel,  iiiiihl. 
Slakats.  slal  Iiikli,  riiphirri/  ami  Imslt. 
Slakw,  as  liiku,  aslukwddp,  int. 
Sla'-iie,  skla'  tie,  a  iconiiiii,  the  female  of  mi  ij 

animal. 
Slat  la'lie,  rreniufj. 
Sle  tlal'sliitl,  st  kwal  sliitl,  I'lvheaillmniljor 

earrijinij  loailn. 
Slef  It)  a'  tli,  sklii^jwa'tli,  ear-penilant.s. 
srr  .s'ltliil),  to  breathe. 
Slo-kwaliii,  the  mora;    a   prineipal  nii/lho- 

hiijiial  litinij  .so  call  til. 
Sl()-tlalkslii(l,  sliit-lalk-sliitl,  the  hiij  toe. 
Sliilv  a  liiitsliitl,  //(('  heel. 
Siiia'  tlel,  a  hill. 

Siiia-liit-siii,  rilatire  of  a  ileeea.seil  irife. 
Siiia'-iiasli,  tohaeeo, 

.SiiKi  kwiil,  ((  ijirl  irho  iloi.s  not  )ni  ii.slnmte. 
Snie'lali,   im''ta  la.  a    i/aine  phiijnl   leilh 

hearcru'  teeth  for  iliee. 
Siniiblie',  the  game  of  rimis  ami  arroirs. 
Siiiiikka,  tlie  lielhj,  the  Itoihj  of  a  shdl  fn<h. 
Siiiut-tisiip,  ///('  tail  if  an  animal. 
Siieilka'tns,  to  wink. 
SiiOkw,  iron,  a  knife. 

Si)-ili  ffwa'bats,  the  miilille  -seel  ion  of  a  fish. 
So  luit-lmt,  speeeh,a  lamjuaije. 
St^liw-tiiil,  the  fat  of  nniinal.s. 
Si)  kwal'elii,  a  hraeeht. 
So'  kwub,  the  outsiile  I/ark  of  the  thuja, 
So'lns,  o  ealf,  young  of  the  elk. 
Si)  t')l)-ih',  a  hunter. 


.^-ii|i'm(|>,  ^)  jxnit. 

Si)  l.ilili,  so  liikli,  till'  xiiiiillir  sl:i.v  of  ilniln 

limn  sliills. 
Sowiklil,  s'l  s(i'  >\itl.  jiiiili  11(1(1. 
Hpfik  bus,  (I  raiind  liiml,  not  cmnprr.isrd. 
Spc'-oknts,  >•(>()/  iif  stujittdriii.  jhitit'oi s. 
Spisli,  /(\7(  .vcr(/(.s'. 
S|)impt,  '/  cdlicii  slilrt. 
Spo'kwal),  ((  hill. 
Sjiops,  spiip  sil,  tlic  irhi'll:. 
Spiik'h,  boils. 

Siml  liwtis,  (I  liiiirl  ni-iilc  of  hum. 
Spii  >iiit('li,  //(('  liUtddvr. 
Siuits,  ivvrvmcnt. 
Stab,  i/7((//. 

Sla-licuks,  slab  <l'ip.  iiropi  rty.  ijoodx.  tiiimj 
Slah-ota',  stab  ta',  H-hut  is  llutt.' 
Sla'i'lii  ;:\vut,  the  hodij. 

Sla'f,'\vuil.     sin;,'  Willi,    sta' ;;v.a  (lilts.    ih( 
■sdhnonlxrrii  and  rinc. 

Sla'-jj\v"sli,  <i  lidfiiiiin,  i>u)rlidst: 

KliiU,  tilk,  inland,  the  interior. 

Htii'latl.  iic])lii  d'  or  niivr,  ronsin  "I'l  iilii  r  xi.r. 

S'tc-h'thwa'Iiip./'uvx/.  inioihd  counlrij. 

Stc' ak'il,  the  Kd-dinit  li     Lli'icrrii. 

Sif'-a  kwiisli,  sin  d<r,  foij. 

Stc  (li  j;'\vil(,  ((  /((•/;/  ro])i\  ii  d'illir. 

Stckai'yii,  tlw  lariic  n'ld/. 

Sti'ka'irkw,  ((  /(V//  irtir. 

StekOt-siil.  //((■  lid  <ir  (•()(•(/•  of  tuiiitliinii. 

8t(''  lib,  tc'lil*,  (I  siouj. 

Sti''-liin,  //(('  nidi/iv  of  sii(i-(ss  iri;li  iroinin. 

Ktt'l-kwii'nius,  ti  wdrl,-  u-^'  i       <l(niic-i. 

Stfl  kwiib,  ajisli  i)iij. 

Sto  solialk'-Siit-clii,  tlw  little  Jinijrr. 

Stc'iikwil,  sniol."  or  fiij. 

Sli''-\v;itl,  ((  ennue  [northern  jidtlernj. 

S'llia'  liiltcli,  the  sole  {fsh). 

Sti  a  kc'  yii,  d  Imrse. 

Sti  c'lii',  sfi'-ta-clii,  an  ishind.  <i  simill  islnml. 

Sti  kiikliw,  sti  ka'  lid,  d  Imirer. 

Stikli  liwOl),     stikli-liwc' bats,     linsli  enoi 
Iterri/  mid  shrnb,  rilmrnnm. 

Slikop,  stiik()|>,  ivood  or  stiel.s. 

StitkL-'-.vti,  afodl. 

Sl'kta'liats  (iiR'aiiiii;;  not  kiniwii). 


S't  kbt  la  ai' kiiiii.      still  lal  kiim,      heilles, 

lini/s,  il('. 
S'ikol  skill,  //((■  hoofKifii  )inddrn]ud. 
St  kwa'bals,  fUwa'bats,  Itiijli  tide. 
St  \-  van',  tht  id  mas  root  irhen  rnn-. 
Stkv\al'sliiil,slc  ilat  sliiil,(//('/ir(i(/  hand  f,.r 

cdrriiinij  lodds 
StU'-k<'l-kub,  snidll  "trie"  Idrds  (;,'(lii'l  it'K 
Sl'bip,  ileej). 

Slo'bc  111.  //(('  north  or  ihnrii  striitni  irind. 
Stiilisli.  sill'  biisli,  </  niiin  (rir.). 
Slob  slial  li,    the   stems   of  Imlhons   jilonts, 

.It. 
Stu'  link,  (I  slave, 
Mill,  h'  rrin;/. 

SNiI  cliakliw,  the  sid  Inuere. 

Sloli  fiwnt.  i,>  li  KV^'i'.  Ido'ul. 

S;i,'  liikw,  ((  )■/(•(  / . 

Still  lakl,  the  land  hrece. 

SIdI  liii' ilnp,  the  i/irhd  lineua  rine. 

Stii'  Id  liiisli,  ((  mini  ehild. 

r>'ls  i.'la-;;ub,  darl:,  niifLI. 

^'tsa'  sns,  ts,i'  tsiits,  (/  liiin\ 

S't-sa'  Ir,  s'l  saltcli,  tin  hunt. 

S't  sa'-pals,  sa'  puts,  llie  irillnir. 

S't  si/will,  sii  wiklil,  the  jindendd. 

■Stub  sjiiil  ill  ',  tiiUslir  illlil,  hrdlddl. 

.Slii'.t  tabl,  d  urizzli)  hear. 

Sliiii  ;,'\vu'lns,  the  eijes  (pliir.). 

Siii;;\vak\\',  the  south  or  iiiistredni  n-ind. 

St  Ilk- will),  ((  .s/((7i',  a  iidrdineiisure,  n-innL 

Stiikli  ojt"'ill,  a  iiortdije. 

Stilklc-k()b,/iyc(.s7  eonntnj. 

fUiik  liiiiii,  trii  s  (Liciii'iii'). 

S'm-killa'  clii.  //('  jtdlni  if  tiie  hand. 

Sliil  abed',  the  tail  if  ii  bearer  or  uiiiskrdt. 

Still  ris,  niiii:i:  Indidii  corn. 

Sliil  |i  llkll,  medieine,  lihi/sie. 

Still  IcilJ,  the  lidek. 

Stills  lilts,  (jriiril. 

Siid-tli  Ik'  bada,  ddni/hler. 

Siifjii  jjvvaltiin,  d  broom. 

Sll  (,'Wll(lst  liil,  the  roof  of  d  house. 

Sukli,  a  piflix  (Iciiiitin;^  tin'  Use  oi'  pnipiisn 
of  aii.vtliiii;;>  or  the  iii.striiiiiiiil  Willi 
wliicli  it  is  iloiii'. 


r 


;  •( 


i  >\ 


f 


!*« 


^ 

t 

1 

I 

i 

i?4 

I  , 


:!( 14 


SiiMi  li;i'  Kill,  Ihr  rroKS  ImmUi  nf  Ihc  l.iinins 

SiiIJi'  :i  ;f\vml  ilc,  ((  nail,  a  iliiiir. 

Siikli  hill,  jiiii  iif  fiiiiril,  irrilinij  mdUrhiJs. 

Siikli  lie  :i'  lilt  ciii.  Ill'-  Jhiijirx  rollii-lii-i  h/, 

Siilili'liilll  kuiil,  ((  ifiziif. 

SiiMi'  liwii,  urine. 

Siilili  Uii'  kuii,  ((  iiij). 

SiiMi  Icisli,  II  sine. 

SiiIJi  piits.  Ilirtiul. 

SiiMi  sliii'  lie  liiii,  slirriiiis. 

Siikli  siiil  (lull.  Ihc  i/rlliiir  inisj). 

Sniv'-liw,  siiiodlli,  Jliit,  Icrd. 

Silk  liw'  (lu|i.  hri  I  riiiitilrt/. 

Siikliw'l  .s'liiill'  ii"   <i  liiifimir. 

Snkkiil  cliiil.  a  siiiir. 

Silk  wiit-liil,  sj)!!!/!:  <ij'  nilhii  inxul. 

Sulil,  sii't,  ii<nii. 

Sill  kuii'  ;;\Vil  iHllsli,  hiifk  III'  I  III'  liiilil. 

Sill  lii-;i\vii|i.  the  xliniip  uf  ii  Inf. 

Sill  li'.  Ihr  .siikI. 

Slip,  .v////; 

Slip  hull,  sii'  liii  pill.  ///(  riwl.li'. 

Siis  el  I  mi,  n  utiinr  mhr. 

^ii-i  liWii'  11(1,  ((  Imii,  Ihr  .sriiilinn. 

Siis  hwit'  l»C(l,  thi  inliiinsr  Jin  uf  Ihr  ml iiiiin 

liihr. 
Slltid,  sillhl.  /'rn;,/. 
Sills  li:i'  liil,   iiiiilhi  r  ill  liiir  {ciillctl    liy  liolli 

sexes,    or,    (he    iiidthei'    heiii.L;'   ilciiil,    iili 

iiuiit  li>  iiiiUii;i;:e). 
Suiii;  wil,  hind  nr  xlroiiij  [not  hrittlr). 
Suili'il  li,  ((   lirilir  liilshrl. 

Swiikii  (iiieiiiiiiij;  iidI  iiscertiiiiied). 
Swiilekhw  till,    Ihr    riirlh    or    irorlil,    Ihr 

ijroiniil.  II  pliirr. 
Swiiuwii,  Ihr  ronijtir. 
Swe'-iikwiiii,  Ihr  iiinniiol. 
Swe'j  sui''  hilts,  sues  1)11(1  uts.  Ihr  "  Ornjon 

griipr"  luul  Im.sh,  hrrbrri.s. 
Swet  le,  //((   iiioitntiliil-ijoiil,  itiilorrnix. 
S«i  1  le  il  ke(l.  (/  hliiiihrt  o/"  iioiiIn'  irool. 
Sw'liiikt,  (>/'/,  irorii  mil  (nf  Ihini/x), 
Swdp,  II  liiiirrlrl  oj' lirilss  irirr. 
Sun'  Mil),  prirr,  II  liiiri/iiiii^ 
Swiikke'-iik,  II  I'roij. 


.Swiis,  timt.ir.  finirii. 
Swns  ke'lii-i,  ii  .siriiii/. 

Suns  link  kos,  //(f  roiiiprrss  for  Ihr  rhilil\'< 
hriiil  in  Ihr  rriiillr. 

T. 

Tii'-hets,  tii'liid,  hiiir,l'nr. 

Til  helld',  ((  riipr. 

'riihiilsii,  Ihr  jirlloir-iloi  I:. 

Tu'  ^iwiit.  tii'kuiit,  tir-tii-j,'U'iit,  iiiioii. 

Til'  lliis,  .iloiclii. 

Tii'-hiits,  tiikh'liiits,  loir  {not  lorul). 

Til' kii,  liikiids,  xiilhiJ-hrrrij  and  hush,  i/iinl- 

Ihrriii. 
Tiikol),  //(('  niinir  nl'  Mniinl  li'iiinirr. 
Trdc,  sti'lk,  Ihr  inlrrior,  inliind. 
Til  kiidt,  tii-liikl,  loiriirds  Ihr  .'ihorr 
Til'liikw,  Ihr  shonldrr. 
Tillts,  thi    llrsh  offish. 
Tiis  sill),  Ills  sill),  irlnirr,  cold  irnithrr. 
Tiitl,  '(  piiinlid  spi iir-hiiid. 
Tilt  le'ile-;,'u  list,  Ihr  rorhrod. 
Tat  leuks',  Ihr  '•  ridjish''. 
Tii-tsiilt'sukh,  ((  rnttlr. 
Til  Ink'  t lis,    iniihr  for    Ihr   .shorr,    Inp    in 

(imp.). 
Tiinli'si,  a  dor. 
Tiiii'  il,  titu-itl,  to'-witl,  ((  nnirr,  a  hilrh.  Ihr 

frinnlr  of  mn/  nninuil. 
Til//  l)il.  lo  piiji. 

'rdiiib  khkh,  s'hii  (hilbUii,  riondij. 
T'cli  Uii'  Uiil,  II  loiidliiiskrt. 
Te  (iii('iiiiiii.L;'  iiiikiiown). 
Te'  (U'K^viid  (loltsli.  Il  liviiidHixlil. 
Te'lle  lliip,  Ihr  fill  nloun. 
Tt'gWil'  (llU'illlili;;'  llMceitiiiii). 
Ti-'-hats,  ((  xhrnh  imrd  for  Ira,  tea. 
Te'lietsli.     (j)n.  lo  ii.sk  for. 
Te'lakw,  a  xprrir.s  of  stlrairbrrrij. 
Te-liikhlii,  il  li  lilkhhi,  pnsrntlii,   during 

the  (/((//. 
Telii'wil,  ll.i'  uil,  lo  rini. 
Ti'l'he,  ti'1-lictsli,  lei  h'ye,  prrsrnlli/. 
Tolil),  ste'-lil),  ste'  liiii,  c  .vo»r/, 
Te'  sid,  ti''-sud,  te'siiin,  Ihr  slini/  of  iin  in- 

.\rrt,  an  iirroir,  ii  Inillrt. 


i  ' 


;',( I. . 


'l\  s  hikh'  lij,  Inilaii. 

'!'«'  t;iill|i.  ii  A/irciV.s'  1)/ (dIIus. 

'I'c-lcts,  //((    /•(  ins. 

'I'cti  III'  li;l(l  (lull,  III  sinlrli  iDii'.s  Kill'. 

Ti'tsli,  tidsli.  //((  siitiic.t  iif'dii  iniiiiKil. 

'1"1iiiI)m'  liiil,  lo  turn  hik's  hiuk. 

T'liinl  ilnksliid,  to  h/iid  {ns  a  lioir). 

T'liuii  iiy:\vii' Slid,   Ikli  liii|i' a  ;,'\va.  In  f<iUl 

(titjifhiiifi. 
T'liiilsc'  ukiid,  ((  nniiriid. 
'I'i,  tit'l  (iiit-aiiiiij;  mikiiDwn). 
Tidsli,  tctsli,  lite  siiuws  11/ (III  luiinuil. 
'I'iki'wali,  OH  horschack. 
Til,  (jii.  Hull. 

'I'i  Icsli,  //(//(  (//(  (liiiinisinii), 
'I'i  siitluia.  Ilif  siiiril  irlm  jinniiJis  ortrijiHu] 

I'liiiiiiii'. 
T'lvdiiidtic,  IIk'  III  iiiliirL-xpnirc. 
T''k()-l)Oltsli,  (I  iviioilcii  KiiiiDii. 
T'kot'sid  iliil),  tuk  kml',   In    slnil   {n  ilonr, 

dr.). 
T'kwa'-hats,  s't  kwa'  liats,  liiijli  Ink'. 
T'kwa' Ititsii,  .yxoLs. 
T'k\val)sliid,  Irathrr  .shorn  or  hoots. 
'I"'k\v(^'k\viis  snb,  to  irijh: 
T"k\siiMc'-;,'\viir,  ((  inirrior. 
TIa-lialts',  toiiHisn,  to  irontlrr. 
Tlcidiu-ta^wiil,  /((  riopf. 
Tlip,  kliji,  inuli  r.  In  iinitk. 
Trkaukh',  In  lop  {un  doas  do  jvatcr). 
Tliil  ('Its.  vool{iiiii  iritli  hot  stoHis. 
'J'o  (jiicaiiiiij;  iiiiknowii). 
TOi)-.siic-dad',  on  iiwdiilitlioii  to  procure  fair 

icciitlirr. 
To-bi'tsitl  (incaiiiiij;'  mikiiowii). 
Tobslic  (hid,  sliilislii  (!(■',  Iicintrdor  hraid 

(d,  hnoltid  hair. 
Tobutl,  vs. 
TDlifils,  thi'  sorrel. 
Td-datidat,  ijistndiii/. 
To  dc  a'hat.s  {iiicanint''  iiiikiiowii). 
To'-di.  thin;. 

To'  Ii  Kwiit,  sto'-li  t,'wiit,  blood. 
Tii'|iel,  the  spidi  r. 
T(i'-|ii,  the  spunk  of  rotten  wood. 
To'  pud.  III  pound  in  a  nioitar. 
20 


To  tIaUli',  /'(■  '  iiiiiht. 

To«atl  liad',  iloirn  slriinn. 

To'will,  tail'  111,  i(   iiiiU'',  liitih,  t'iniiili  iini 

mill. 
Tsii,  theiraue  nl'  the  iiioon. 
Tsalit,  (sail  tats,  ml  ildi  rinrri/  mid  hush; 

siitiihuciis. 
Tsa'-;,'\vilsli,  the  tiijer  lihi. 
Tsa-gwiil,  Isakwtsak w,  to  irnsli  elnlhrs. 
Tsa'lia,, /'((//(.  I  •('/I  /((/(•  (hv  Imtli  sexes). 
Tsa' dialled,  ts'liiiiilicd',  the  i/i  le. 
Tsa' liwe,  rid  fir  or  sintiee. 
Tsaik.  on  inednliitioii  I'lir  siieei  ss  III  iiloii,  iie. 
T.sa'  kali,  tsa'  ka'liats,   red  eldrrherri/   nnil 

hush,  siinihueus. 
Tsa' kad,  to  s)>eor,  jiirree,  xtiih. 
Tsi'ikw  tsakw,  tsa'-;;\viit,  to  irash  elothes. 
T,s;'il,  toiiil  .•itools,  l'iin<ii. 
Tsa'  lal,  Isa'  liitl.  n  lake. 
Tsal  liid.  o  shiidoir. 
Tsa'-jia,  ijriind/itther  or  ijrentunele. 
'JVfip'h,  tieiiis  or  roots  for  Imski  lirnrk. 
Tsii-pi'ii'  Ilia,  the  spider  eruh. 
Taa'-tsuts,  Ht-sii'-8us,  *(  hoie. 
Ts'l)(''kli\v,  tsiilidiekliw,  Ihr  tliroiit  of  II  sal- 

nion. 
Tse'akw,  to  pound  in  n  nmrtiir. 
Tsii  a  kwiits,  ((  prouijid  spmr  for  hirds, 
Tse  lia'  led,  the  sniiill  .suiid  iijuisetuiu. 
Tsods'  kii,  tsits' kii,  real,  arluul,  riijkl. 
Tse' li will,  the  hearhi rri/. 
Tse'-iik  iid,  lo  shout. 
Tsliiih  lied,  tsa'-lia  lit7d,  the  i/eir. 
'I'sial'dvo,  a  raee  of  spirits  who  hauni  Jish- 

innplaees. 
!  T>il  ka'  (le,  Ihi  pietoral  fns  of  a  fish. 
'I'silsk'k  sub,  to  make  faces  hij  raising  the 

nose, 
Tisils  latsks'.  a  Jire-nhoiitir  pi  lid. 
Tsiiic'-ako-dop,  to  serateh   ui:h  the  nnils, 

clan: 
T'siiiiil  ki'Mi,  ///('  mink. 
Tso' bed,  the  larijer  hones  of  a  Jish, 
Th(ili-ts(ib,  the  barnacle. 
Tso'djiid,  the  rije-broirs. 
Tsub-a-ta'-de,  the  bail  of  a  kettle. 


w 


'illl 


>'] 


;)(ic. 


Tsdli  I'd),  l.lcli  bud.  (f  .v/miiK. 

'I'kikI  {iiiciiiiiii};  iiiikiuiwin. 

'rHiKl.sll,  //('  iitlllr. 

'I'.viiUliw,  1  I  >iilJi\v,  (.ifiniiiiishxl  (lis  a  ciin- 

,llr). 
T.siik  liwiil,  Ini.i  (^ii'iifiic). 
TsiiK  k^ils,  t--iiU  Illl,  Inic,  il  in  tnic. 
'I'miKIi  \Mitl,   (Ik    IiIiii-  I  hli  iI»  ri  ji,  sdiiihiifKS 

(illlililriisls. 

'I'suU'li \v,  t.siiU'-w  I  (lull,  Jliit. 

Tsukw,  llir  II  It  IIS. 

'I'siik  w'sh,  //((  flic  or  Illl  ilirr,  rttriis  iiinii- 

ill  lisls. 
Tsiil  liti'h,  IIk  IhuI:. 
'I'siim  (siimiiilis,  till  niliiiilhiiir. 
'I'siistud,  ((  niiil  {for  hoiinh). 
T.sntldlsli,  III  rumlilr  in  lliv  IhIIij  iiitli  niiul. 
T.sutl  diitl,  to  /'iiiiil,  swoon. 
Tswiiil,  tswu' il.its,  till'  irilil  ihrriimiil  Irir. 
'I'll  (iiiiMniiij,'  iniUiiiiwii). 
'I'll  cliiil  |iiul,  to  ticisi,  liorv  lis  icitli  a  ijiinlit. 
'I'lid  (iiii'Miiiii;;  uiikiiowii). 
'I'lKl'  lie',  roo's  of  till-  hrtilcr  fi  rii . 
'I'll  illl  ;;w;ilts,tiikli-dl!j;-Wllsli,  to  loiiil  ii  ijiin. 
'I'ud  /.(•  UiiUliw,  lir  iloirn  (iiiiii.). 
'I'lilJi  liiid,  liniil  (imp  ). 
I'likli  liiikli  lia'  liats,  to  .'.ii/i  onr  (i/.v  onr  n 

Tiikli' islia'  li.i,  loir  tiili: 

Tiikli'liwitsli,     sliiitiiklilnvitsli,     a     hoir 

xlriiii/. 
'l'iik'-U('t«'-kiils, //((  rim  mniilr,  lurr  vircin- 

iiiiliiin. 
Tiik  kod,  Tkiit  sid-diilt,  to  shut  [iis  a  iloiir, 

.It.). 

'I'lik-kiili,  III  ncl  icililfoirl. 

'I'uk  \vc' liit,(i.v('()<>/<  [for  liailinij  acanoi',A'c.). 

Tiikwt't'  Ills,  nilfirril. 

T\i\,froiii. 

Tti  lak',  /»(((•/;,  lnhiiul. 

Till  ka'  pad,  to  slup. 

Tiil'lii,  II fitini. 

'I'll  piislik'sliid,  slriiUilitiHfil  {as  a  boir). 

Tiis,  (■()/(/. 

Tu.s-ii'-}i(i,  lll■sak,o^/  {of  tliiiiijs),  if  old. 

Tfis-bi^'-bi  dsili,  our  irlio  trlls  tilm,  little  lies. 


Tiishiid^li.  ('  liiir. 

'I'li-sliii'  KWi'l*,  to  striiii)  III  nils. 

'I'lts-ka'da,  ((  thiif. 

'I'lis-ko'  kwiil,  to  ciiiiiil  III/ fiilliiiiiis. 

Tils  kiid-diili,  '(  striniiint. 

Til  stt '  aknl'  lakwid,  <i  liorsrmuii. 

Tflstr'  I)  Illl,  til  tl'Wk  (I  liil, /(I "(/'///,  <OHIH(/f/l/. 

Tiitiikl,    ta-kii(it,  toinirils   the  shore  {If  on 
the  initir),  to  the  inlirior  {if  on  liniil). 

Tii-tcl-Iii,  tflli'vf,  jirisi  iitlji. 

Tiitlilnk  ;i\viis,  hull'  full. 

Tiil-li\\t'tslit,.v/r»/i//  {as  (I  lioir). 

Tut-kflt-.sid  (lul>,     (ill.  til  sliiii. 

Tiitl,  tiit'hl,  tiit'-lo,  il  Is  trur,  it  is  the  truth, 
eirliiiiilij. 

Tiit-la'-licl.  iin  ellipse. 

Tiilikaii,  ((  iiunrter  full. 

Tulsa' ;;\V(i-lilsli,  In  iriish  ilishes. 

Till  sa' nuus-siili,  to  irnsh  tin  fiier. 

'I'litstiih,  stall  diip,  }iroiii  rlif,  (jooils.  thiiiijs. 

Tutu  su-vvf'cliil),  to  Hi   iliiini   iiinl    inirni 
otu's  hiiik. 

Twrdsli'-tuli.  to  j)iekfeulher,i 
I  Tu(  'kolisli,  I"  ihiui. 

Twill,  to. 

I'w  ill-kill  sills,  to  hiss, 

Twiil'tt',  hither,  to  this  pliiec. 

Twul  to'-di,  thither,  that  leiiij. 

Tzil,  tzin-il,  he,  she. 

Tziili  kOt,  ///'■  liriiin. 

U. 

U-clifib,  Di'liat),  /()  ilic. 

T'iwus-.sc'a  kat,  the  aiiroru  horalis. 

Uk,  iiks,  Ilk  ktik,  kuu  ka',  some.    See  "ylA"", 

I'kho,  k'kliliu,  short  {in  dimension). 

I'ksi)'  hus,  siimll  biisketa. 

Ul,  al,  at,  to. 

lll-bi-  .vukli,  to  leu  re  a  tliimj  hij  mistake. 

I'^.s-dc'  fikli.  in. 

Usf,'i'-k\vaklil',  pantinij. 

fs-yiiik,  open,  ele(<i'. 

['s  lilul'-lil,  to  iiroie  larije. 

Is  kiilUli,  airake. 

irs-ikiklnv,  iistlakliw,  to  y row  large. 


:i(iT 


Ul  l;i,  ill  I.I.  Ill  itiiiii. 

I'tlatli,  (•"»/(»  (iiiM'.l- 

I'll  kn'  sliiils.  hiiiiil  (<>,  liriiiij  (imp.). 

I'l  liUlil'  IvWll.  to jhh  iritli  ((  IiiidI;. 

I'll  ts'liiii'.  ^»  I'liiil  {0  .'/"«)• 

I't  ^atsk'.  III  .simir  III-  piinr 

I'l'  sa,  at'  sa,  /. 

Ut-M'l'  sis,  til  hv  oxlri])  (im  thrjhot,  (tv.). 

Uts  tiikli'lnvOli,  lo  .strike  ir'tit  a  xlic.l:. 

Utsiit'-sa,//'/)i.7c. 

\Va  kft  a  liiili,  ixact    incaiiiii;;  imcfrlaiii ; 

it  relates  to  tlie  new  inooii. 
Wekli  juisli,  (I  iiillltsiMhc, 

\\r\,  l-oltill. 

AVi'  US  so,  (/  cnncil  of  vhiUlrcn. 

\Vi  at  la  lekw,  In  fish  irilh    ■  dipiirt. 

Wiyel'suiii,  o-.vel'  smii,  U.  till,  niolc. 

W'o  ai'  il>,  a  ilrexwil  Nkin. 

Woitii'  liali,  /()  irccp.  to  cry  as  an  (iiiimal. 

Wo  kap',  wiikkiili',  a  ho.r,  chest,  trunk. 

Wok'smii,  Hiihtniiiij. 

Wo  kitd  liiib  iikli,  okail  dill),  lo  court,  maki 

love  to,  lie  with  a  woman. 
Wii'clielia  let'kwii,  to  fri). 
Wakknlt',  wo  kaii',  ti  ho.v,  chcxt,  tniiik. 
Will  lot  111.  (( j/outh,  young  man. 
Wfitclio'-kOtsid,  to  cut. 


W  lit  l.i'  ^u  n>li  111,  III  Imrlir. 
Wilt  le  clial'  r  k«il,  III  I  III  with  .ncissiow. 
Wllsakli'  liiiiii,  til  iliiiii  I . 
j  Wii  te' cliil),  o  ti '  fliil).  Ill  .iwim. 

Wiitl  1m  k  '  iiu  iiii, '"  ^'v^. 


Y. 

Vai' ciii,  (I  lull  or  slur;/. 

Vai'  It  hub.  III  sliiiiili-r. 

Yai'  ilo  Ills,  ///(•  honcji.suikl)' 

Yakli'hwiid,  ((  ijunjUnt. 

Yal'sliid,  u'l'  sliid,  <i    pdir   if  mocnisiu.s, 

.s/iix.t,  or  .sloikimtx. 
Yatl'-sliids,  hanil  lo,  lirimj  (iiiiii.). 
Ye/ do,  n  sH-iiuj. 
Yi'llll',  \e  lam,  u}olc  or  miiil  olUr  iliolli  ul' 

the  j)itr(Hl. 
Y'e-la'  Idlsliid,  .M'I  am'  l>eii,   jiiinlitloiins  ul 

skill  or  cloth.     .Sii  ••  Yal  slijil". 
Ye  latsks,  II  .\i.r  shooter  iiistol. 
Yes  sa'w  i,  the  nlili  r. 
Yil  iiie'liu,  the  saliuou  dance. 
Yokw,  thi'  siiliiion  irhen  erhniisliil  hy  sjiiiiru 

'".'/■ 
Yiikli,  ,viikli'  lia,  (luii. 
Yukli  liwud,  ((  stone  arrow  hiiiil,  n  iiuujliiil. 


v.. 


;<iiir-wa,  I  uij;.v;i\,friiiUts,m(>uslerii, 


I! 

»; 

I* 


m,  (' 


|i  (' 


1 1.1 


v 


'i 

J 


I       - 


1 

1 

* 

^    S     *^ 

'■"'       ^ 

DICTIONARY   OF   TIIK    MSKWAIJ.I 


II. 

KNdl-IHII— NISIvWAI.M. 


II}'  (•■'.IIIIIIK  (ililllS,   M.    1). 


O 


Aborr,  slmk'li,  slii  slmk  ;  on  the  tap  <>/,  slii  kii' Imts.  1»ki!1vaiivi;s,  7.  c,  sliiik  si  ;il)' 
(literally  llif  •' Almre  ('hiif").thc  diloiilol  iiiniii  nf  (!od ;  sliiikli,  the  .shi/,  Iminn; 
.s'lMiklilimii,  iriml ;  sliuk-iuJ  (imp.),  lift  up  ;  sliiik  liOs,  (tsrciidiiKjy  up  hill  :  o  slmkliw, 
to  .u-cll  (d.v  ((  hniinc  01  boil)  :  sliiiklisliii  li;its,  a  viiuic  of  Ihi  Irilliiini  ;  .slmk  sliiil,  ///<■ 
i  list' p. 

Abuse,  ilnlili,  riilinilc,  mil  names  to,  o  kii'-'^wal,  o  ka' };u  ul-liili,  "k  lu''  |;\mii1. 

Aeioss  /(.v  .'  ulriiuii),  ili  ci,  dit-l  uwiti. 

A'he  i^of  iron),  kvva'li  us,  kwal' yiis  ;  (0/ stone),  siLs'-elliul. 

A/'i-did,  iisliiits',  as  lie'-kwiilt. 

Afternoon,  Ida  jiuk',  sliitlo-kwatl. 

At/iiin,  iiia|Mii'. 

Aged  {of  persona),  lo'-liiti,  sklc'lxil,  skill  If'  tiot ;  iin  old  innn  or  ironinn,  skiil  Ic'  liol  stOlisli 
■     or  sklii'iic. 

Alike,  like,  asi.s'la.     Set'  "  .SV>". 

Alire,  hale',  lia  likli'. 

All,  ererji,  (f.  r.,  hokwi,  bokw,  hchkwii  ;  all  (fllicm,  bnkw  dell. 

.'?»Ho«^(liieraiiy  'i./f./Wr),  liwe' lalil';((/»n(.v/  ilea<l,  liwe"  la  ill-  uiii'  at  a  Imcl'  (lilcially  md' 
for'-  to'  (lend*)  :  almost  ont  (ofafreor  Hi/lil),  liwc'  laill  ;;\Mii  it  Mikhw'. 

Aloni/,  alonij  nuth,  toi/etliir,  klal  has. 

Ahraifs,  skos,  skakf-d  ;  aln'oi/s  so,  skaked  as-is'ta.  /'  alirai/s'  /,»(■»•'  |^)'|  .'/"«'',  ski>sli"- 
chid-'  a  said'  elm''  twiil'  diiu'wc''.      Yon  ((lirai/s  ijo,  ska'keil  ok  la. 

Amuse  one's  self.     See  "  I'laif. 

Animals.     See  '"Mammals",  "  Iiirds'\  "  Fislt",  i^c. 

/Uff/,  ((/.so,  .viikli,  ,vfikh'-l)a,  i.s'slii.  /'((«(/■  lyoH',  at' sa'  yukli' .  1  dii;,'  •  f-'.  An<i  1  also, 
yiikli'ba  atsa^  klal'  us  is'ta'  (/.  e.,  .(«(/'  P  >;■(,  .w*), 

Anijrji,  to  lie,  o-liet  sil.  [Are]  ifon^  ani/y;;'  irith'  me' .'  o-lict  sil- cliii  liii'  Iwul' at  .sa*.  /' 
((Hi  an(jnf  iritli'  i/on',  d  lict'-sil--eliid'  liwiil'  diit;'\ve'  (liimi  ti  lied,  lela/.  -Iiat  is  the 
matter,  and  si-lus,  t  lie  forehead).     1)KU1VAT1V1;s,  imI  liet  sil  11s,  to  snil:,  to  tdnsh,  1/.  i. 


:il(i 


iMi 


Aiiollirr,  iilliii-,  la  Ii'.  III!  Ic',  <l,i  !»•'  Ic.      T<>  //<>'  tn'  nnotlirr'  pliin*,  oiJi  lin('  liwiil  kiil'^  l,i 

If"  HWa  Ickliw  I'll'.     .1  «((//(/•»•  j/(M(7i-j  liiiiyiiiiifi',  liiMf'k  wus- mi  liot  Iml.    .Sec  '•  IHfjir- 

riil'\  "/■'((»•". 
Amis  (till),  Isiikw. 

Anti  {filriillji  till  liiinr  <inii),  flia'  Irsli. 
Arrh'i;  In.     Sec  "('«»«(■". 
Amur,  ulinj't  of  (in  iiiroic,  a  hitllct,  tc'-.siiil,  tf'siiii   (from   tf'-sid,  llir  stiiifi  iij  un  iiisivl). 

A   hour  (irriiir  liniil,  shanks;   iron  (irniirlirail,  lut-kwvtl'  {Uimi  siiokw, /n*«) ;  stonv 

(irnnrlirail,  >  iikh  liwiid  ;   tlir  fi  nllirriii;/,  shut  sitsa  liili. 
As.     Hcc  ".S'n''. 

Asrriiil,  III,  ()  kwa'  t:itsh.      /  iiscrinl,  nAiw.i'  tatslichid.      I'roiii  skwil'  latsh,  ri  iiiiniiilitiii. 
Aslnimril,  la  lir,  i)  lict  sil.     /  am  nsliininil  nf  nijisilf  (in  iiici  riiiiciit ),  nlii'ha  hct  shiil  (sci' 

iliiniiiiitivcs).     Sec  ",S7/((/H(  ".     it   is  (|istiiif'iii->lif<l  ln'iii  o  liel  sOl, /o  br  umjnj,  q.  v., 

(iiiiv  liv  iiiloiialiiiii. 
Aslirs,  skwal  liip. 
Asl;/<ii;  to.  ti'  hi'lsh. 

Aslrij),  sliijiii.  as  c'liilsh.     Sec  "iSVcc/)".     Aslrrp  (iis  mic'y  fixii),  iit-st-t'-sis. 
As.sriiihir,  l<i  {In  hriuij  Inirtliir  (I  rroiril),  o  ^jfwc'-fiwi ;  {Iti  (Id  .so/nr  Un  pKiposc  of  a  frdst), 

ko  O'lhik'. 
Astrrii.     Ht'!'  "/jV/cA". 
.U,  nl,  111.     Whrrr  f  at  irliat  jihiiu  i"  i,]cUHi\  >     77»tc,  il  Ui' di.      Wlinr  is  it  if  al  chatl  kwi- 

sas  ?     A I  ^/le  /(ou/ie,  ill  slii  a' lal.     Al  n  ifilit.  n\-k\  sit-slakh'-licl.     llarr  iioii  ain/  sal- 

mull.'  ao' kwi  s'chcdad  Im  a!  (In;;  we  ?     On   ^/ir  ^/n'/v/ /Mi/,  alslc'hwalldat.      I'ndtr 

thchiiusr.  klij,  al  a'lal. 
Atniosplinic  jihrndnirnii  : — ll'//i'/,  sliiiklihiirn.      r/n/n/.v,  skwiisliinii.     liain,  skal,  okall) 

tSnoir,  ha'  ko,  ina'  ko.      lliiil,  kli'in  liwc'la.     A   niiiilinir,  ko  hat  shid.     Mrtrors.fall- 

intj  slurs,  klo' lii  rd,  o  Invf't  III.      .1//   ccliiisr,  tiilla'licl.      'J lit  aururo   harrnlis,  w^ 

wiis-sc'a  kat.     Sec  the  ahoxc  icspcctivoly. 
AiniLr,  as-kiilkli.      Tu  luraLin.  o  kati,  o  kiiklil.      W'ahc  ar  i/rt  up.  it  is  lUiiiUijIit,  kiiils-i''- 

hii,  o  lakli  liil  Ink. 
An'l,  kwish-kwishks. 
A.ir,  ko-hiit  it  ;  pliir..  kiiiu  ko-hat'-it.     A.tr  handle,  skiihiit-iid-iilli. 


'I 


I"'- 

/•V(/(.V/(()H,S(,  Iiwiii  liwilmokliw'.     Sec '•  (7n7(/(.s7i  ".     .1  //(»//,  hchila. 

Had:  (the),  sc'-lichid,  tsul  litsh;  hachsiilis,  Iiw  lit  siitch. 

Hark,  liarh-irards,  hrliind.  lak,  tiilak,  lilllak.      Ilaid  //((i/.-,  tiikli  hod  tn  lak.     <li)  lirhind 

(lull,  adv.),  lak.     Uark,  come  hark,  hi'I  kwii  (imp.  adv.),  ^i  <]irr  hark,  rrlurn,  hu\- 

kut  slu'il. 
Had,   a-irkril,  kul  luh'.      That  lis  a\  liud  horsr,  kiil  liih   ti  f'l   stiakf'-.vii.      To  Iw  had 

(r(vi//«r,  o  (loil  kill).     It  is  bad  u-calhrr  /(» */((i/,  o  dOdkuh  a-ti-slakh'-hi'l.     To  hare  a 

had  tastr,  otalsiih. 
liaji,  swa'-Iiwfid.     ^Scf  Srrofiim). 
Hail  {/or Jishin;/),  hal'  liiillo. 
I     III,  as  lo'  kwiitsh. 
liiiiiddijr  {roniftrrss  for  Ihr  hrail),  swiis"  link  kos. 


^1 


.Ill 


I'lliiiliil  iirilli  liiiiitil  stiijiis],  ;!■.  lililUli  liiill.. 

liillik  III-  }ihi(l\  It,  lill  U'Un.s 

llnrijiiin.     St'c  *•  Ititrlir". 

I'tiirh  (>/'  tniH  (jfcru'lifi,  s'lliiili  liid,  s'cln  '  hit:  mihiih  hitiK  nl  tliKJd,  >ti'  kwiil);  inmili' 
liiltl,  of  tlilijil,  slil-;^u  Ills,  s'cliilli  Im  (I,  wliicli  ;iImi  iiii'.iiis.  and  linili'  [Mil  ifllltnlv ,  llu" 
iliiicr  liiiik  I'l'ilic  lir;  it  is  li>  tlu'ni  liUniril  to  l>iili  lickhw,  tla  llirmit  i;/'  tin  miIiiioii, 
I'sti  (  iiicil  tile  cLii'i't'st  |iiiit.  liiiin  lluir  siiiiilar  coliii-. 

liiirk.  Id  ((IS  II  ilitij).  (>  iiwo'  liiili. 

lUirlif,  liiiii,  sill,  liiiili ,  inliiiiiiir.  Id,  oliwti'  \  iiIi,  ii  Im'  \iili,  aC  si  ;.'\vns,  ai'  ;,'\Mis,  «  iil  la'- 
};\viisli  1(1.  /  //•(((/(.  .1  liwo', viiWfliid  :  A/  //(((/r.v,  n  liu'  miUi  Im.  1  iinin  In  hiii/,  I  irill 
or  irit,h  In  liuij,  la-la  i'yiilt'cli  id.  \\  In  ii  ilid  i/nit  Inii/  \it\  t  tliiul'  kwi-  latK'Mt,i'j{w'.sli'  f 
(/.  ('.,  irltvir'  Unit'  yniir'  hiinjtiiu'j.'  Ilmr  iiiinh  ijou  iisk /or  tlint  f  tlinic  viinli  lluil  iinii 
/»•(((/<■.')  iislini'  kwi  tilts  Hia'fiw'sli.  Thnt  in  iin/ (/nir,  liwr  la  ticks  i«(i'-viil>,  .1  trinh\ 
swo' \ill),  sla'  j.'wnsli.  /•'«(»'  .s(i/(,  sikli  li«n'-,;iiiii.  'I'luic  is  im  di-liiiclKiii  I'llwi  ill 
liiiuii;;  and  st-liiii;,',  tlu>  idea  liiiii^  an  i-xclian;.;)'. 

Uiishil,  kwcld'litsli ;  loiidhaHkil,  Iili'  \\a' win  ;  ii 'liit-hml;  hnslitnf  smU,  k\vaili>ltsli ; 
tir'njliitslit,  tc'ilt'nu  lid  ddllsli  ;  Imsl.ii  LillU,  si  alt  ;   iniin  hiiskil,  swai'  a  li  (IV.  o  sa' 
liwa,  /"  iitiinili'};  Innjv  Imski  Is  /nr  stnriini,  liiil  lai  ,\  lit  sid ;  smiiU  Iki.sI.i  Is  /nr  mlils 
(tnd  ends,  ukso'  lins.      Tin  Jhinns  nii  n  Imslnt,  kl  pat'.     'I'lrii/s  nr  nmls  fm  Imt^Li  I  irmh, 
t  sail"!  I. 

lidthi;  ^<,  (I  tc' ti- tnli.     Sec  •'Wiisit". 

I'liji,  Iniiliiir,  t   liu  III  kali'. 

l!i,ln.  The  place  til'  llic  vcili  to  Iw  is  supplic<l  liy  tlic  adjectives  a  oU  and  alsiitrt 
ineaninj;  jnistiit,  wliicli  are  conj'i^'atcd  t(t  a  certain  extent  as  xciUs.  or  it  is  under- 
stood from  the  connection,  '..'/.,  Is  Sli'hai  In n  !  au'kui  .S|c  liai.  llv  is  in  llio 
lioiisr,  at  suts  al,  slii  a'-lal.  Is  'hnv  iiiiythiinj'f  an'  k«i  s.i  li\\.i>'  .'  Is  hv  lirrrf  at- 
>*et  .so  ?  Ill' is  /(Dv,  at' silts  ()»■  itsiid-sha'.  Furmnhi'  inji'  Iniii  inis' \'<iini\,  io-hni, 
siids*  ti-  skiid'-/o'  ash  to  lia'-;;o'.  In  tliis  idirasc,  to  hat  >iiils  is  the  aiijectiNc  pie 
ceded  by  the  si^'ii  of  the  past  tense,  "to". 

Beach,  e  brdi'-/,i  (hii. 

Heads,  k\se'a-k\ve'  (an  adopted  word),  klo  a'hiiliiks  klitlc'-a-linl  Inks.  Tlir  iaiiji  f  hinds, 
chnkehiik-wels.      To  sttimj  In  mis,  In  slia'-},'\veh,  diishakliw'. 

Bear.     Sec  "  Mammals'''. 

/A'rtCf/,  kweil,  k'wedt.  .1  razor,  sii.ih-hiill-kwcd.  To  slian,  o  snkhhiitl  kvMil.  I'roin 
snkli,  a  pai'tieh)  sigtiil'.vin}^  use  oi'  purpose,  u  iintl  oi  ohwiitl,  In  sijinnilr,  and 
kwOd. 

I'.eat.     See  ".S7;'(7,t". 

Bearer,     See '•  .l/^(w»i<//.s". 

Because  (by  paraphrase  only).  T  do  so  hecatise  I  ehnosi,  o  lni',\  n' chid- kits  its'  i,'\vad* 
hntch''  (i-  do'  lehiit'  mif  licarT'  or  ivill). 

Become,  to  (in  th»'  sense  oi'  to  he  clninijiil  or  Irans/nnniil),  Im'  \clo.  lie  lunniir  a  da  r, 
hll'-ye-lo  ske';;u  llts.  [  Ynu  liiirr]  almost'  [^;■'J  liiroiin'  an  linliiin'.  Iiwi''  la-lil'  ^uiil' 
iio-yiP  Ats  il  tel-inn*. 

Bed,  entail,  the  bed  phut  in  a  lod<jc,  liil  ua'  sed,  hnl  lo  a'  si  d.  i'illmr,  hwalll.  '/'/"  nnder 
mat  or  a  slierl,  sla'-;,'\vii|  (Ir.  sla'-jiwiits.  Ilir  innir  Imrl.  <>/'  lln  ndar  lluij-i). 

Be/ore,  d/.e'-hu,  dzi'  Im,  litl  d/.e'  hii. 


'it 


;  H 
I 


I 
n 


Sill 


'<\i 


0 


•M'2 

llrl,i„>l,  hik,  til  l.llv.  litl  Ink. 

Hilli/,  khitrli,  NiiiiiU'  Im,  kwi  Vilkli  ;  ciiriiuli  nl,  inrijitniil,  as  kwc  Vilkli.  :is  kwclikw. 

Itihnuiiiiii  to.     Sec  "  (tj"\ 

Hiliiir,  iiiiiirr,  Imiiiilli,  muibii,  klcp,  klip,  (l('|i,  tlip,  s'tlllp,  kic  pil'  It.its  ;  ti  idflit ,  klilp;  /( 
//(//,  kliip. 

/!tlt,  huvldt,  kliit  Hii|i'piiil. 

lUnd,  III  (lis  II  liiiir),  I'liiiil  iliik'sliid. 

Ilniiiilli.     Sec,  *•  llrloir", 

lit rriin,  fruit  (generic),  Nkvvii-lat-lad. 

Jlirr;/  liiiiriiifi  xlinihs,  lirrriis,  \,c.  l-'riiit,  skwo  laClail  (^^I'licMic).  Cm  nhrrrii  plant, 
oiriiriiiTiis,  kl  Inil-.silt.s;  tlir  hiirji,  kl  Imls.  skliil  liull.s.  IliisliirniilKiri/itirifl  hlirl.li- 
hirri/  (ipi.  riliiinnnii).  stikliliwi''  li.ils  ;  ih-  litrri/,  slikli  liwch',  slikli  liwim'.  /.'/( ; 
jlirni  hiirLiihirri/,  kl  liwiitsiits  ;  Ixiri/,  kwiil  lilts.  Sinimii  liiirl.lihn-rii,  nif  a  l^'\\. 
iSiiiiirhiirii,  scskuiui,  <  inn.ii  hirriihiisli ,  \Hii\in'-hi\ts  ;  birri/,  tsa-kali'.  li'iiljliurniiiii 
ciiiriiiit  (rilirs  siniiiuiiiiiiiii),  pokwiits;  Inrfji,  pok.  hrirlKirii.  ii\\\u\\H'' h\\\\\^; 
/mil,  iiWMi]  Ix'kliw.  /i'((.s/i//(  *■*•)/,  ell  il  k«'  lia'.s;  fruit,  cliil  ko'lia.  Siilmuiihtrrii  i  i''il'<r 
iiiill.iiiiii.s\,  sia'  ;,'\va  iliits,  stiij;  wild.  CiijiUvrnj  (h'lihiix  slri;iiiniis),  sla-kats.  slatliikn. 
tSlnnrhi  rriis  (iwu  sprcifs),  liat-Mid  sliid,  Iclakw.  Ii'Dsi-hiixliix.  skap'  ats.  Cnilhtin; 
kakli  li wilts;  fruit,  kakliw.  Uiiirllinni,  rlic  ha'  dais;  fruit,  clic-liad.  W'itil  clurrj/, 
tswa'ilals;  tin  fruit,  tswail.  Sirrinliirri/(iuuihiurltiii  ciiuiiiliusis),  ki>  l:is  tan. 
l-:iilir  (scarlet  lirrrv),  sdnihiinis  jtulnnx,  tsali  tats  ;  fruit,  Isaht.  Klili  /•  (blue  luTiics), 
s.iiiuiiilruni.s,  Isiikli-wild.  liiitrlirrrii  (liiuiccru  iurnlurrutii),  tsc  liwal.  Itniimi  uriiju, 
hoUij  lidinl  Imrbcrrij  (livrliiris  iiijuifolium),  swc'liats.  swcs  liiidiits  ;  tin:  hirri/,  swc'; 
II  Kiuiillir  .v/vriV.v,  s  wi'  simhiits  ;  hirri/.  swi'shiih.  Sulliil  (Ts'iindO,  niiullliiriii  sliul 
/o«,  la'-kads;   //(f /(crn/,  ta'-ka.    Arhutus  iini  »r.s/,  skai'wa-diifs  :  ^/(c /v'/-*i/,  sliai' \va. 

Hrl,  to  (also  lithvr  to  win  or  lime,  to  (lumhlr),  o  t.sal'-tiili,  o  tsiil'-tiih  (Iroiii  tiic  saiiir  Kiot 
as  {>  snip  tsiil.  to  irhirl.  tVoiii  tlic  rotary  iiiolioii  of  tlic  ;;aiiil)liiif;- disks),  otsla'lfkw 

(lidiii  tlic  iia )rilic  -aiiici)r"/((ni(/",  la-lial').  sla-liTil.     /  bit,  ot-siil  cliid.     J'  hitrc 

H-iin'  II  /;</' ()/' i/(i»',  o-tsiil-tui)'  \\o  tict-' sliid'  ;,'\villla'-li.>'. 

Jlij/ouil,  dc'  a  Ic'cliiip.  dc  beds. 

Jtinis  (iriitrr  furl,  ariii'vic),  skwa-kwc-liisli  ;  ("■  Iriv  hirils").  stIc  kcl' kiib  ;  (//r/.v,  oos'; 
fnilltrrs,  stokw  ;  u-iuiis,  tsc'-tsal,  tsits  ill ;  the  malliuil,  lial  lint  :/;/(/((»/(,  limiio' ; 
seireelioirl,  .s'klal-Ick  w,  slallakw;  innr,  ka'-ka ;  riiren,  skwaiikli  :  //(/W( /(  niiilr. 
.s'lill'-bi-chal;  hliir  jtii/.  .skai-kai  ;  icriu,  s'clic'-clilll  ;  redhuidul  irimiljiick' r,  kill 
katsli ;  .siiuiljiijiir,  willuilkli  ;   tiittlir,  kco' ya. 

Ilite,  III,  o-liiills;  hittiu,  liiitld.  Itiil  he  bite  [.'/"«]/  oliiill  siil  ,'  to  nuck,  to  mis,  <i  blislir 
III/  sueliou,  qii.  Iiiithi'-lckw. 

lUiiel;,  hi  t')tsa. 

liliinhrts,  sii'.ii-'.a;  irliite  /^Ani/.v /,  Imk  kolil'za  (linkok'li.  /r/uVr);  liiil-lo  bolit'/:i  (ipi. 
Iioiii  liwiiltiiiii,  ((  irhitc  mini);  ml  hlunhet,  lii-kwctso-lil' /.a  (hckwctl.  (vi/);  blue 
ubinkil,  liaitiitsa  lil'-za  (liitTil'-.sa,  bhiel:  or  dark  blue);  iinrn  blanket,  Imk-kwas- 
.so-lit'  /.a  (liokwats,  y/rcH);  niilire  bliinkets  of  (loij.s^  hiiir,  ko-inatl-kad  (ko-iiiai,  <i  iloij); 
of  uiountiiin-iioiit.i'  iroul,  swOt-lc-il-kcd  (swcl-lc,  ii  ijiuit). 

liliize,  to  [IIS  II  Jire),  (I  liwc'  a  kwits  liiit. 

lilinil,  asl  kla'-kos,  asia'kiis. 

lilisli  r  (to  mine  n  bli.sttr  bji  .sueliou),  liiitla'-lckw.     Sec  ••.Vriliciiie^'. 


Ptiiiiiil,  tit'  li  j{vviil,  .stii'limMid 


i 


imiiiiif  III'  II  ({Will,  Mirii  |;\>  int. 

Jlliiir,  to  (irllli   till   III iiitli),  »  \>i>'<>i\ :   [<is  tin    /riiii/i,  n  pu' a  IfUw  ;   Ik  IhkiI,   icim/.  <>  |iii' ; 
to  (li'i/l,  II  |iiiUv\  ;   ^l  /)/(•;(•  iliiiiii  Ins  <i  tin),  ml  /akiiu.     iS I.itin". 

Jlli(f(ii(tl(],  lid  kwaiUliw  ;  {ildiL),  In  tul  ,sa. 

Hhisli,  III,  III  lict  sil  IIS.     Sri"  '•. I /((/;•  1/ ". 

Hiiiljl  (/(H(»(/(().  sta  ilii  ^u  III.  iliiiil  si;   ((   iliiiil  liDilii,  .>.K.ii  \ii.      I'lii  Is  iif  tlif  liiiihi : — Uiiul, 
N'liai  ,Vlls  ;    /'i))> /(((((/,  sc  Icll.s,    si  Iris;   i  iii/ro,    lill  kti  Uiil  ;    /x/i /,    nl    thr  Amii/,  Mllkw  a' 
ywa-inilsli  ;  .s/.i///,    sliail'  illsli  ;   Imiiii,    t/iiltkri;    linir,   sUail/i>:    'm  i ,    >al/iis;  ci/i 
Imiiin,  Isii'  liiiil  ;  ( //( ,  k,i'  ills,  |»a  Inli;  iinhroirM,  lititMli-kla  Ins ;   i(/</i»c  liil,  s'lms  l,«  il 
III  kwail.    ska!  Ill  kwiiil  ;    iiinltr    Inl,   liuti  iii-lnrkwiiil  :    t  i/t/fo/n .«.   kli|i'|iiiil ;    ll<<^>', 
III  Ilk  s'li ;   iiiixliils,  as  III'- 1"  ;  mis,  kwil  la'  tli ;  cAi  </,.«,  .sliii  In  l>a'  ill.  liwt'  la<l  i;  iinmlhy 
kail'liu  ;  //'/«.v,  aisle  jialihill :   if/i/«>' /('/i,  sli'kai', Mil  sid  ;  tixWir /I'yi,  skir  pai' ,\iit  Mil ; 
liDKjuv,  kla'  lap,  klal  hip  ;  In  lli,  il/i'  ilis;  <  kin  (."aiiu'  as  iiiitlcr  lip) ;  jiiir  houv,  s'rliiiiii- 
hiia'-,vu('lii<l ;  /««»</,  kwcili,  kwiil :  IIik'hI,  skap'  miI>:  huI>-,  kai  iikli'  kwa,  as  jaiksli' ; 

rill  si,  SI'  li  •(!';,' Wlis;    lii'iiist  (;/'  iri.iiiiili.  skill  in';    nijifih  .  skllli  n'  ;il'  ll.  si'lks  ;    .sliinihli  r, 
ta'  lakw,  si  la'  111  liiil  ;   \liiii;lilir  hlmli .  ska'  Ick  siul  ;    Imil..  si  '  la  rliiil,  Isiil  lilili,  sliil 
li'dr  ;  jiiiuli  I  iiirs,  li\\  iilsiih'li ;  iiiiiis,  isiikw  ;  hillji,  klatrli,  kw  I  \ii'k,  k\M  ,\  nkli',  siiiiik' 
iva  ;  liliiilihr,  s'liii  |iii  ;  iiilniils,  kail  /.tkli'  ;    iinril,  lihtl'  jiwa  :  /<//),  nn'pil;  inuli  inlii, 
siiwiklil',   si  s(i'  wiklll  ;    liiliiii.  sil  ;u'\  II  sill ;    irmuli,   liiili  ila' ail  ;   jiliii  i  iiln,   a' sliinl 
dililil';   iniiis.  slii'i'  la  :  iniiix  irilh    iiliiulnl  forfukht,  r>  pak  ;    Imir  i>l'  fiiilns.  skvNiid 
iV'\  li-fiti.i,  lia'  rli'il.  ma'  iliiii  ;  Kriuliiiii,  siis  liwa'  ad  ;  litiiil.  sl'salti'li,  si  sa'li';  iini.st, 
sal'lcj,'^  IIS  ;   /(('/(.v,  liiikk'liap';    iinii   (lio  ;{«'liclal  «iiid !  ;   (//lo/r,  kii  Imkli'  w  nl  sliid, 
l!'l>li\viilla'-liad;   Imrir  nnii    [irrlsl],  clia'lrsli;    lininl  (Jiinurs),  s'lia'  lat  rlii ;    tiiilit 
liiiiiil.  d/a-a'i'lii ;   /( //  liaii'l,  ka'  lil  rlii ;  /lalm,  U\\  lit  su'-sal  i-lii,  .s"tii  kii  la'  rlii ;  lliuiiili, 
slii-kla!  tia'clii,   sliitlallsatrlii ;   lilllr  Jiinjir,   stc'sii  lialk  sat  flii ; /i(Wik  [inllni- 
((•(7//),  .snkli  Ilea' lat  rlii ;  LhiiiLIik,  Iivm-' k\v<- Inikli  liua  cIii  ;  naih  <;/'  ritliir  Jiiifiiix 
iir  Idck,    kii  li\\:i' rlii,  kii  liwaiclii,   k'snk  t;ili  k'srt  flii ;  Im  imils,   kuakli  .sliiid  ;   Inj, 
(ii(»  Ki'iii'i  id  \Miril);  //(/»///,  sa'  lap  ;  (h.s/(/(  ii/'/Zi/i/A.  Iiwat' .s'llia  ;  A«(c /kim.  Iiwai  ,\  n  la 
ka'liitsid;  (•((//' ii/' /if/,  an  trks ;  niilJi,  ku  Kali  slijd.  ko  link';  sliid  ;  /im/.  < /.i//»^  /im/, 
d/.asliid  ;  lil'l  fmil,  klalsliid  ;   I'ltt.  dza  sli'd  sliid  ;  iiishii,  sluiksliid  :  *i7< ,  sfkul  sliid  ; 
Af  ( 7,  sliikii' lint  sliid  :   /((..■,   sjial  sliid  ;   li'uj  tut.  sliil  laik  shid.  sin  llalk  slild  ;    nhix, 
ti'Irls;  /*/()(»/,  to' li;^"ni.  sti.    li;,'\Miil  ;  /mHrv,  s'lilan'-\  n ;  a/./»,  liiid /ad  mil ;  mi//»", 
k\\  111  III  sill ;  ijcn-iiKiil,  spnis;   mini,  siikli  li\\a.     .^rr  tlir  almxc  irspirtiM'l.v. 

/.'(i(7, /(».  (I  kwalls,  (I  pill  linlsiit  (ipi.  riuin  u  pu  a  likw,  ^i  hlmii.  Jluil' koiiu'  imliiloetr', 
kwalts'  iiks-  "pen  kilts'. 

liinii ,  s'lilan'  \  II  ;   lisli-hnins,  s'liaklis. 

Hiirilrr.  iilijr  nf  (iiii/lliiiuj,  r'-la  li;id,  lltlf'-la-liad.     Sim-  ^•I'lliji". 

Iliitv,  III,  (dinl  p'l-t'd,  tii<:liid|ind  (cliclp'liii.  u  iiiinlil).     .Set'  *'  Tirixt'\ 

lliirviiir,  li  11(1,  s'l'.hn-lalts.      /  hnninv,  <'liii-laltsi'liiil. 

Jliilll.     Sl'l!  "  IliilliJ fuith  ■'. 

jUisiim  {of  iroiiKUi),  mill.,  sknli-o;   Ihi  nijijili,  sknlin  al'  li  :  In  .sinl,,  niicldv,  </.  r.,  <i  knii'-o. 

Jjoth,  bodiwi  sa' If  (all  liru). 

lidir.  tsa'tsiits.  s'lsasils;  liuir  ulriiiij.  I  nkli'li\vit.-li.  sliii  I  iikli' liu  itsli  ;  xti-.iinj.  liit- 
liwcislil  ;  .'itrnii/liti'inil  {its  a  hmr  thut  lian  httn  //m^;,  tnpiisli  k'sbid  ;  (o  limil  it  lioio, 
t'lind'duk-sliid. 

Itiiic  i;/'((  rnitiic.  slindst  ;   tin  hiiir.'*iii)iii,  li'l  slindsl. 


m 


m\  I 


lUiirl  iin„„lni),  «;iiis,  s:!  .-,iis;  u,/ l,„rii  „/ „rlx  1,101,1, ini(  or  "  hln-liorn"),  spulkwus. 

Jio.,;  ,l,rsl,  h-,i:ih;  uiiKkiil.',  uok;i|,';    //,/  ,;/•/„,,,,  ti'kut  sils.  stfkol-.sul;    ,lill„-l,o.,   for 

InlU-K.  Iiiid  (li  {^wc;;'  s;i  Ic. 
lloji,  cIm'  ill.,-,.  clia'chcNii  (lilfially  small,  »  small  ,„i,j. 
Jlraiit,  /o  ias  11,,   A<(/r,,  ci  liil.  sj.l  ;  l,,-auU<l,  stiil.  >lii.l-(k.',  luli-slicdiid.     /  hraiiL  o  \\\h- 

liraidil  (of  lirass  a-in).  s\V(»;i;   [of  luaih],  si)k\vi''-clii. 

j!raiulii.s  of  a  Ire,:,  .Vcliasl.     iScc  "/Vcc". 

Jlras::,  kti-lii  lal'  liii ;  brass  naitril,  corcml  iritli  „ails  [as  ,1  trunk  or  ijunslovlq,  as  cliitsl. 
(s.'c  ''HiiUoiis");  brass  hlllr,  K  wails-al;it  lill. 

/.'/■«(((/,  ,sa  pii  HI  (a  liiiiiducd  woid  IV.  'IVmiik,  Isa'iio-lil). 

JirmI;,  to  (as  a  stui),  also  In  sriiarair,  iliriil,:  n  liwiitl;  hrol.rn.  Ir.viil  Ici.slit  ;  lo  hrtal.  the 
ley,  ohwutl-sliiKl;  chc-hr,;!,  0  liu ml  hunt  1  ;  ,,  ,,a,l  of  aivjthhuj,  illiwuti;  loose, 
hwiit-liwiilli ;  /,(  hrcnk  iriiid,  o  pit  ;  hrol:,,,  (as  a  horse}.  liai'\il. 

lirmthr,  to,  .sl't-.s"!  <lal).     Si /',.  br'huj forth  ". 

Jiriilijr  of  liKjs,  sc  wills'. 

lirimj,  l„,  atl'ln  la  Iiansuivf  rorin  of  tiio  vcrh  at-la,  ut-Ia.  to  romr ;  for  similar 
iiis(aii(vss,.,Miriilfi-'^;,r'aii(i  -Carri,,"  ^'Srr'\md -Shoa-"}.  //**//(;/,  la  all  tut-slii.l. 
llr,u:iorhan<l  mr,  atl-lii'  sliids,  mi  ko'-shids,  .\all  sliids  (see  ''(Jiir").  (So  ami  brinq, 
klul.'clmliii-  ooklits'clni-  atldlin'  (liU.iall.v  .^/.W  umi'  ij,,^  ,,o„\  hri,,,,').  ISriuq 
f,;wo„d,  <,r-la  chop,  kla'  i-iiiil)  (stnk-wul),  mmi).  lirho  "  liijht,  lakhs  'lukhshud. 
I',r,,„i  a  littUfnr  [n  brand),  kh-1  la<;uiih.  av'fotcli'  |m,vj  ////«,/,v',  okht-shids'  a.s- 
shats^  ;all  Hi'  sliids)  sinlidop:^  (sc..  undci'  "  aire").  As-diiiliba,"  to  br:ng  wood  and 
iralcr  (.'  to  wait  o>,). 

lirlwj  forth.  .,.,  o  hiMlal),  iii-daU.  l)i;i;iVAHVK.s  .IcLik!  da.  df  !.iid-da.,n,  i,it\nit,  a  son  ; 
Slid  di  lie  l.ada,  ((  danyhtir  ;  slird  di  l.iid  d.i,  mil  child  ;  mi  mad.  hi  bad.  //  liltir  one  ; 
l.a'haad,  offsprinu;  lu'li'-da,  a  doll;  lici.'-o  kwcd.  to  dandli  :  as  also  man,  l.ad', 
father;  (h'-liail,  i/onr  father.  Set-  to  breathe,  srt-o'l-dah.  Stillborn  (i.  c,  dead),  as- 
ii'-tal)iid,  las-.vo'-l)il  (tli(.  word  used  lor  aiiiiiials).  To  produce  abortion  (by  rolliii;,^ 
over  a  loj,'),  oilliii  kwakw. 

liritlle,  as  pu'  akail,  kc'  .va'. 

Jiroad,  as-pf'l'. 

Jlroom,  su-ku  kwalt'-liii,  sii-f:;ii  ;;«'alt  lui. 

Ilrothir.     See  "Ii'datioiiships". 

Jlnehet,  skod,  skwc'-a-kwod  (Iron,  siikli,  nse  or  imrposc,  liwc'-wi,  to  (;ct,  ko,  water), 

tlufiato.     Hvv  ''Mammals". 

Ilnlbt,  arroir,  Ic'siid. 

Ilnrn,  to,  o-hr.d  (hot,  ]un\,Jire].     I  shall  bnrn.  klolio'-cliia  (sc'  ''Fire"),  o-kwasb. 

/>i(»-^, /(),  o  piid-diid.     Src  under  "rooA".  puds. 

Unsj/,  to  be  (to  be  at  irori:).  o-yai-fis.     8fe  "  \Vorl.'\ 

lint.     Sec  "O/)///". 

Jlntton.'i,  sVhit.s-slieilo'  (a  small  bulbous  rooi,  IV,,,,,  a  faiicii-d  ivscmblanco  to  which  the 
iiaiiu'  was  taki'ii.  and  Ironi  uliicli  also  a.s-chitsh,  covered  with  brass  nail.t), 

Itnij,  to.     Sec  "liarter". 

/'>!/ and  by.     8i'o  iiii!  :  '-rre^cnllir'. 


315 


('it<l(i\  II,  kl;lp;   11(1111  Ivlrp.  iniilir.  Ifiualli,  sinihiii, 

Ciiliil,  siiKiiitli.  to  In  .  o-lc'  a-n  il. 

r((»(/(' (^ctiriii').  kc'  lo-hit;  Tsinnl;  or  .l/d/.vi/i  /)(;^^>»-/i,  <)  (il'liiis;  iioi-llirrn  fviHiK',  .slc'-watl; 

t:Itoi  1 1  hoskI  or  hunlcn  iiiiioc,  khii.      To  ijo  in  a  avioi\  o' lull.      To  ijit  into  n  nnioc. 

okc'ki  ;,'«  ll.      Sfi'   •■<l('f  on".       Tlir  hoir  of  ii  cmior,  Mliildst,  slildsl  ;  sttrn,   r' Ink 

(till'  hihinil);    //(;/((/7.s,  liw'l  llill-«  ild  ;    »i'(.v',  slli  pol  ;il  li  :   .v(/(7,  |ii>  t  ml  ;  piidillr.  \\oh\. 
('(till',  rliiiik  (worn  like  a  )ion('lio).  Id' jiwiis. 
('((ipcntcr,  irofkir  in  irond,  o -pai'-ak. 
('anil,  to.  okti  tii  (transitivi'  loiiii  ol' vcrlt.  (i  iikli,  to  (jo).     ('((/ci/ (iiiip.).ukli'  tii  >liiil.     ToLr 

unit  ninii.   kwmldud  «'>kiitii.  u  iliu' lia,  as-cliuli-Ua.     /  riinn.  It's  clii  Im' chid,     / 

ciinil  on  till'  shoiililiT,  m\\\<  kwci'  ^a  iliid.     Carrij  ijonr  bttir.  ah'  aii  kals  "lial. 
Cilfitriiliil.  Iiwiill  iiia'-iliili :  I'miii    o  liwiill.  to  sijuu-iiti\ 
Citt  (adopted  trom  ICii^ilisli ).  |iis|i  pish  ;   litti  r  o/ l,iltrns,  pi'  o  pips  (lisli. 
Ciilili,  tiil;f,  to,  <)  iiwiid' liild.      ('/(/(•//  on  (lis  i\   liool;  or  thorn),  kic  kvval'  lilsh  ;  citlrh  sin 

/'oirl  in  n  ml,  o-tiik  kiib,  otloi  I'lio!)  (IVoui  o  tlols,  (/  l,not,  knottnl,  ami  o  holt,  to  ijo). 

"s.'e"F/,s7(". 
('irtiiinlii.  tnilii.  tall,  tiitl,  (iiC  lo.     Sec  '■'■Trni". 

Cliiiir,  .suit,  siikh-a  tiwiid-dc  (iVoin  sukli,  iisi:  a-id  ^uiid  (h'i,  /"  sit,  //.  r.). 
Chiiiujc,  iilti'r.  to.  laic'  il  111)  (IVdiii  lu-lc',  iliffinnt,  «/.  c).      Voii  Imrr  nltirul  in  apiiiarann; 

111  la  Ic'u  sil  elm   (from    sil-cls,  forihiiut).      Von   hiirr  ihiinijnl   i/onr   miml,  la  Ic'  il 

ukliw'  tii  1-  liiitcli'  tc'  dii^i'wc''  (literally,  iliiniiiiil'   ijonr'  lirnrt' litis*  i/o"').      To  hr 

i'Ihukji'iI  or  trans/onniil,  hit  ve-lo.     See  "'/'o  Inionn  ". 
Vluim;  -sirk,  linik/in;  ij.  r.,  ii';;\viit-cliid. 
(7h(.v/c,  as-pa'-lil ;  h»c/(«.s7<',  ashwiil  kii.     Sec  "/'i)((/('.s7( ''. 
('hint,  to,  clic-.Midsli. 

Clivrkiiril,  o-liwutl  liwiitl ;   lioiii  o  liuiit!,  to  luriilc  or  svpnroli: 
(Jheik.s,  hwc'  laili,  sluito-ha'  di.     Sec  "IJnr". 
Chi'.st,  lior.     See  "/>(».(■".     VVic /<r(<(s7,  se-led-;^\\  us. 
(Jhriv,  to,  o-ka'-wa-lekw. 
C'/kV/',  !<i  al),  si  am;  (iiliir.),  si  i  al).      77(e   /A(7,i/,  sliiiksi  ah  (thi  Aliorr  Chiif).     To  kioIiI, 

(o  loril  it,  si  ah okii. 
Chilli,  iiii-iiian,  hi  had  ;  (littlr  onr),  dchiid'  da  ;  ii  miin-ihilil,  slu'  lo-misli  (iliiii.  of  slolisli, 

mini);  a  Ji  rut  horn  vhilil,   s'ehulkli ;    a  vroinl   or  i/othirinti  of  ihililirn,  we'-usso, 

Chililixh,  asliwe.' hwi  Ink  (see  '^Fooli.sh");  a  hiilnj-housr,  Iiwiii  Invil  mcklnv. 
('hin,  slile  pal  yiU-sid.     Loiuj  vhiniuul,  ha<l  zai  utsid  (hats,  lonij). 
('hokr,  to  (in  sinilloirinii),  clii-ku  iip-siih,  kl  kwapsab  tiil>. 

aiioii,  chip  ofl'y  to,  okliik'  Wild,  u  lliikw,  clia 'liwiit.     Si To  inf. 

Vlean,  to,  oliwiits,  t'we'  kollsli.      To  vlnui  u)!.  mrrii  (iiriii/  ilirl,  .s/cny*,  o  e'  a  kwiid-dop. 

Cliiir  ont.  hr  off,  off  irith  jioii,  lil-tsfit,  Id  tsiu  (imp.  adv.,  rnim  lil,  \v\,  fur). 

Vkar  up,  to  (ii,s  thv  innthrr),  (innkkiih  (iVom   o  ;^iik,  to  oprn,  ii.  r.),  o-e'  Uii.     //  (.■<  rlmr- 

inij  lip  overheail,  o  ek  liii  ti  sliiik'li. 
(limit.     See  ^'"Axiinil". 
Cloth,  Jhuinrl,  ml,  lie'  kuell  ;  hliirk,  tliirk  hlnr  or  ijrii  n,  iliirhioloriil,  liilt  lots;   lii/ht  hhir, 

liil^li  oks. 
Clothiil,  iln.ssiil,  asset'smn. 


w 


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is' 

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•fi 


i 


(Jltimls,   skwii>.Iiiilt.  >k\Mis|i  uin.     ('Ininlii,  .s'liii  I'lialt  till ;  r<-li;ili-krikli   .'Xisk".);  h'kut 
lull  (Siitili.) 

Chill,  ka  ho'  sin  ;  (i  Imidiil  slirk  <ir  Klunij  xlmt.  kiip-lMsli. 

('mils  III' Jiff,  prklil. 

Ciilil,  lii^i.  7(>  he  mill.  (I  Ills  sib.  Ciilil  (adj.),  as-klukli  liwil.  Mi/  Unci;  is  aitil,  as  klOkh'- 
wil  ki  M'-laciil<l.     ''"/'/  firliiiilK,  askl(.)kli-\vil  siitld;  Iciui,  as  kloil. 

Ciiiiih,  III,  n  |ii  klo'siili.     /  '  riiiiilr  )ni/.silj'',  W  at-su'  up  klo'siilr  cliid'. 

Ciilnrs,   llir  :-~ii-liili'.  Iidkokw;  lilinl:,  ilnilhlni;  iliiiicynvn,  iiml  iliirk  niliirn  (jvncniUy, 
lii-tol-sa;  I'kjIiI  liliir,  iiu-kwalkliw  ;  liijlitiinin  anil  ijcUinr,  liu-kwats;  /•«/,  lie  kwMl. 
In  tills,  as  jnohahly  in   most  of  tin'  Iniliaii  ton;,'ui's,  tiicro  is  viT.v  li'ilf  l>ii'- 
cisiuii  in  till!  (listiiU'tioii  ot'  colors  lii'\oiiil  whiti',  black  or  daik,  anil  red. 

Ciiiniiiiiiiil,  iiriirr,  In,  ot-liii  ilc'-kwid  ;  In  ijifi  mi  unlirfiir  iiin/lliiini,  In  i/iri:  one  aiujlhiiiij  to 
ihi,  o  dab. 

('(i;/«, /(',((//■//•(■, /fir//,  at-la,  lit  la,  o-!<liit('liil.  o  thit-cliil.  /  (vi/^r,  la-all  sliid.  I  vitmr. 
J'liiiii  I'lirt  'I'oiniKiiiil,  t\\\  .uX  ivA'  lAl  slit- latl.  Jii/  irlml  miitl  iliii  i/nu  roiin^  cliad' 
sliiij;-  w'll-  ka-tsi' liwutl'  .'  (literally,  ivliin'  rniul'  ijuii^  ciiiiir*).  !  t'dinc  hi/ll'ir  \!sl,iriilli 
riiiiil,  skwa'  m  sliiiti  \\"tl  lets  a  liwiitl.  Cniiu'liiri',  alia  twiil  U'.  Cnmt:'  you-  [iiml] 
.s//' |/i(»(  |,  atla' clio' lio'  j^vviiil  del'.  Ciimc  quirh-,  liaiet'-la,  ai-iil'-la,  at  latl.  Ciimc 
//i.s/(/c,  ut-latli  liid  dikliw.  /  inini:  nr  arrivr,  iil-lat'-cliilsliid.  Thr  iliitf  lum  cmne, 
si  iib  tot  la'  cliil.  Ah  !  jiou'rr  iiitinil,  alia'I  otliitcliil  elm.  /  luirvjunt  inmv,  da'  liii- 
cliid  ol  hint  clii.  Vi.-<ltril(i!i  I  nmliiil  hvn;  to-datl  tialshids  ot  Idet  chi  twiiltt'.  / 
inrirnl  .■<oiiii-  /uKc  i(//(),  es-lu-a'-;;(i  si nt-kiiit-cliil.  lUrhuiis  lir  is  nuniini  hin\  ho  Ins 
kil  da'  o  lliitcli  11  Ilk w. 

(,'()//((  iishini.  See  "  Sliori  ".  Tn  inmc  ii/i.  rixr  !il  Ihr  irnlrr  (iix  iij'li  r  iliriiuj),  sliekli  (tVoiii 
shiik'li,  ((/'rov ).  CiDHi-  liiiik,  bel  kuii  (iiiiji.  adv.).  /  cuiiii'  I'nr  nnHiiiuj,  |ial-lal  1  chid 
la  liaista  (an  idioinatir  |iliiase,  ]iallall  ineaniii};  "./'"/•  nntliiiuj".  ij.  v.,  la-hais  ta,  In 
i-niiir  nr  ijn  irilhniit  jiiiiiiose).  Cniiir  liirt,  irliirr  arc  ijiin  '  |ioi-chii ;  pwiil-le'-chiil 
ta^westa?  \also  idiomatic,  Iml  not  explaim-d). 

Cnnci'irc,  hirninr  jivniniiiil,  In.  od  /.ed'  /.i  ;  }irr<iniinU  as-zi'il'  za-lic.  Tn  pmiliiiT  iilinrtinu, 
od-hii  kwakw. 

('oiijiiriiiti,  slu'-na'-nam,  slioda'-ilab.  .1  lonjiim-,  nr  '•  mciliriiiriimn",  slionam',  slio-ihib'. 
Tlir  I'liniiliiir  nf  thr  rinijiirir,  ske-lal  i-liid,  skwo-lal-i-tiid.  This  word  is  also  apjilicd 
to  any  iiarticiilai' j;ilt,  pouiT,  or  acipiiri'int'iil  possessed  by  an  individual,  and  is 
<Mpiivalent  to  the  taiiia  nous  of  the  .laijiiin,  the  i'taiiia'-na-was  of  the  T'sinnk. 
I'rom  o-e'  tilt,  to  sliiji,  o  kill  kilali  tut,  to  ilnion,  (j.  v.,  as  it  is  in  a  dream  or  trance 
that  the  spiiit  ivveals  itself. 

'Hiere  arexarious  kinds  of  eiuijiiiiiin  iiccoidiiii;'  to  the  object  to  he  attained. 
.Viiionu'  them  an-,  s'hi'  na;  s'hin-hin,  <u'  s'lieii'-ha-niin  (the  diik-walli  ot  the  Makahs). 
known  on  the  Sound  as  the  black  taniu'iio  us.  a  species  of  Masonry;  odzekhw, 
a  perfoniianci'  akin  to  iable-lippiii;;' (si'c  '■'■  Illnir") ;  ste' bin  (lioiii  te'-lib,  <(  soiiii), 
that  (d'  sill  vss  with  wdiiieii  ;  Isaik,  link  ill  thr  ijitmv  of  '"hdml".  which  also  briiij;.s 
kwrdi'li,  fiiir  irinil;  tob-slie-dad,  //"  mukhni  of  fuir  iniilhi  r ;  yd  me' liii,  Ihr  siil- 
moil  ililiirr.     See  ••  Milllinhiil!l'\ 

Coiltiniir,  ijo  on  {on  irilli  ii  .s7<(/i/),  he'-uil,  he'-wil-ki.  /  will  ijo  (ni.  Mci-he'-wil  tu-clild. 
ll  is  rarelx   used  exccpl  as  the  iiii]!.  aiU.  uinnj,  ainnj  irilh  ijiiii.     Sec  "  On". 


'■("'/,,  t,>.  hli  i  il.i'  lill.l:   /„   /,„,/.  ,,  Kvv;iilv'.   n  |,iil  liii'  isill   (.|ll,  lioili   u  |mi  .1  li'Uw,  /(,  hloir)  : 

linked  limit  r  ;iri>iiii,l,  |iinls  (o  pml  iliid,  hihiifii)  ;.  ti>  roast  mi  a  */■,■/,.()  |,v\:.ll>,  <i  k\viill>, 

(ikwiiliii;  ((/(  Ik,/  stniiis  itiiil  n>ni;<l  trilli  iiiiit.",  kill  siil  ;  tii  J'lii.  wii  .  In'  lia  Ir!  kvMi- 

viidLiii,  iliiiir,  kwiil. 
Copuiiili.  til.  (1  f'-lit.-l.c'-liil»,  I''  |ir|i.  !•'  iiiiiii.  iii'l  i  kuul.      In  slidl  iqinii  n  irniiiini  n/  nhiht, 

i-lia^h  ;  Id  rarisli,  o-lii elk     Sec  •'  Vniirt  ". 
('i>liitlati(,ii,  ko-kiil-c'kwii  (IVoiii  oc'-li  kwiif). 

Cnrpxv,  .skiii-.vu.     Till'  uord  iilso  sijiiiilics  a  ^'lavc  or  any  iil.icc  ul  ilf|i((sit  lor  ilu  drail. 
Voqiuhiit,  pniiiiiiitl,  as-kwc'iikw,  as-liwi'  .Mikli  (Irtmi  kwi  \iikli.  tin  hrllii). 
('oiiilli,  as-liwc'-kiis,  ii.s-(o'-k()-lu'il(lMh. 

Coini/,  kwii.sli-ii,  Iiat  shid;   /  count,  lial  sKl-sliitk     Sec  •' J/oir  wrni.i/ "  aii.l  "  .Niimr/ ((/.■<". 
Ciiurt,  mitkr  lore  In,  lie  intli,  o-kail  ilal),  n-kiiddiili,  \v<i  kiid  id»  ;!kli  iCiom  skiids.  <i  mnrl 

heart);  J  iviirt,  at  skiid  (■lii(k     Sec  >•  T„  sliul"'  a!id   "  I'lir  nioiilh'. 
Cover  (of  (I  hn.r  nr  hittli'},  ,Kti'  k<il'-,sid  ;  runnil,  irilh  tin-   liil  mi,  kuk  kd  :  u\ ;  mnnil  (<is 

iritli  II  liliiiihitj,  as  iiatsitch.     /  cnnr  mijxill',  as  hat  sidcliiil. 
t'riiillc,  s'hal'  fans,  s'lial'-tcditl,  skukkc'-itk     Tin'  iruilli  kHiI.,  In  irhnh  ii  h  htuKj,  ^\/w\ 

dnk-tcdcil  (Nisk.) :  d/iikw'lcd  rtl  (SikiIi.),  lilt'i;il!.\  nwhr,  liiiiii  d/a'  a  ;;\Mil,/(/  lovk. 

'Ilu  comiin  sx  fur  jUitti  iiiiiij  llir  thtld'x  lunil,  t'skli  lvi).>tuiii. 
Cniii/,  a(5  dzi-^nva'-tnli. 
Cr'i'p,  rniirl,  to.  o-takh'-lia  "^Mvil. 
Crinilial,  kwal. 

Cnifis  {xiijii  11/  tilt),  klii  liat-sul). 
O0.V.V  ic/.vc,  as-k\vtil-j;\viis  (lioiii  kwal,  rniokcil). 
Cry,  iri'ij),  aim  to  cri/  us  an  animal,  o-Iiab,  o-lia'-liali,  wolia'  lial),      W'hii  iln  iinn  rrii ,'  o  lied' 

tat-sa-  wo  lia'-lial>'  i  (irhif  ijoitr'  cnf.)     Tn  rri/  nut  icilli  jiniii,  Isc'  nkad.      /'«  Imirl  {ax 

a  irnl/nf  (In,/),  kawol).     Sc»'  "  Wail".      Why  do  you  cry,  rhitff  o  lud  I'liukli   Mali 

otat-sa  wo  lia'liah  .' 
('/(/,  U>,  o-fliokw,  wut-cho'  ko'  sid,  o-hwot'-skd-tiit,  o  liwcts  ko  kult,  o  kli'  cliid,  o  kli^tn. 

Toiul  the  hair,  kUt'  cliil-kcdid).      Ttt  rut  ti,r  Iniiidx,  o  liwctsli  at  chi,  lYoui  s'lia  hit  clii, 

hand.     O/io:"  | /J  cm<  [w//]  toK/",  tiUsldOtslial  clii' asli  (d  ha' ^..'      'l\,  ml  uith  xris 

sor.i,  wntdi'-chal  c'-kwii.     Sec  "  .sVck/cA". 

1>. 

Bandli',  to,  hilb-o-kwed.     .See  ^H'liHd''. 

i>fni«',  silkh'-liiiin  ;  tn  dam-       u-sakh  Iiiini ;  a  place  usfd  J'cr  </((«(■/«.'<,  mikhliiiiii  all  liu. 

Tofrixk  ux  a  duy,  sakli  ">.     ,1  mask  used  at  dances,  stet  kwa'  imis.     Th>  salmiin 

dance  (on  itxfirxt  arriral),      ■ine'  Im. 
Dark,  the,  klakh",  sklakh  ;  tlark,  as  bistid,  ,sr,s-a'-la->;oli ;  dark  cninrx,  hi  lot  sa  {black). 

See  "  .V(V//(/ ''. 
i>«(Crt,  ^»,  ola' hel.  o  lakli' hilliikh.     Ht'CLir/W, 
/^«//,  sla' liel.  shlahel  ( IVoni  lakh, /////</,  (/.  r.);  j/ioiv'/d//,  klop;  «(">/i,  la' fjwiit  ;  aflcninon, 

kla-|M)k,  .shit  lo-kwatl ;  cnnimj,  slat  la'lie;  xinisil,  nal  laliiii ;  nii/hl,  klakli,  sklaUli, 

sklakli-hel;  miduiijht,  i.sdat,  as-dat.     See  under  "Future  .mV//i",  *^  To  day",  '> /'/rfl- 

ently". 
Dead.     See  "  To  die  ". 
Deaf,  astikwa'-dr  (Cioiii  k\villa'-di,  tlivnir).     To  he  deaf,  mil  In  underxlami,  as  li  kwa'dil. 

Don't  you  underxtaitd  t  as-ti-kwa'  div  chii '.     I  dnii'l  uudirxinnd,  as  tikvva'-<lii  diid. 


318 


i^< 


Ihnr  liii  pviiT),  ki'tNli,  licUv\  s'lio'  \  III)  [Itinjr  iKinjuht).     Sec  "  Hurler''. 

I >(  111(111.     Sec  "  .Mi/tlioliiiiij". 

Ihiji.  .siniLin,  st'lilp.  lilip,  tlip,  vVf.     Sir  "/'«</(/•",  ■'lldnir". 

I'ljiiiil,  III.     Sci'  "  'I'll  ijii". 

Ihyri  ml.  In  [iis  J'rciil  il  hill,  il  Imr.ir,  \i'.\,  ()  ta'  j;U  il,  lill-l;i'-;,'\vil  ;  /  ihsriiid.  i)-lill-l;i'-;,'«il- 
rlii'l ;  III  (jil  iliiini,  (i-U\vi'-liii-j,'\Ml. 

Ilir,  III  (ill  spcakiiif,'  of  pcupic),  oa'  (a-ltiiil,  o-mI  iiliiid  ;  (uf  aiiiiii.ilM,  o-vn'-liil ;  stiUhurn., 
o-Vd'  I'll. 

Difrriiil,  1,1  Ic',  liil  !(■',  (hi  II'  tc.  I.ll.r^  <i  criiu',  irilli'  llii.s>  (liffcrfiHi'\  liiitrii'  ii-  ka'  i;;r', 
;,'u  111 '  tc' tela!  Ic-'  (spcakiiiji  of  a  lilacki^iid),  tict'  ^^Anollier",  -Fcir".  Tuiiltif, 
la  It'  it  III) ;  liil  If'  kwiis,  in  a  dilj'rriat  irnij,  (see  ■'  Thits"). 

nitj,  lo,  II  rlial),  clia  ill!  (  IVoiii  rlia,  ii  hull)]  In  illij  i-hniin,  o  ;ikli' lio  (  IVdiii  t-akli  ho,  .s/ir// 
_//.s7/);  ((/( .'  main/  innnni  itrc  diijijinii  [ruolx),  at  clii  ihs' clii  ilii'  !  ka'-kwi  shi  (If  n  chrih; 
diij  (lilt  (i-s  (I  I-IIIIIII-),  f.i  sil-iiii. 

JJiminiiliris  : — m«»,  sl()l)sli,  sto'Io  iiiish  ;  yW/Acc,  ilclniil:  cliilil,  ilc-hail' da  ;  lliir,  tii>- 
budsh  ;  iiiir  who  tilln  lilllr  liis,  tfis-hf'-biulsh  ;  Itiirf.r,  stiakc'.vii  ;/'</((/,  slit  k('.\  ii  ; 
siihiinn  rii<\  knikli  ;  hirriiui  ruv,  ki' a-kiilkh  ;  .siiw.mir,  liad-dnl) ;  .tjirinii,  ohc  liiid- 
diih;  lliv  itojiliir,  kwa-dc'-a-kwats ;  tlK'ufipiii,  kwc-kwa-dc-a-kwats;  ii  xlinif,  chct'la; 
|/r(ir(7,  ell!  chitsh'-thi  ;  an  /.s7((/((7,  sti'-clii  ;  mi  i.\lil,  st  ita-clii ;  ii  imiirir.  Vn'  Uwdlt; 
a  small  mir,  liaha-kOiii  ;  a  riirr,  slu'-liik  :  striinii,  stc'ro-liik,  sto-ti-liikw  ;  In  In 
a.sliaini(l,  it-\]i'i  s't] ;  lu  /in  t<  ml  la  In-  .sn,  id /V.sV,  <i-li(-lialicl>il ;  iil.vi  llii-  iiitcrJiTlinii  in 
mirriniint,  as  he' hi  he' ;  /ooZ/.v/j,  as-liw  ul  Ink  ;  cliiiili.sli,  as-liuc'-h\viliik  ;  tlirrr,  al- 
to di  :  ((  /.///(■  iniii  'ij)'.  al  lo-di  (Ii  ;  nl  liaiiil,  di-di,  ih'-a-dc  ;  lii/ nnil  hi/,  lia'-akw  ;  //ccv- 
i'ntl;i.  a  kwi  ha  kwi  ;  pri-'unllii,  kla'-lad  (dim.,  kla-hid-kli.)  .Set;  also  uiidci '•/>(h/" 
anil  "Cal",  •'■  llmj",  for  jdiiral  iliminuliviH. 

lUntcil,  nnlcliiil,  as-tiitl-kwa'  had. 

Dirlij,  skia'  ka-dish,  asclic'-iik-wil. 

IHxiasis  : — snialli)o.t  (also  the  fciiialt'  di'inoii  wlio  i(>pn'scnts  it),  sco-tiini' ;  .si/phili.s  {in  a 
man),  ast'lilai' iits;  {in  a  inmiiin),  astsau'c;  hiihucs,  as-hiitl-hal' ;  ijunurylma, 
()chiii;'-hiil) ;  rnnniimjition,  as-lo'-kwibiid' diil) ;  hires,  as-ehc-hwfil)' ;  a  faint,  tsatl'- 
dtitl  ;  rirlii/u,  .sul-siili)'-tub  (sci'  " 'V'o  ic/nV/");  boils,  si)iik'li  ;  _/i7Tr  anil  ai/iie,  ais- 
(•Iiid-l)a'-d(')b  ;  eoiiiih,  as-liwc'-kii.s,  astoka-ha'-dt'ib;  to  hare  Ihi  heaiiache,  uhuthitsh ; 
to  Ineal;  the  arm,  o  Iiw  lit  la'  had  ;  lo  hrenU  the  liij,  o-hw  iill-sliiid  (sec  ''  lireah");  eut 
or  .\eral(hiil,  ij.  r.,  ashwt'l';  lo  .seraleh  the  face,  o-liwc'chiis ;  to  nerateh  the  hanils, 
(1  li\\ct:'-.sat-('hi  (sec  "  Jlaml");  ehapiieil  hands,  ii.s-tak-hul ;  icarts,  as-(Mlk. 

.■Most  of  the  above  words  have  the  adjeelive  pielix  as,  and  ])robably  si^jiiify 
harinij  sm\\  a  disease.     See  '■•  Sii'l;'\ 

Dish,  jil, lie  (of  stone),  tiikwai;  {of  irood),  Ulkwi  •  a  hirfje  dish,  hrikb-pai-yiiltsli  (bekw, 
larije). 

/>/(•(,  to,  o-o'  sil.     See  •■  i'lirihead". 

IHride,  lo.     See  "  Ureal:". 

Doij  {the  ei.inmon  kind),  ko'-b.ii.  ko'-iiiai,  sko'-bai  (pliir.  skokobai) ;  the  lind  sheared 
for  itsjleeee,  ske'-ha  (Nisk,),  ska'-ha  (Ska-;!!);  bitch,  lo'-witl;  <(  littir  of  pnps,  AiWi'.- 
o  kwe' okobai ;  doii  lii.e,  shis'-ko-bai. 

Doll,  bebda.     See  '^I'hild". 

Jhinhlc.  to.     See  "Fo/f/". 


r*|i 


Ihiiril  siniilii.  iilMi  li;iil.   Ii>  w.Jll  li.iil'. 

hniun.  Id,  11  kill  ki  l;il  i  liit;  /i>  till  kih's  iSniims.  il  sa'li  liil  I  iili  slicil,  lioiii  oi'inl,  /.■ 
sliiji,  //.  r.     See  ^H'lnijinliiii". 

J>r(iis,<irti(li.s  ((/'(m'C  '•('IiiIIi",  '•1>IiiiiI,i  Is")  : — lull,  lup,  sliwiiis  iilian  ;   x/m'/V,  slill  |ilit,lMl 
s'lli-iils,  s|)iiip|it  :  i>iiiil(iliii)iis  III'  shin  iir  cliitli,  _\cl-l;i'-liil  slnd.  >rl  .iiii  tscii;  nkiii  liij 
,Vi»//.s-,  liatsii  lii  (l;ik  :  n  juiir  1/  Itiiijiiiiix,  ."limx,  or  nturLiiiiiy.  y\  f^\nt\  ;  mir  Inj  nr/niil 
0/ Kuuu',  kliik>liiil;  iiiinrat^inx,  vul-sliid  ;  hallur  .s7((i(.v,  rkw;il)  .^lii.l  ;  n   i<yt,  Lili  Im 
liail :  It  viipi  nr  hliiiiLiI  iriirn  iinr  llii  liiiiil  lilini  imiirho,  Iti  ;;\viis;   IIh  rnliir  Imil:  ciijii' 
niiiili  III/ till  Miil.iilis,  kct  liliiii'  lii;i :  11  iruiinnrs  iiitliiinil  nj'/iiiiiii,  siUml  /iili;  n  slnrr, 
ii'clji;  ((/o-(i;i.  m' \  ii|i ;   iiif  ili  ni  ilri  s\.  U\fl]\i\k\\  ;  In  II  nf  Inifhlt  ,\\\;\t  si'|i  |iiiil ;   /V/)i(/< , 
IIS  Mil' sa  ;  slitrhiiui  or  iiiihroiilirii,   s'lial;  iiiiilli.  |kiIn' ilcti,   I'ad' >l(tl  ;    unit  111  iillc, 
klakhwiid;  //(/7'(/(/,  siikli  |ials  :  iinrn.  nuU,  siilii  ;  s]iiiiil  Ihriuil,  liikli  ka' Itals  siikh 
|ial,--';  iiiiix,   cliils-cliid-Osli-hiKl  :  IukiI.k  mol   iins,   klci' l»\\  id  ^.wiil :  Inillinis,   .s'cliits 
sir  do'  ;  hiilloii  lioli',  as-lo' ;  tliimhli-,  liwc'  liw  kw  i  tkw  ;   hruii  his,  >\\(>|(,  so  kwat  ilii  ; 
JUKjcrriiiiis,  s'ki'ls-k'.sc'-clii,  sliischiik  sil  clii  ;  KirrhKjy.  <<c  pindanls,  ^*kllln  \va' di-, 
slft-lii -a'dc,  astliik  wa'di  ;  iiiil{!ii<r,  jadsliili;  InohiHii  ^i-kks,  s'Iiii  lal  liiis  ;  Imuls,  ij. 
('.,  kwc  akwc,  klitk'-a-iiiil-liiks,  cliMk-cliiil^-cls.     Sci-  the  aliovc  rcsin'cl  im'In  . 

Drill.  1:1  [US  icilli  till'  ifinil  onhi),  <i-|)llku  (st In  hUnr"'];    also  irilli  tin  liili  or  .'ilrunii,  In 

Jloiil  iloicii. 

l>riiil:  (mill  liiiiiiil  or  jiiin),  sku'-kwa  ;  /i>  ihiiil:  {ns  nun  miil  liorsis\,  u  kn'  kua;  (us  iUuih 
anil  other  unimuls  Unit  /(//*),  tl  kaiil\li.  /  ihinh  sunir  irulir,  o  kn' kwad  chid  ak  l.i 
a  ki)'.  Ihibin'l  ilrink,  liwi'icvi  skii'  kwa.  \Vr  inr  tliirsli/,  kn  kwai  lill  siiid.  Sec  ko, 
icatir,  and  derivatives. 

I>riri;  to  (us  u  nuil),  ul-stissiid  (110111  Has  iiid,  u  tiuil);  to  ilriir  iiiiiinuls,  Ink  kwal  lad, 
la|i-)ield. 

Itrop,  lit  ilmi),  (i>si\  III,  o-liu'  but  sal.      /  linri  lost  \siiiiii  lliiniil,  to  lui'  bill  sliid. 

Proini,  to,  oil  tab. 

Jhnin,  to  ((IS  III  (lunirs,  unil  in  ('oiiJHriiiij,  i/umlilini/,  \e,),  si  11'  I  id  soltsli. 

Drnnkin,  as-Iiwul  kii.     See  '■^Fooli.tli  ". 

J>ry,  to,  o-slia'-bad;  ilricil  {us  Jisti),  iis-.slM|>;  to  Itiin;  ilnj  [us  Inj  ihhiiuj  of  Ihr  liili), 
o-sliiil'-liikli  ;  ((  piidiik  or  pool  lliul  ilrii.s  up,  astsiijt. 

Dull  (us  on  ii.i),  as-kliids'-liii-laVs. 

10. 

/•-'('/■,  kwilla'de;  vliiihs,  liwe'-la-de  j  asklil' liol,  to  liiiir  ;  a.s-ti-kwil-de,  iliul',  i/.r.; 
as'-lo  lull  de',  tliirarliiilis  for  rini/s.  dr.  f  I'loiii  a^'  lo,  u  hoh)  ;  .slit  lo  a'  di,  ast-liif;  wa'- 
di, sklii;;\va'di,  furrini/s  ;  so-liikliti  sliij;  wu'-di,  ptn'luiils  0/  ili  nliiliinn  sliills  i>-it- 
lukli,  iliiiluliinii)  ;  II  innlv,  liekw  Hwildc'. 

Earth,  Ihi,  swa  tekliw'-leii  (sec  *■  I'liirc");  lurth  or  soil,  n";;\\  istiilli,  se  jjwe.s' tiilb, 
.skwes-tall)  (see  '•  .Va/ii/"). 

J'lisl,  Ihi'.  ka-liol  ;.;u  nil'  liii,  k'koi  ;4\viiii'  liii.  It  i>:  the  coiiiitiv  on  the  Mill's  mad  in  llm 
east.     See  '•  Wiml". 

Eul,lo,  oatld,  o-iitld,  se'lld.  /  ci/,  o-iitid'  cliid,  at  I  do'-cliid.  Von  (siiij;.)  <7(/,  atldo'  elm. 
Dill  you'  (pliir.)  (((/-'  lu.st  iiii/ht'  .^  o-ntid'  'sl'el'  ,1  pii- to  tiakli'  .'  /  irill  ml,  klo  ill  liit- 
eliid.  I'nsiiill!/'  \in\  irill  cut'  sonu->  rriihs\  lei  hetsli'  kletia' had'  a  ke' lie.s' kwii'. 
Voinr,  tut.  ;\i  la'ln^atl.     I'lill,  suli.\liiil,ns  \y,i[\.     l'iioil,>\\\\ii.    I  hiiri  iloiir,  :[•■  batlelnd. 


1^-7 


i>: 


ill 


n 


m '  X 


Tln'lc  i^  :i  cIdsc  \('|Ii:iI  ;illiliil,\  lict  v\  t'cn  tins  uord  .Jliil  ;i1  l;i.  lit  li.  In  <ii)in\  llioii;;li 
it  ii  (litliciilt  to  coiiccivc  (if  a  (■(ihiicctioii  of  idciis  lictwt'fii  lln'tli.  To  rat  iritli  ii 
siiiiiiii,  Ulo  lioil  (kl«'l)-l)iHl.  II  Kiiiiiiii) ;  Id  citt  r.io'niirnt  (iiK  llic  larin),  i>i\-Un\'kn-i\.\\f'U. 

I'.lili,  In,  (I  liwa'  ilatsli. 

/vV7/'»,  iia'  ;,'\va  lift. 

Hrlljisr,  nil,  hit  la'  lirl  (III.  Ilir  /idsl  siilil,  sla'  licl,  (/'(//). 

Kili/i,  hdiilir  11/  iiiii/lliliii/,  III!  hiiii'.iiii  IIS  llir  hiinlrr  11/  Ilir  (y(/7/(,  c'-la-liail  ;  llif  iiliji'  nf  n 
/>■);//(,.'<(■' la  litiils.  'I'lu' riMit  is  (ilniim.-ls  Ilii'  .same  « illi  c'-liiks.  c'-la-liiis, //kwvk/. 
Si  la'  liail,  //■*  niih  jiiis  0/ Jliil  lisli. 

EHmir,  kn  liiikli'  uiit  sliiil,  knli  liwiil  la  liail. 

Kliijii,  In,  lie  iikw  la  ;;\viil. 

I'.mbriiiiUr.  In,  with  llirnul,  iinllln.  \.{\.  wlicMcf  /((  in-ilr,  0  lial,  olia'liid;  I  irrilr,  ((lifil- 
cliiil  ;  liiirr  j/iiii  liri'ii  -riliiiii :'  liarr  i/ini  iirilhn  f  to-lia' lail-ii(,'liii  liii  /  IJinhroiilinil, 
Klilfliiil,  Jiijiinil,  aslii'ls;  ii  hiiiil;  or  lillir-iniliii!i,s'\i{i\s,s'\\:\\;  iniliiiji  niiitniiils, 
.siikli-liiils  (siikli.  ]iarli"l<' ilciiiitiiij^  iiM'  uv  iiistriinniit).  '/'"  (iiibroiilcr  irilli  Imuh, 
0  til'  slia  slink u  . 

/^'iH/j/i/.  as  liwat  sal)  ;   In  1  nij  ti)  [svv  ^•J'oiir'''). 

I'hcIiixiiI,  irilliiii.  asdiiku. 

r.iiil  or  lioiiil  (as  ii/iislirl,  or  /.((//i  1.  c'-hiks.  sc' Inks,  »'-1a-liiis.  Sec  cih/i'.  f}ii.  si'lks, 
llii'   lliliplis. 

J.'iiniiiili.  kliil  iliikliw  (sec  ",S7(»/)"),  klo-liwiil.  You  liarr  emniijli,  klo-hAul'-Uo-cliukli. 
Wliiii  lii'liiiil  liij'oiiil,  iiai  (sloji). 

r.nlirilii.  liiil  ;  nitirih/  irliili\  l)ul-li(ik\M'k\v. 

l-Jntriiils.  kad  /.akli. 

Erfiiuiil,  slat  la'  lit' ;  llti'  I'iriiinfi  star,  kla-liai'-lal-lfis. 

I'rcni,  \h>'  k\\\  (nil);  cri  rjiirlnrc,  lio'kwi-clifNl,  lirli  kwii  oliad,  liiikwi  lOl-oliad  (iririt 
I'lir  irlii  rr).     See  ••  Wlirn". 

I'ljf,  ka  loll',  kiiliis;  (pliir.)  tiits-Otls-j,'\va'i,.s,  .stiid-<;\va'-lris.  JJi/i- hulls,  liiitslikla'liis 
(miiiil  or  hnnl  of  tliv  ijii') ;  ii/i'-lids,  q.  r.,  at  slifiska'-lus;  siiuiiil-innl,  as-kiitcli-a'- 
lus,  as  liuk-clia'  his:  oiii-ii/iil.  tull-ka' liis:  .skhAv /i-cvrf/,  aikliwl-ka'-lfis;  irilli  jiroliilh 
vrinit  ci/i  V,  tiislikwa'-liis,  as  liusliii-kwa' Ins ;  Ilir  Irilliinii,  in  kaloh  a  swa-ti'kliw 
t'li  (the  iiirlli's  iiji);  lo  iriiili,!/.  r.,  slicd-ka' Ins.  'I'lic  woid  I'oi'  c.M'  is  olti'ii  used 
for  llic  \»liolc  tiK'i',  as  III  Miiglisli  risaiii: 
F.jli  liislii s,  klip  pud. 

I\i/i'liils,  at-sliiis  ka'-liis ;  Ilir  uiijier  lid.  skalolkuud  lnisli  kwaloUkwad ;  iimlir  lid, 
Imtl  jial  (il  kwiid  ;  ot  sc' pa  lil,  to  sliiil  tliv  ii/rs,  to  iriiil,- ;  o  tsc' ])nlslii(l,  /  ,'.7((//  nn/ 
Cjlis  ;  as  tsi'' jio  lil,  as  Isc'iml,  iritli  riosi'd  (i/rs.  Not  a  il('ii\ativt',  as-liiit  sc'duis, 
tritli  hal/rhisid  or  lanijuisliinij  n/is. 

Kirliitiiiji',  to,  ai'-;;\vns,  at-si  uwiis,  \viit-ta'-j;\vusli-iil.     Sec  ''/!artrr^\ 

I-J.rrrtnirnt,  .spiils. 

I'.ililaiii,  liarli,  show  how  to  ilo  inijithinij,  o-^wal. 

J'.vtiiiijiiish,  init  out,  to  {as  n  cainllr),  oklatcli ;  to  become  e.rtiiuiiiishfil,  to  ijo  nut.  In  fade 
(as  colors),  o-tsiikliw,  otsfikliw.  Ils-tiikli-a-lin,  the  darlc  of  (he  moon  (i.  c,  gone  out). 
It  is  aliiidsl  nut,  liwc'la  lil  ii\\n\  I't-siikliw, 


321 


F. 

Face,  llic,  sat  y.ris.  7V,  „i,ilc  r<iirs  (fn/  putfm;,  llir  Iq,  ,l,>,ru),  as  liii  I.'  a  kwall  iliill ;  {hi/ 
raiKiiijI  tin  nnsr),  tsits  k'k  sill).  ^' Ihilrh,  I  DirnI",  asl.  Im  slu'  a  k»'1s.  Spnilnl  Dual 
(iix  a  iiiilmhl  /«))>•,).  til  Uwi.k  WHS  ((k.iii  Ik,  kuk'h,  ichll,).  h'nl  farnl,  tii  kwi't  liis 
(li.mi  li.'kwcll,  rul).  Willi  Ihr  /,ir,  i>,ii„l,'l.  s-|iii  I.'  Ilk  WHS.  -Ihufia,,,!",  Iliv, 
til  t"liluk  a  wai  jus,  llif  name  of  ti /,iI,uI,>iih  hiiiiij.  l„tl/,lo^,  h,il/  mnihin. 

F(i(U;  to  {lis  rolttrn).     Sec  " /v'.(7//i///n',s7y ". 

/'(((/(',  irill,  to  {aHjliiiriT>i),  o  kwai'  i ;  /mhil,  as  kwai'  i. 

Faint,  mroon,  tsiitl  diitl. 

Fall,  to  {ax  the  tiilr),  slifitrii. 

Fall,  ilrop  iloini,  o-lio'  Imtsiit,  o  lakli ;  o  lakli  lia  -wil,  to  rnri,;  o  la'  nwil.  to  q,!  ihin,  ; 
o-tiiKta-gwil,  to  pit  on  to  (prolialily  to  crairl  on). 

Fur,  I.M,  lil,  lalOl',  lalil';  not  far,  Invc'  la  lil'.  {Mon\/artliir  ,.f,  1,1'  Im.I,  lil  (mH  (imp. 
a.lv.),  la  Ic',  ntkn;  ilifnrnt;  liwc-'  la  Iclsli,  noon,  q.  c,  lit  hi  ^nvitl  (exact  iiicaii- 
iiiK  imknowii).    See  the  partick's  la,  Ic. 

Fast,  ijiii''!:,  aikh  (imp.  adv.). 

Fat  {o/animals),  sohw-tiid.     ,1  fo.l  man,  miik'liw. 

Fathir.     Hvo  ^'■IiilationsJu'iis". 

Fathom,  a  (used  in  m.Msiiriiif,'strinf,'sol-  wampum  oi  heads),  t'hu  dad chu  (dii!  die,  ,w); 
Jii-e  fathoms,  u\:h:i'Uikhhl  (/.  (■.,(/  haml);  tm  fathoms,  sa  le  al' ak  hid  (sa' Ic. //n/, 
).  v.,  tiro  hands),  tiis.p<«' j.adats  (pa'  diits,  tin) ;  /„///•,(  fathom  lid  ka  la'  had.  From 
one  shoiililir  to  tip  of  ippositi'  nniivrs,  tn-dl  gwi'  di  kwiis  (sc  led  -whs,  the  rhisi).  In 
practift",  it  is  the  measure  from  tip  to  tip  of  the  liu-ers,  the  arms  Ix'tiif;  extended. 

Feed,  ;/in  to  cat,  kla'-dap. 

Feel,  to,  opatl  tid.     J  fnl,  o-iiatl-tidshid. 

Female  (of  animals),  tauiti,  .shine. 

Feminine  prejiv  and  sexual  irords  :-s  pielixed  or  interpolated  is  (.(vasi(uially  found 
clearly  as  a  feminine  hIhu  ;  but  so  lai^e  a  portion  of  the  words  in  the  la'n-uaKe 
eommeneo  with  thi.s- letter  that  there  is  some  dillioulty  in  deterniinin«  its  oeeur- 
rence  in  that  .sense.  The  following  may,  however,  lie  cited  as  examples  of  its  use: 
7  lore  my  aife,  liatllfi  chid,  tsiill  ehug  wn.sh,  where  t.si  ill  is  the  possessive  pronoun, 
fcminin.',  in  place  of  te-itl.  ,Slir  is  well  disposed  toward  yon.  k'sils  twul  diiK-we. 
Where  is  your  wife  f  chad  ki  sad  ehuK-wush  T  It  is  also  reco;;nizahle  in  .soine  of 
the  words  deuotin-  relationship,  ^c:  <ri.e'  l.a  da,,v<.H  ;  snd de  he'  lia-da,  dauyhter; 
tsa'-ha, /((//«■»•  in  law;  snts  ha-ha,  mother  in  law.  So  in  speaking  to  male  relations, 
the  posse.ssive  pronoun  is  shed;  to  females,  ,sed.  8ee  ".1///".  Oih.T  instances  are, 
cUa'-chas,  «  small  hoy;  si-cha'-i-has,  a  small  girl;  hekw,  larye;  si  hekw,  a  larqe 
woman;  oUiU,  old ;  suWo-inll,  an  old  woman.  There  are  also  some  words  in  which 
a  distinction  is  made  hetween  the  .sexes,  c.  y.,  ^'frinid".  In  speaking  to  a  man,  tho 
word  used  is  ash-daks';  to  a  woman,  as  iials.  Thanks  to  a  man  is  expressed  he'- 
a-shuds;  to  a  woman,  hes-ko.  The  call  of  ^^ you  there"  is,  to  a  man,  do  te';  to  a 
woman,  dot-si.  To  urinate  by  a  man  is  osa'hwa;  by  a  woman,  o  she' wa. 
Hyphilis  m  a  man  is  as-tlaiiiks;  in  a  woman,  ast-sau  e.  'I'he  steniH  of  some  iilautH 
are  deemed  male  and  called  stobshalli;  the  under  leav.'s  female,  kla'dielli, 
respectively  from  stobsh  and  skla-de.  Jnteijections  are  most  commonly  used  by 
women,  and  in  one  ca.se  an  absolutely  dilferent  one  is  rnijiloyed,  according  to  the 
sexof  thesiicaker:  as-.sashi  nia!  for  sham,.'  liy  women  ;  a  sash  i  b'ho-vo'':  by  men. 


F'M 


1  !l 


I)  1 


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■  h  i 


11 


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B- 


1      * 

!4 


HiiM 


y22 

rnr,  xihhim,  lavckwiid. 

h"i(jiinit,  siiiilliil.     Ht'c  ^^ Hinhfolder", 

File,  II,  slijls  led. 

/•V/ir/,  /»,  0  cil'liii,  oiiiil'liM.  I  Jinil,  ()  ctl  liiic'liid.  /  cant  Ji  ml  II,  li\V( '  kits-iiidliii- 
W'lidf  iliil  !;ini  liiiil .'  sl;il»  k'iiis  I'M  liwii  f  Whirc  did  i/oii  find  llw  mnn  t  cliiid  kills, 
nil'  bwii  ki  .s|ii!isli  .'  Lmd;  ninl  iinxnitUj  jiiui  irill  find,  ;;wiit-('liiil  daicliii  klo-cd-liwii. 
This  vcili  iuid  II  as  aid'  liu.  to  kiwir,  ii|>[K'ar  to  Lave  some  couiinoii  root  not  now 
iiit('lli;;ili]c. 

Fimicin,  s'lia  lat-flii.     Sec  "  ll(tnd'\ 

Finisli,  to,  ()  lio'  iukli.  /  Imra  dour  calintj,  o-lio'-yo  tits-iitld.  Ilurf  i/ou  done  iranhiiKj? 
lio'-ytik)!  o-katstsakliw-tsakw  f  Slop  yov,  lioyukh  klrkli.  .S7«/»,  ijuit  that,  lio  yiikliw, 
(viT.v  itiiju'rativcly)  is-sa'  lio  \iikliw  (issa',  an  iiitcijcftioii).   Set'  *'  To  do",  o  lioyiit. 

i''j>(',  liiid,  iiot  ;  u-\hh],  to  liuni ;  klo  ho' cliid,  I  nlioH  liurii  ;  s'lioda  U', '/ ./((r^j/dfr;  thid- 
i\nh,  Kummer ;  o  he' hud-dub  [n  litllf  irxnn),  sprini].  To  Imomv  HvirHi,  o-hud-dc'- 
ukhw.     Sec  •'  \V(trm". 

Firsl,  fiitrmost.     Sff  "/>V/()»r'', 

i'Wi  (I  hero  is  no  f;('n(Mic  nainc) : — cod,  ko' pi'lla  ;  rockcoil,  (sobastosoinns),  tat  Ic'dc- 
{iwu.st ;  rcdjish,  tat  R'wks  ;  Jloundcr,  poai';  solt;  st-hii'-hiitsh  ;  hidibui,  s'chot'h  ; 
large  cottim,  tp-»ai'-up;  toadjish  (borichtliys),  ho'-di,  .s'ho'-di ;  riripdrouH  perch  (an 
t'inltr.voloroidi,  skwckhw;  slinijeon,  kwo-tait'-sit;  dogfish,  skwattdi  ;  hImIc,  kwi;'- 
kwi  il ;  calorrliijnchiiK,  sko' lua;  snult,  shfd  ziis;  ^•oiiliihan ''  (thak'icbth.vs),  (Chinook) 
kwidlus-ti-o;  Khitcjish  (corogonus),  bidotl;  herring,  stol;  suclicr  (fresh  icater), 
Kkiiin ;  midht  ( fntihn-atrr),  st'-ai-i-i>id  ;  .v((/»i«h,  schi'-ib'ul-hu  (};enfric  (or  the  finor 
spci^ic^),  sat'suni  (tiio  t'kwin'  iiat  of  the  C'obiinbiii  Uivor,  saluio  ([uinnat),  sko'- 
bwuts  ySln-iikh,  saltno  (luinnat),  ti;  watlin,  skwanl  (Shu-.vha'  ins),  kl-hsvai,  Ic-kai 
{dog,  saltno  caTiis),  hiuldo  (hvnip-hncled  nalmon,  sabno  jiroteus);  the  e.rhansted 
or  "*/«■/! r"  sdliiion,  ,\ok\v,  except  the  skwaul,  wliieb  is  calh'd  st/ekops;  nalmon- 
trout,  ehi-wakh';  hrouk  trout,  skwus  ji'tl. 

Parts  of  il  lish : — the  fesh,  talts;  hack  of  the  head,  st'sh'-sbap;  snout,  skub- 
kup;  tnuDcle  under  prcopereulum,  sliu-tu  ina'de  (cheeks);  gills,  s'iiai-ai ;  scales, 
M]»ish  ;  s])ots,  askhil'h  ;  tin'  shoulders  and  fore  part,  s'cbil  los';  middle  section,  so-di- 
gwa'-bals;  /((/' .vfvYioH,  s'ciiit -.'-ad  ;  bones  (>')7*,s),  s'hakhs;  larger  liones,  {so'-\nnl;  fdl- 
inon  roe,  knlkb  ;  herring  roe,  ke'-a-kulkii  (dim.) ;  roc  of  small  fish,  sb'da';  throat, 
t'sbekliw  tsuli-bekhw'  (see  "  Hark");  /)(7/)/.  sats-koti ;  j'eetoral  fins,  tsilka'-do;  ren- 
tral  and  .v/</c  _/('«.«,  Juihubtikotl  (i'ronj  IiObt,  «  paddle);  adipose  fin,  sus  hwa'-bed  ; 
dorsal,  sko-betsb;  tail,  sk\'ukl)lt,  s'cbit-sVad  ;  side  Jins  of  Jloundcr  or  halibut, 
si  l;i'-had  (from  se'-la  buds,  the  edge  of  a  knife);  the  lateral  line,  kndzil-le'uks. 

Shell  tisli : — shells  (f:;enriic)r  ehau-ai;  chvns,  mussels,  dr.,  sfikh-ko;  the  large 
elam  (lutearia),  liiids,  ha'-huds;  round  clam,  kokh'-ho-di,  (juahoj,';  renus  S[)?,  skwut 
(Nisk,),  si'.s'hob  (Sky.);  scallop,  hap' a-lied;  cwA/r,  .«upbub  sa'-ba-jiul ;  razorelam, 
»;hitled  ;  mussel,  s'ehits  ;  large  sea-mussel,  buche'  a-kud  (Nisk.),  .s'hu-cbelks  (Sky.); 
ogster,  khikh  klokh  ;  nnios  (fresh-water  mussels),  alt'hkbw  ;  cA(7(>n,  okh-kus ;  sea- 
snail,  ka'  nia'  ni;  land  snail  (helix;  also  a  demon  of  that  name),  sb\voi-nk\v;  whelk, 
spfip-sil,  spops  ;  ?/((rH«(7<',  tsob-tsob  ;  a  /rtr^/f.s^x'CiVs,  dzal-gwa ;  siphonofa  sheU-fi^h, 
sliOp ;  lietljl,  smuk-ba. 

Crustaeeans: — edible  crab,  bes'kwu,  besk'  bu;  «/oHC-cra&,  ba-wCl'-sa  ;  hermit- 


32;] 


vrnh,  liaiiwilo';  s,nihr  rrah,  ts;i  |Mn' iii-a  ;  pntini,  siiikli,  Ito'liits;  shll  of  crah, 
killlii' k;il.iil;  (/(f/r,.).."*!,'  i,l  (//(/;///);  uMoni  i  mil  a,,-,',;  sc>  \mt  («i>n,>i);  ,;>,■  of  rnih. 
liii  kwiil  Irtsli'.  •     ■    w  , 

KcllilHKlcillls:— ,y7/i«»,,    (Sfil  (•>;;.').    .sUwc'  kwilsli  ;     sriitill,,   (filkcillcliili),  InVf 
kwic'  Ilk;  ufarjinh,  kwiil  la'clii  {Jiniiirs). 
Fixli,  catrh  Jisli,  to  (with  a  ««■//((•),  slu'lt-.-ilb' ;  {with  <r  */(>  ,rl),  \vi  at  la  hkvv  ;  ( wi/l,  „  spn,,), 
tsa'-ka«l»'  (SCO  ",SV)m»--",;  {u-illi  „  /,„„/,),  ut  likhl  k«  i;  (iriil,  a  ml,,),  1.'  kii<l  i.i,  ko 
hitsh'. 

Fiiil,ii,(i!if(i>;sriiics,  mt.i,  sinxhOiV,  Nliiikli' shnkli  l.ii.l,  .li<' .>lia  Imi.1  (In. a.  sluik'li,  h;/)  ; 
akli  hwiiil  zud;  n  huidiini  nit,  ]i\\i\\'  Im  ;  il.uitsto  o  m  .\u>\^  sa  l)a'  liat  ;  lishnui  linr,  kic 
«liilt,  skai  kad  zii  ;  trolliiiii  llm;  kc  kai  .voks  ;  hlailihr  ilmil  hi  n  liiii',  yliiip  n'  tlioiii  .s'liii 
1>II,  «  hliiililir) ;  Jhh  liooU  {iriioilni),  s'clia'  (!c  (Ni.sk.),  liai  ukli'  (Siioli.),  iron  Jishho.U, 
klt''kwii(l;  halibut  lioiu\\  klt'iik  wiitl,  klailap  ;  /(,v/(i»i//7»i/c,  cliisli' ai ;  //.vA  (//(/,  ,stcl 
kwnl) ;  lishnimn;  .skwOt  liilt;  Jishiriir,  stcka'  Ukw,  v-iUiil  ;  Ihi  lofliris,  ii'ii  kwiil  • 
Jish  rhih,\i.\\u>H;  />«(7,  bal-bul  It'.  ' 

/7((/,  tMik'liw,  t.«iiik' \vi  (Itih. 

Fliittin  thrhiml,  to,  k'po  ."^ikI  ;  /Ae  toM(/)mM,  r'skh-kri.Vtmii. 

rioiirr,  .so  kaisiiii,     Tlii.s  i.s  .sonu'tiriios  fiivoii  as  a  iiarni'  lo  >;iils. 

/■'/)/,  to,  (1  .'•ak'-liii,  o-.sak'-wii. 

Foam  of  thrma,  sUo'-Hiib. 

Foil,  .skwii.sli-iiiii,  sle'-iik-wil. 

Fold,  plait,  plniliil,  as-hup' ;  to/olrl,  kal.tlcd,  t'liup-a  guii'.siid  ;  to  ihiihka  hiaiihit,  ikli- 
liiip  a-^Mva'  .sa  lit'  za. 

Follow,  piiriiiir,  to,  0  (liik-cliala  ak. 

Food,  sathl,  siitld.     Soo  "  L'at'\ 

Fool,  .sliwul-liik;  foolish,  dnink;  vnrliasti;  a.s  liwnl' kii.  77/.«,sr'  lonimon  jwoplt^  mah' 
Jooh^  [o/them;iilirs],  liwul  hwul-kok  .sliid'  kwi'  .si'la  InKl'.  /  knoic  that  i/oii  talk  likr 
u,lool, as-):s-ta'  sliwiil-luk^  liot-hol'-islm* a-said-tii'-cliid'' {ns'/ool'  :<pfak'  i/mi'  kiioir'  I"), 
J  did  »ot  know  I  was  drunk,  Iiwc'  a  kwcts'  ii8-ai';dt  liu'  kcts'  a.s  Iiwul'  kir'  {not'  /-' 
kni'c'  ]'  [waKJ  drunk''). 

Foot,  d/.A'  sU\i\ ;  phir.  dza'sird-sliid;  dza'-.sliid,  the  riijht  foot ;  \ii\.V-H\\\i\,  lifi  fool ;  kn- 
Ito'-shid,  kohab-sliid,  anklv;  .sliiik' sliid,  inxtip  {i^\\nVh,  iiUon);  st  kol' sliid,  ,v»/,'; 
sIuka-hiit'-sLid,  hid;  .sa-al'-.slii.l,  tovn  ;  ,sli>-tlalk'-.sliid,  ultit  lalk  sliiil,  hiij  tor;  kliik'- 
sbid,  one  foot  of  a  xlioe  or  utockini/,  lame  of  one  foot ;  t'kwab'-Hbid,  leather  kUoch  or 
hoots  (i'tom  stukwiib,  wood);  .val' .sliid,  yt'l'shid,  «  imir  of  moccasins,  Irijiiiniis,  shoes, 
or  stoekimjH  ;  ycl-la'-bit  wliid,  piintnhmns  of  skin  or  ehith  ;  o  bwiitl  sliiid,  to  hnak  the 
leij  ;  sti-thi'liisliid,  with  the  foot  usieq} ;  kcukut  sliid,  to  hnlihlr  or  fitter  a  horse  ; 
s'k-kol-sbid,  hoofs  ;  on  foot,  o'-ba-Hbab  (t'rniii  c'liaHli,  to  walk). 

Foot-print,  bfit-sha'to-bid,  s'biid  .sba'-bid. 

For  (intended  for),  liiiddcld,  twiil  ;  for  my  wife,  twiil  .sed  vbiiK-wu.sb. 
iVt'/tf«(/,  silel.s,  sc'li!lt.s.     Dkuivativks,  obi't-sil,  to  he  anijry,  to  he  ashamed;  <,(lln;t- 
sil-tta,  to  sulk;  to  hUish  ;  liot-sil,  for  shame  ;  lab;'-o-sil,  to  alter  in  appmranec  ;  and 
lierliaps  akso  oo'sil,  to  dire  (ijo  head  foremost). 
Forest,  wooded  country,  .stuk-ekom,  Ht'cb't-bwa'-lup,  .stuk-ti-kOp  (liom  Htuk-hiisn,  a  tree; 
stiik-wiib,  sti-kOp,  wood). 

Foryet,  to,  iiia'li,  o-ba'li.     I  forget,  o-ba-li-cbid. 


J* 


si! 


r 


iu 


:524 

rmhril,  hntiiihid  {us  a  rlnr  or  roait),  as  (•'  :ik'li  ;  irilli  mdiiy  rliiinnch  inj'orkii  {an  thcthlla 
of  II  linr),  lis  (■  Ilk  .sc'  Ilk. 

I'liniiirlii,  unit,  w' '^^k  lia' p>,  lia' ;iW(>,  a.sli' In  lia'K".  <'>'-tii  liii'-;;<>,  »\sli' i'-ii'-j,'(i.  l\tt- 
iinih/'  mi/  (lliin)'  liiiir^  intu'  |'"".'/|.  tii  lint  suds'  li-  nkml  /o'  iisli  In  li;i  ;;o*.  O/irr'  f 
irnil',  cstliii  ;,'()'  .slillsd  nv.  .1  uliHr  <i;iii^  I  iiDln-,  «'s'  til  a'  no'  Ktill  klllt cllil-.  /  oilre 
liniril,  asli  tou'  go  tuts  iisl.la'  lint.  Vni/  Innij  iii/o,  is-.slii-ile'  liu'-gi>  {indird  hiiij  ikjh). 
Villi  lull  III  niijlil,  lia'  K"o  tiitla  lifl.     See  "./«,s7  nnir",   "  Old". 

Ill  tiivs''  •■xainiilcs,  tlir  iiarticlt'  t',  to,  tii,  sijiiiil.vin;,'  [past  time,  is  loiind  with 
it.s  vai'iou.s  tuphoiiii!  iiiodili«atioiiH,  mid  in  tiit«,  stiit,  aud  stfits,  it  is  couibiiicd  with 
atHa, /.  Sic  ^' I'nst".  Tlin  analogy  bttwtcii  a'-fj",  lia' K",  ""'l  lia  akw'  will  bo 
iiotici'd  under  •'  I'lisi'iilly",  </■  »'.  As  ro;;aids  tin- I'ontusioii  in  the  use  ol' times  [last 
and  I'utiire,  see  "  Yentrrdii!/'^  ami  "  Tominrmr  ",  also  "  Jfan". 

Viirtinw,  liivk.    Ti->iUl  ina  is  the  K<''iii'«  <>'  t'orliine.     Soo  "  Myllinloiiy  ". 

Finiiiciithi,  miiin/  limis,  oj'lin,  kaliat  lahu  (Iroin  ka,  the  plural  si<,'n,  many,  and  tla'  hu, 
or  at  la'-hi  si;;iii(yiii;i  rrprlilion).     See  ^'Xiiini  lal  odrerhH'\ 

Fnsli  (not  smoked  or  (hied),  kluiit  (the  same  as  iiiic), 

Frislut  in-  J\  Olid  of  a  rircr.     See  "To  rise'\ 

Friind  (speakiiij,'  of  him),  a'-sliid,  a'-shiid  ;  my  friind  (addressiiif,'  him),  sM-da' shid  ; 
also  speakin;;  to  a  man,  ash-dals;  to  a  wiuiian,  asnals.  A-shud  and  ash-dais  can- 
not be  used  to  women  without  insult.  The  j)lacinta,  a'-shnddiklil  (llie  cltiUrn 
I'llinil). 

I'liillili'nid,  iifiuld,  ho'-kwiits. 

Friniii;  us-snl'-sa;  jvinyvd,  as  ;jwilia'liad. 

/•V(.s7.-,  lo  {lis  a  doy),  sakli  hwiib.     See  "/>rj)i('c". 

Fniy,  swuk  Ue'  iik  (Nisk.);  wak  w;ik"li  (Sky.);  by  onoina  topdMa,  tsOl-swa'-ja  (Snoh.); 
also  the  name  of  the  nioon'.s  wife  (th(!  spots  on  the  moon). 

y'VoHi,  till.  From  ichcrc,  irlicnir  1'  tid-cluid  f  From  that  way,  thvnci',  iid  e.s-ta'.  From 
Olymi/ia,  tiil  al  chis  S'l  k'cuak  (/;o»i  at  that  ttlympia).  J  came  from  I'lirt  Townsind, 
till  ad  KA'  TAi  slits  latl.    From  whire  did  yoii  [get  it\ .'  tiil  chad-chu  f 

Fni  il.     See  "  lierrics  ". 

Fry,  to,  wuchc'-hatelkwu.    Seo  ^^Cook'\ 

Full,  .siilisjiid,  as  batl.     I  iim  done  ratiny,  a.s-lnitl-ehid,  as-metlchid.     See  ">S*i/V". 

Full  {lis  a  htttli;  dr.),  as-lutsh;  lull/ full,  till  hluk-gwus;  qunrlcr full,  tiitl-kap. 

Funyus  (a  species  used  for  red  paint),  hut-lat'  sid  (Nisk.  and  Snoli.),  ibd;-do'-kw  (Sky.). 

Furred,  hairy,  as-ta-bed. 

Future  siyu,  the,  kl,  kla,  klo,  and  tao  convertibles  tl,  tla,  tlo. 

This  particle,  as  the  prefix  to  a  verb,  indicates  the  future  tense,  and,  like  the 
l)ast  sign  t,  to,  tu,  is  variou.sly  modified  in  eoiubinatiou  with  the  verb  aud  pronoun  ; 
for  example,  o-liot-hot,  to  simil- ;  klo-ho'-liot,  I  irill  speak  ;  o-yai-fis,  ^o  irork ;  klai- 
ai  yiis  chid,  iviitlai-ai'-yfis,  he  irill  icork  ;  o-ta'-.sud,  to  return ;  tlo-ta'sud-chid,  /  irill 
return;  o-okli,  to  go.  Da'-da-to'-chidb^  tlo'-okh^  or  da'-dato'  ke  tints'^  ^  okh-lio\  to- 
morrow^ P  wilP  go*. 

The  letters  /,•  and  /  before  /  are  not  only  convertible,  but  often  transposed  and 
sometimes  dropped,  while  the  vowels  have  no  i)Ositive  value.  The  letter  /,  there- 
fore, remains  as  the  ultimate  root  of  the  particle.  In  combination,  it  seems  to 
signify  also  nrurrenee  and  jnriodieity.  The  obvious  derivatives  from  this  particle 
are  numerous,  and  there  are  other  .somow  hat  conjectural,  but  still  probable  ones. 


iilT) 


Till'  most  iK.titcalili'  is  tlio  vcrli  ;il'  la  or  ill'  la  ;  in  ils  intraiisilivc  sense  nicaniii^' 
to  ii»iir  ;  ill  tilt' transitive, /(> /'»i/u/;  ami  tlie  iimdilied  loriii,  o  tliiil  eliil,  ^>  <n  i  I'lc. 
/..  »Mi(/(.  These  are  but  eiiiijiiiiatioiis  of  '.lie  liitiire  si},'ii.  I'rniii  at  lii  is  dnive.l 
kid'  l;«all,  till  siiii.  till  ^iimiinj  or  i'tiitiiiii;i,  e\i(lentl.v  a  nmiliinatidii  nl'  lii;il  \eili 
Willi  tlie  (iri;;iiial  |in  lix,  and  lnmi  thai  name  -hil  In  kwall,  ii/li  iiiodh,  and  no  Kwiill 
da  Id,  to  iiiDrniir.  Ai,'aiii,  I'ntiii  the  same  verb  eomes  at'la  liii.  sitrnityinK  timcn  or 
niiitilion,  (.  tj.,  ka  hat  la  liii,  mniiji  tiims,  kle'hwat' la  liii,  (/ixr  tinus,  iiiid  other 
iiiimeial  adverbs;  ami  what  to  ns  would  apiuar  siiifjiilai,  todall  ilal,  .i/isfi  n/-i.i/ ; 
to-diatl(liit,  the  iltin  lirjhrr  yvntcnlitii ;  In  sir'  hwall  dat.  Ihrw  lUiiis  ;  bos  all  dat,,/l'iir 
(lays;  tsletsatl  dat..//n'  iIiu/h,  simr  or  Iwiur  ;  all  the  woiiIh  in  the  weiies  releriiiin 
alike  to  the  past  ami  liilnre.  The  snbjeet  of  this  eonl'nsion  of  time  wdl  be  tiotued 
hereafter,     rieo  "  ic^/oi/di/",  '■'To  morroic  ",  ''Foriiii rhi",  "/'»•(«»////". 

lietiirniiiK  to  the  fiilnre  M^i\\,  perhaiis,  thnmnh  the  verb,  lioiii  il  sjuinu  lakh, 
/(///(/,  and  its  oiiposite,  klakh,  ilarhiuss  ;  o  la'  liel  or  o-la'-hilliikh,  to  iloini,  to  hn  ..me 
liijht  ,■  •  la  hel  .»rslila  hel,  ilin/,  ami  sktakh  liel,  »/;;///,  with  iheir  derivatives.  Aiiionj,' 
other  wolds  are  kla'  lad,  jmsnithi  :  kla  k«  ii,  ////  inul  hi/ ;  kla  lals  a'  la,  imil,  oihr 
(I  little;  kii  lob'  or  ka-lus',  the  njr  ;  and  Iho  vcrb.so-Ia'bit,  to  m;  and  o  la'  had  liii, 
/()  nroUcvt.  Not  the  least  remarkable  would  seem  to  be  the  SUa^'it  name  of  a 
m.vtholotjical  lierson;i„e,  !)(.'  kwe  ball  or  .N(.'  kweinatl.  The  nieaiiiiiK  of  the  whole 
word  it*  not  ascertained,  but  the  last  syllable  points  with  siillicieiil  (harness  to  liiM 
eliaiaeter.  !!(>  was  i:i}uvtiil ;  the  one  who  was  to  come;  his  mission  bein;;  tlio 
destrnetioii  of  the  primeval  demons  who  persenited  iiiaii  at  his  lirst  appeal  alien  on 
earth. 

O. 

(lollop,  to,  klowil  alps'. 

(liiinis  :—llic  ijamc  o/^^  liaiiil"  mill  that  iilin/nl  iritli  ilisks  /»(//(,  la  hal',  sla  hal ;  to  jihiii, 
o  la-hal',  o-laha'liib;  ofiliir  iiiwli  oflxonrs'  ttitli,  me'  ta  la,  s'liie'  la  li ;  tlif  liinlust 
or/our  point  of  Ihc  itivc,  kes ;  tlir  ijnmc  of  riiiijs  mtil  arrows.  Hmubbe';  of  liiiitily  or 
liocki'n,  kek-li  Olsk.     See  "  To  hrt^'. 

dope,  iiiiicn,  to,  o-^wa'  lali. 

(lathn;  piik,  to  (us  hirriis),  o  kwil',  o  kwel ;  to  ijotlur  mils,  beb  kod,  o  kap'  o  ikapii  po, 
li'izdnuts).     (Juivk,  hi  us  ijo  unit  pirh  Inrriin,  hai  iik'  lo,  o  kwel'  shid. 

ihoiiriipliiral  nanus  :—llir  ra'rtli,  rotinlrii,  \i:,  swa  tekhw  I'li  (see  "/'/«(r"i;  o  mount 
"(///(,  skwa'lutsh;  snoupvak,  sk.'ls;  liiU,  kluj),  spo' kwab,  mna'del ;  duU  of  rorks 
from  a  >hoh/i^((h,  shwukhw  ;  point  o/^ /o/h/,  sUwetsks;  point  hrlinni  tin  forks  of  a 
ririr,  skoal  ko' ;  island,  sti  ehi' ;  >r(.s7  country,  skuk  e  kimi,  sliikte  kob;  Iml 
eountri/,  suk-hw'.doi>;  ?»•«(.'•«>,  mauloir,  ba'-kwob,  ma' k worn;  Inmt  aborc  fnslut, 
aspuivwub;  tide  lands,  o-sluit-lnkh  ;  marsh,  sVhe' a  kwil ;  sandy  ground,  se  ^wns 
tulb;  beach,  e-bab-ziehu ;  the  sea,  hwulteh  ;  tidr,  dzo  kwush  diib;  boy  vr  Imrbor, 
e-hwulkwab;  lake,  tsa'lal,  tsa'Iiitl;  nrrc,  .stoliikw ;  mouth  of  a  ri'm-,  e'lol  sid  ; 
irans,  ^'wale'ukw ;  surf,  dzOl-ehu,  o  te'  a  kns;  the  cast,  kahol  ^wuii  liu;  the  ircsl, 
atl'had  01  gwun-hu;  thehori^on,  e'  la  had;  the  interior,  inland,  takt,  tiitakt,  kaikhw, 
.skaikhw.     See  the  above  respectively. 

(kt,  to,  o  hwe'wi,  s'hwe'-wi,  ^Yherc  did  yon  yd  [it\  i  chad  kats  hwe-wi  ?  liil  chad  chii  ? 
literally,  from  irhere  you  f  (hwe'wi  bcinf?  mi<l^i«tooil}-  Come  and  yet,  nlln  kite' 
(idioiiiatie  phrase,  iit  la,  come,  ki  te,  this  hen). 


;J2(I 


■I;; 

■    ?  '■  ■ ' 

I  '' 


'/'< 


w 


'J 


'   'i 


6'/7  iltiini,  III,  (tliwc'  liii  yuil. 

<lil  nil  III  into  (iiM  II  liiiiKf  III-  II  iiiiiiii ),  (>'k«''  la  ti^\\l ;  III  yil  up  mi  niiylliiiiy  (ii.s  a  taMt-  or 

lalli'ii  iKc,  l)iii  Mill  (III  a  lii|;li  |>la(H'),  i>tai;ta  jjwil. 
(Ill  ii/i,  nil  iiji,  III  (wlit'ii  I.nIiik  tlow.i),  o  ((wiiil'dcl. 

liiiiilil,  cliriii  lili.      Sec  "  I'll  lion",  "   In  lirint". 

fill  I  {II  ijiniiiii  iliilil),  flia'  rlia.s  hla'-iif  ;  (/i7//(  iniinini),  si  t'lia'cliaN  (si,  I'fiii.  piclix) ;  «  ijirl 
lull  ijiiiiiiij  III  l.iiiiir  a  mini,  ka'liai ;  iiiiv  jiml  aiiirnl  oi  iiiihiilij.  o  liais'  liui>,  ii  liais'  lio- 
liil;  our  iriwili-iH  nut  mi  iislriiitif  (|i<'ilia|iH  wlio  lias  I'aiii'il  at  (lie  usual  a^c),  i^iiiokwiij. 

(iirr,  III  {itiisiiluli  li/,  IIS  II  pi  I  mill],  aii'  >liil,s,  all  liiilt.s'  I'st.    (livi  iiir  sniiir  }iiiinlir,  all  sliitH 

llUs  hUwr'   lll.sll.        Ill    llu'    MlIK-     (if    llllltll    (l|-  /((//(   /(),  KIcllN.       llllllll   IIIV    HIVIV   IwllllllVH, 

UU'Ih  iiliM  HiK''  <•  Kill.-.  Ill  till'  si'WM-  III  III  iiiij,  aim,  ill  la.  (liri  iin ,  iiliiixc,  Homr  u'lilir, 
all  III'  sliitl.H  sKti  iiK'  ii  Kii.  (Ski),  an  i'\prf:-sioii  iimiI  in  seeking  llic  (iinxl  will  of  a 
|it  rsdii.;  1 1  iff  mc  smiif  irnlir  (a  wiiiiiaii  .sin-akiii^;  tii  a  wdiiiaii ),  ,\all  sliiils  s\\  ,i  ka  kn 
liUin  (adilrt'Hst'il  in  a  man),  yatl-Nliitls  dotit'  ak' a  ko,  Idim  (a  iiiaii  In  a  \Miiiiaii), 
,\all  shiils  lint'  .si  ak'  a  kn.  (I)(i  !«'  ami  dnl  si,  ciiiiivalciit  lo  "  Ynv  linn  ",  niiisl  li)< 
aililn's.sfd,  tile  lii'.st  lit  a  man,  llio  laltiT  to  a  \Miiiiaii  only.)  To  ijirr  In  ml,  lo  fml, 
kla'-dai* ;  lo  ijirv  n  J'nisI,  kn'  ndak  ;  In  ijirr  Imik,  set-  "  liiturn  "'. 

(Ilail,  lilnlHiil,  lo  /^r,  n  jii  il,  liall.  /  mil  ijluil  i/oii  hiirc  I'omv  [ijliiil^  wi/  hiinV  ijou  Itiitc 
iiiiiif*),  njii  il'  lid'  liut.'^li'  ata  latsla'  cliil'. 

(ihii  {llllllll-  III'  link  sl;iiis},  iiial. 

(Iniiir,  III  (UK  II  nit  or  a  Iniirn},  (^lin'  tid. 

till,  lo,  n  nkll,  (ilinlt,  nllWnl).      J'  ijii^  n  I'lt^  silid',  n  Ink-  sllid'. 
n  InUll'  kwnkli'  elm'  ?      |  You]    ilhliinn'    ijir,  ska'kcd  nl'  la' 

••had'  kadM''  nkh'f  Hoir'  ilo  i/oh'  //.»'.'  stahali'  kal.s' tiklr' /  (/>«)  .i/ok'  «/.,-  \iii  a] 
(•(iiiiir' '  k«'-lrdr'  kat.s'  nkli' !  Arr  you  goinij  noon  T  Iiwe'  la  U'lsli' lio-to'-kw' ?  {iiol^ 
lull''  \iioii\  ijo').  Ill  ifois,  In  nkll.  |.l''']  i/'"i''  (plin-)  !l<>iii</*  }i\viil  la'-pn'  n  Inkli'- 
kw-'f  n  tnkli' kwnklr-  cliil  lllii' n' f  n  knk' tnk' (diil  lilp' !  /'  iniil-,  til  i)  ni^sjiid'. 
OiKv'  /  irvnl'',  08  tii-a'-};o'  stats«t' iV.  7'  nliiill  gii-  In- mono  ir'',  dada-to"-(.'hid.s'  tlo- 
(iklr-  da'-da-to'  ki  tints  iikli  ho.  I'vi-liiipH  I  icill  ijo,  lio-lnklit  klo  (ikli,  Im'-n  la'  cliid 
kin  nkll.  Toinorniir  irr  irill  ijo,  iiokwullda' da  In  ki  tints  nklilin.  In  a  lilllr  irhilc 
I  irill  IJO,  da' fliid  kin nkli  lia  akw.  I'rimiithi  I  irlll  no,  kla  lad  da  cliid  klnokli,  to- 
lakli  lii  (/((  llie  rour.sr  of  the  ilmj)  cliil  lonkli.  )\//('ii  iviH  you  (jof  (.sinj;.),  put  lab- 
«'liii  I'nkli  ?  jnittalt'  (ikh--(!hn'  klo-nkh'f  {irhni'  r/o''  i/on^  will  po*  ?  dniilicatinii  of  vcili). 
do'  \tii-\  mil'',  nlint'  tn^  slial-lickliw '.  do  jinninllii,  dai cliii  kin nkli  Id  li'vc.  do 
flicir  (((  lilllr  iriiji  mill/),  olint  liwul  tn-di-di.  Lit  iin  <jo  pnniiillij  {lo  ilny),  te'-liikli- 
lii  kit'lfis-ld'  kiiiliitl.  IaI  Hum  go  br/oir,  tnrn-nkli  slii  ill  dzokli  lin.  In  tlio  last 
«'\amplt',  lu  is  tile  prcpositiini  to;  Inokli,  llic  fntiirc  imperative;  slii  itl,  tlie  jiro- 
iiniMi;  d/.ckli  liii,  tlif  atlvcih.  The  adv«>il>s  in  some  of  the  iireviniis  examples  are 
enmpniiiid  and  separated,  as  in  go  prrsiutlij  ;  dai  is  an  adverbial  particle;  clin,  tlio 
copulative  prunniin,  you  (sin^.)  transferred  to  it  from  tlie  fnllowiii';  veil>;  klo,  tlio 
si;,'n  nl  the  fiitnie  tense;  nkli,  the  verli ;  tel-h'.vr,  a  eniitraetinn  of  the  adverb  a-ti- 
lakh  he,  today,  used  in  tlie  sense  of /)»v'.v(»^/(/,  in  titc  coufsr  of  the  diiy. 
On  (iiiiii.  of  o  linb),  n'hwa,  oliwiikliw.  J  go,  o-hwo'-but  sliid.  /  icunt  to  i/o,  tiisohwab- 
eliid,  tik-ewab,  to  go  on  homchiicl;  ride.  Tr  "o  in  a  canoe,  o'lutl.  Thrci  [they]  go  in 
a  ranof,  la'-nlutl.  To  go  up  hill,  iiHccnd,  nkwa'tiitsli  (skwa'-tMsh,  a  hill  or  itimint- 
uin).     To  IJO  nmnd  (ok  round  a  house),  o  ke'ta  kit  Lu.     'fo  go  toirard  the  uiiler, 


Ari'l  ynu'  (sing.)  ijninij'f 
n7(('»v '  lire  ymi'  gniiuj'f 


■}'J 


:i27 


O  kwcfl.  V'o  (/<>  <»|/(IH</.  o clio'  l»il.  Hi>  iliniji,  airiiff  irilli  J/nM.  (/n  mt  ^i.  illl  il  kIhiii), 
lif' wil,  lii-'-wil  I;i.  S<'c  "CiiiiliiiHi".  do  out,  lif' wil  til  .sIihI  iMkliw.  To  ijo  oul, 
<i  slicil  ziil.      /  (/!»  init,  o  slu'il  /111 cliiil. 

((11  niil,     Si'C  "l!.rlin;iuisll", 

<l<mil,  kli.li,  tloli,  liiUl  ( /</( (Mim/,  IVoiii  I)  liatl.  I»  likr,  to  lor,  I  /'.<  i/oir  iio,  lilyi  it ,'  (is  i7' 
it"l'  iiiiml'  to'  jiiiir  ,')  Invc-  la'  lloli'  Iwiil'  dii^;  \\v''  f  It  h  ijooil  us  it  is  ^ijihhI  so\,  IJnli 
as  isla.  (loiiiliiiiliinil,  kloli  1)1)  kliil).  My  /ih^/xiih/  is  ijooil  iiiitiirnl,  kloli  dli  kluli 
Hliiiltutlfil  sVlu'Nt  liii.  IJsfil  s(iiiit>tiiii(>M  iiii|uTiitivclv,  as  kl«tl»  kat  si  lalM,  look  out 
((/(III*/  iiou  sir);  klitlt  cliitl  Of'  ml,  Irt  itir  sl'ip. 

(looil  loii;  liti  i  (pnilialily  IVom  ukli  Int.  to  j/d,  anil  iisi-d  in  sense  of  <in  iioii  iioimi  f\.  'r>i 
a  slll^;U'  jM-rsoii,  if  a  man,  liti  i  a  sliiil  ^a  s1ihI,./Vkh»0-  ''•  several  |ieim>iis,  Inn  kle- 
,\ul  la  In'st,  apparently  //«"  (jo  irillioiit  ciitisc, 

(hiiKs,  k«e'  kwnl  li,  liwe'kwi,  ka  >,'wnlli\v  ;  <i  vmtrsr  ijrtm.i  iiscl/or  mnt  llninil,  {jwuh  w>l». 

(Inili/iil.     .See  "77i(U(/,.s". 

tinin,  jilnir  of  ilrpusit  /or  the  diwl,  skaiyii. 

(linn,  serious,  aial-asli,  uiyi  yasli  (used  also  as  a  nitknaine). 

tlrnisi,  ijnir;/,  swns;   Inlloir,  xukliw  (ml. 

linen  (imleor  li<j'it),  ho  kvvats,  as  kwail  /il.  It  is  the  same  as  yellow.  IhnL  ijm  n,  hlue, 
or  likwk,  hltotsii. 

(Iriiiil.  to  {tts  iu  a  mill),  o  Itet  la  lekw. 

tiroir  up,  to  {(IS  ijniss),  wlii  a'  li.  'I'oiiroir  Inrije,  klakliw  ns  tiakliw,  lot  111,  ns  ilcii  lil.  Sot 
to  tjrow  liirije,  liwelad  us-tlakliw  (llie  d  piolialily  interpn.sed  lor  iiiphoiis). 

duess,  to,  tlalialts;  also  to  iromler. 

^'«(i,  liul  to  nials,  liwuiti  inallsli   ((pi.   from   livvnllnm,  n   irhite  won);  o  ilouUli  hornlnl 

(/»(»,  sa'lenks  (sa'le,  tiro);  a   fire  shooter  pistol,  tsits  latsks ;   sir  slioolir,  yelat-'ks 

(I'roiu  <i*a'-lats,  /iiY',-  d/.a' la  e-lii,  sij);  ijunpuicder,  skwe' lilsli   (Nisk.),  kwatl  elinlt 

(SiKili.);  (I  hullet,  tc'-sud  (iirroir);  x/io^  .s'lio  kwalts;  {/unjlint,  yakli  liwiid  (orroir 

lieail);    ijuuserew,  liii  cliil  pe'^wnd    (see   ''  I'lrist") :    iinnelinniir,  oho  o   thonje  or 

load,  klo'-siit  ;  rnmrod,  t'liiK  se'  uk  nd.     Loaded,  tn  dii  •{waits,  tnklidnj;  wnsli  (Ik. in 

oduK-wus,  to  put  into).     Hare  you  loaded  .'  o  tn  do  };wrdts  «liu  T  iitl  t«  tad  liwul  ti- 

iiia'  litsli  (literally, ''  lias  your  yun  (Uten  f"  t'roin  u  utld,  to  eat).     To  shoot  irilh  a  yun 

or  how,  11.  r.,  otoL-sil. 

II. 

Jlail,  kleiiiliwe'-la. 

Hair,  skad  zo,  .skud  zo.     Hair  of  pubis,  .■skwiid  de  ;  /«<(/(/,  k  wed.    <  >il  liiil'  /o  snii,  to  idmk 
out  the  hair.      Tirisied  or  hraidid  hair,  toll  slii  dlfd.     See  "  To  braid  ".      liushy  haired, 
},'wislie'  Ins.    h'ed  haired,  h'k  kwcl-lntsli  (lie'  kwetl  nd).    Curly  haired,  as  he'  Inilsli. 
With  the  hair  parted  behind,  ii>^knv\in'<iii\yMn.      With  the  hair  parti  d  before,  U»k 
sliiliis.     The  hair  or  fur  of  an  animal,  U'hul,  taliets  ;  furry,  hairy,  as  ta'  hnd. 

Half  [in  quantity),  ilelmkli ;  [in  leuytli),  il  tnkli.  llalfashep,  il'  clinkli  iiH-o'-tut.  Half 
way  (on  a  road),  o-dn^^  wa'  b.U.s.     Half  full,  tut  liink'  ^'wns. 

Hammer,  snkliwt-h'lialt'lin.     To  hammer,  ot  *\salt-liu,  ot  sns  siid  (l'r.)ni  tsnsted,  a  nail). 

Hand,  the,  .vlia'-latelii.  This  is  more  jiroperly  tho  name  for  the  IIiikcth,  ther«  iM-inj,'  no 
si)eoial  one  lor  the  whole  hand.  Clia'  lesh,  si},niirvin^  the  lowirarm  or  the  u-rist,  is 
also  nsed.  Dkimvativks  and  cdmi'oim).-;  :  d/aat  'Iii,  thi  riyht  hand  ;  ka'  let  ehi, 
the  left  hand ;  hwfit-.so'-sat-chi,  stiikii'  lat-clii,  the  palm  ;  sin  klal  tia'  clii,  slut  lall'- 
sat  ehi,  the  thumb;  kwe  hnkli  hwat  (hi,  the  InueUes ;  stc  sohalksat  clii,  the  little 


I't  -^ 

Hi 
If  Jt 

It  4 


32»> 

fhittrr  ;  Mikli  In  '  .1  III  clii,  llii  liiiiiir»  nillirtinli/  ;  ki>  I1M.4  (In.  ko  k  w  .11  1  In,  k'M)k 
t.il  k'ncl' <-lil,  /A»  11(1 1 /»  ;  Ui-\ii,  tin  xlii  n  Iff'  <i  tlriKK  ;  o  kwi  dat  >  III,  .'"  foAr  f/c  liiinil  ; 
kwiil  la'  ilii.  till  ht'iijijih  ;  tMt.H  liitskH.  It  liirnhootir  ;  \  c  latNk.s.  «  nix  nhimtir.  iKuii 
il/i- l.il  ( lii,  »!/  ;  sliis  cliiik  Nitclii,  s'kftMk'wtclii.  («  jUujrrriiuj  ;  80  k«at  clii,  .1 
hiiiiilil  III'  liiiiih.  Sec  also  iiiinicraii  anil  iiiiiiiiTal  ;:(1vciI>n,  d/c  l.»t(lii,  «i.r  ;  I'kat 
(111,  rifilit;  Ka  lal  (III,  lirnilii  (-ale  .-'lia'  lal  clii,  /idi  hiinil);  ami  s(»  (Ui  to  hiiin 
k  «  al  ilii,  Il  liiiiuli  I  'I. 

Iliinil,  Ihi- ijttiHi  III  (played  vvilli  siiiail  ivoudi'ii  di.-.kH  uliicli   ate  nillcd  (in  a  mat',  l,i  )i:ii. 
sla  lial.     Si'c  •'  liiiims",  ••  In  hil". 

1 1 II II I  Hi  iil'aniilliiiiii,  //i> .  kM  lid  dull  lia'IdU  (llitlii  11  k  wild'  dud.  ^<  f'l/.' ,  k  w  ai  diiliaio  ilicii ; 
liiiiiiilr  11/ It  kuiji,  cli.tlN'  a  li"d  ;  iin  n n  liiiinlli,  >l.nli  iit  ml  u!  li 

lliiiiil  iini'H  Kilf,  III,  liwc'  a  kwiih'  siil>. 

Ilitiitiujui ,  to,  imI  /,(•'  liwult. 

//(!>•(/,  ulriiiiii  (not  liiittlc),  >-\\Ai^  \vd,  kiuk'  liii. 

/In  I,  i'(/i,  --liwais;  Nisk.),sli(''  ukw  (11(1111  Nlnik"li,(i/»i(C<  ,Sk.\  '),  n  iriiiinni'-  lnil.ynl  Ic   a  k«  ml. 

Iliiiil,  III.  II  ta'  li\M>l  ;   hiiiil  (ilil|i. N  tilkli  Imd;  liilitl  hml;,  tilkii  imd  tii  lak'. 

//iii(.  III,  like  the  veil)  to  hi ,  is  wanting,'.  Its  place  a8  a  posM'ssiM'  vcib  i,s  .siipplicii  ii.\ 
ilie  Kamo  iidjc(?liv('s,  a oli  uiid  at-siits,  words  dcnotiii},'  prvnence  or  1  itHlinvr,  i\\  liy 
till'  ('(iiiticctiiiii.  Iliti'i'  1)1111  itnij  siilwi-n  .'  a'  <ik  kwi'  sclic dad  liir  ill'  di  ti  wv*  ?  (liter 
■,iU\ ,!» I  \i  III  ml  hiiiiii  uilli  i/ini).  /  /((in  \«))i(',  at' silts.  .SVi,  I  hnri  s<niii{(liis)  Iniml, 
lie  lab,  at  .'its  Id  sap'  iilil  (sap-o  Id,  a  liorrowed  word).  In  other  plirase.s  the  wmds 
seem  to  lie  lUlder^l^>lld.      /  /(((('('  11  (Jiiiiy  ,\a'  shed  hwiil  ti  nialsli. 

//',  ^hl,  alisoliite,  t/.il,  t/.in  il.  These  arc  never  used  as  nominatives  to  a  veili,  and  in 
tact  seldom  III  any  mode  i'.\i'(?|:'  in  tlie  p(».s8('.ssivi' ;  as,  lii>  /n/oc,  gwiil  t/.il  slia  ke'- 
yu.  I'or  the  most  part,  tlu;  verb  in  the  third  person,  both  Mnjruliir  and  plural, 
stands  aloiic,  and,  as  elsewherti  show  n,  this  per.son  in  'h  •  p-eseut  tens"  is  the  siiii 
plest  liiiin  ill  which  it  occurs.  Slid  ilitl  is,  howcvi^r,  ►."'iiettnie.s  einployt'd  as  a 
nominative;  as, //c  /icrnfi,  suddill  as  kla' hot ;  /«•  w<j(,  sud  dill  ola'bit.  Dcl-shid 
K^pnscnts  a  person  who  is  absent;  r.  (/.,  delshid.  delshid  .s'hulshJit  sid  (In'  ttu'lir 
stitnilH),  tli(>  pronoun  bciii;;  here  diiplic.iied  I'or  Ki'i'ater  ccrtainl.v.  There  seems  to 
be  no  copiilatnc  in  thi;  third  per.son,  unless  it  be  slii,  wliicli  octnir.s  in  the  toUowin^' 
caKcs  .  Ill  till  [il)  lioiiKf,  ulshi  a'lal  :  llutt  mini  thnv  (he)  iz/M*/*,  oywal  hlii  ai  m-, 
le  ill  siiibsh  ;  I  liiilr  (/,  ochadshis  chid,  w  here  it  is  iiiler|iolated.  This,  however, 
may  be  a  demonstrative  pronuiiii.  Slia,  slial  appear  generally  to  (bllow  the  verb, 
Ihoiiflli  not  as  copulatives;  (.(/.,  l>o  i/oii  knoir  (him)  that  man?  n-sci'd  liii  ;liu  slial  te  il 
stobsh  T  I  kiKiir  /(i/»,  a  said' hii  (hid  sha'.  //(  ix  /civ,  atsud  s  ,1'.  Ill  the  same 
iiiaiiner,  il  (*/.  r.)  is  expressed  by  sas  and  sa  liwas,  Mi/  Inisliaml  in  (jooil  uatinrti, 
kl("»b  ("tbkh'ib  sliul  ta  (led  s'chestliu.  Here  shul  ta  did  is  cniiipound(>d  of  nlial,  he  f 
ta,  a  particle,  signifying  that  the  one  spoken  of  is  present,  and  dc'  a  t\o,Jiiiif  thirc, 
■,\s  (KIOSK  the  toom.  With  these  last  appear  to  come  hal  ai  il  hal  gwa  ;  1:  <i.,  that 
home  is  not  hail  {a  baii  one),  hal  sti  a  ke'yii  liw<^'  la  ]iat'  latl  ;  */(('  lihef\  you.  hall  to- 
bet'sid  lial  gwa'.  The  iilurals  of  hal  gwa'  will  be  found  under  "  Thetj",  and  it  may 
be  conjectured  that  the  final  .syllable  is  an  abbreviation  of  gwiid,  u-ho.  The  demon- 
strative pronouns  .ifteii  take  the  place  of  the  pcr.sonal,  as  will  be  seen  under  "  Thin", 
*'  That".     See  also  '•If. 

Jimp.  II  {nl'iiiiih),  as  pud'. 


.'.L^'.) 


Jltd'l,  thr.  s'liin' \  US ;  .1  round  htvd  ^..ru  ik.i  ll.itiin.'.l  .iilili(iall,\  ;.  .  h.u  lai-,  ►; .»!.  hiis; 
!<.««,/  hrmlid,  HN  piik-wtin,  aft  llll  [hi  k«n-  ;  <i _tt„ltfn>,l  hrod,  ikli  jh-'  Iiih.  S4M<  " l!,t>lp, 
]i(tilii,>/'\  Tlnu'  iiH'  a  r«'«  inslniu-t-M  in  nhikIi  the  S.  IjmIi  «.,n|  kt  ;i,  l,..l,  <iIm«i|p((. 
Ill  \\iv  Ni>k«;illi,  i.s  ^llll  iiiMiiuil  III  «HiiiiiHi.-.iliiiii.  1  licw  an-  iiidhiI.v  pii>|MT  iihuick 
of  I  liii'ts  iM  |H-i»*on.s  of  jfiMxl  .l(s«n«nt.  us  I'ut'  kt"  nam.  I^kkli'  k<>  iiam.  llaC  t«>  a  In*' 
iiiiiii,  \;'.,  the  iiH'iiiiiiins  ofwiiicli  an-  Inst  to  tlic  wcartTM.  Ili.if  >.(  lln>  (•.•lcltrati'<l 
\  akaiiia  cliicf,  Ka  niai  ya'  Uni,  Mtfiiilifd  in  tin-  Spokane,  a  n.ijnalc  l,iii^;iiii>;c  to  ili,> 
Sclisli,  "//,,!,/  irithout  „  skull."  Ollitr  wunlt*  in  tho  NisUwullj  pi.-wi^  iiiy  ihf  di 
'liiliation  arc:  liii  ko  kt  d.  tlu  itoirn  »/  llu  hrml  ;  lir'  a  ki'd,  to  M-ro'rl,  tin  hnul .  a-  ;-■ 
a  kill.  <ic<i(l  at  thf  ti>i>;  ptrliap«  al.no  fsniul  ki  ii,  <ltf  mink. 

JIkkIIhiiiiI  I  /(If  caniiniii  l<i<i,ls).  m  kwa.'  uliitl,  >!<•  dal'  sliiil. 

JIiiu;  III,  as  kla'  hot  idiint  kwil  l.i'  dc,  llu  ,,ii  i.  as  l,,l  «liid  ;  /  /(,,i).  as  kla'  !.oi  ilnd;  thou 
liairtnl,  as  kla'  l)oi  ilin  ;  /„•  Imtis.  as  kla  1  ol.  sud  dltl'  an  kla'  iu.l  ;  irr  h,v>.  ^U'^  In-tl 
aakia'  l;ot  :  )/*•  lour,  jn\]  ja  poas  kla'  hot  ;  iliiii  lii,tr,nH  kla'  liot  '(11  n\\,\\  'Ilits  word 
i«  one  ofMnt'ial  i-lsfw  Inn'  lii,  diomd,  in  wliicli  lhc\t'il)  is  conii^alrd  lioin  an  ad 
jrctivc  form. 

Jlfdrl,  till',  Nl'saltcli,  si'.sa' It' (ill  llif  nin.sc  of  irill,  iri.ili,  opinion.  lll^|^oKllion,  \r.,  tUi- 
heart  litiiiK'  the  xvnl  of  the  iniiiil',  hiilsh  :  «.  (/.,  hiilsli  ka'  liis.  Ilirn/,  hull  ^h,oit  or 
mind  of  the  cyt);  shill  hat  cliuh,  /o  millf  up  oni's  mnol.  Wlint  ,lo  i/mi  think  t 
irliiit  M  i/o)ir  iriult  f  as  heil'  j,'\vud'  VmV  hiiteh'f  (literall\,  /d.ici  ii  ho'  i/ou,-' Im.rt').  h 
tliitt  yinir  opinion  .'  do  i/ou  think  no/  (.vo'  yutir'  hrnrl'f)  hh  is'  ta'  kati'  Itiilslrf  My 
opinion  is  such  {of  mi-  hiar''  ko*),  jjntl'  at-sa'  liiitsii'  as  is'  ta*. 

Jliiit,  to,  to  put  utauis  on  tin  tir<'  to  hnit  I'or  cookinn.  tin!  its,  sluts  idls. 

Jlmry,  kh'  ah. 

Iliili,  to,  ofliad.  /  hidr  it,  o  ciiad  sins  ejiid.  1 1, re  the  pKiiioiiii  shis  (it)  is  iiilerpol.iltil 
l)elw<!eii  the  \fili  anil  the  eoimlalive.  \\  hi  n  nhnV  I  hidi  il  f  al  eliad  kiits  t  liail /il. 
Hide  yoiiriH'',/,  v\\m\  m\.     From  ilia,  n  holi.  ,/    r. 

Hill,  spo'  kwiilt,  siiia'  tie],  kliip. 

Hip,  llu,  on  thf  hip,  iiok  k"lia|i. 

Hind  {IIH  a  /lerw),  as  elioit  liii. 

Hit,  to  {a»  a  morh),  o  totsixl.    /  hit,  ottit  snd  cliiil. 

Hilhir,  twill  te'  (I.  I-,  "  to  thi.s'\  phwe  heinj,'  ninlerslootii. 

lloit.r,  humhuij,  to,  o  ka'ka  lad.    You  arc  hnmhinjiiiuii,  <i  ka'  ka  lfi|s  elm. 

//.^Wy^•,/(7/^»■,^*(«^s((/^(>»•.y('),<•kr>'  Ilk  lit  Hiiidr front  o  ke'  a  kail'. /->//-.///,  ■iiit|.|/..i'  .-.hiil  loot). 

//()?/,  iiolo'kuks;  /l7^T  «//*/;/«,  kokokshii.     (Frentli,  m7i<(»i.i 

lloir,  as  lo';  //  hoi,  in  Ihr  t/round,  eha.  I)i;in\  AJ I VIOS,  elia  ad,  /"  dly  ;  ochatl,  /«  hidr  f 
nc}iiiU,  iicUaU,  to  difi  foots  ;  Ui^e.  at.s,  hid'.'in,  thr  hiddni  or  minxtriiul  lodi/r ;  ehal 
kt),  a  Will.     Hee"  When'". 

Jlook,  iiilch  on,  to  <i»  on  ii  thonn.  kle  k«al'  litsh:  to  /«»</,  or  fiiHtm  (oh  irilh  hooks  and 
eyix),  tli!(i  kiis'  hetl. 

Hook.     .See  "Finli  lMok'\     HooUh  and  vyin,  kh-l'  ;,'\vni  ;;\miI. 

Horizon  (literall.v,  thv  edgi),  t'  la  hail. 

UorHt;  sliake'.vii  (t'loiii  sli-kai' vii.  (/  irolf);  n  mnri,  taiiil;  foul,  stit  ke',vii,  kai-ik. 
I)KRIVATI\K8,  tik  e  wab,  to  ridr  (from  ti  hwoh,  a  form  td  the  verb  "tof;o'').  A 
horHimnn,  liiKte'akiilhij^'wid  (fioiii  sti  a  ke' ,\  ii,  ami  o  kf' la  (,'\\il,  7.  (•.,/»  nioiint. 
H(  f  "  \iiiih  '■,  "  HiMh  ",  "  Hold  ". 


Hi  r 


;;;;(• 


Tliiri(,'»  |H-i  taiiiiii;:  in  a  Ihumi'.  miiIiIU  ,  lint  m'' lii|i  mI  (iVdiii  mjI.i' Id-UhI,  tlif 
xhiiuUli r);  iiipi  liridlt ,  kic' iliill  ihitl  (Jioiii  kU'tMi,  (I  ro)tt);  utirnip,  Mikli  .-.lia' tic- 
liiiil  ;  »lii|). '/.  r.,  Iiii  clia' liNMi  pud  :  «/>i(r,  Mik  kolcliiil.  It  is  noticralilf  that  in  tixt 
laiinuitj^t'H  ol'  jj'viTiil  wt'nlfiii  trilH's,  aiiioii^;  which  ih<-  horw  is  ut'  ifci-iit  ini|H)rla- 
iMiri.  :hi-  iiilii|it<-<l  iiaiiK!  i.s  <lcii',rii  iroiii  tltatt  of  irolf  ur  dofi.  in  ihr  Vakarna 
(Siiliaiiliii  tainils  I,  a  (/()(/ i.s  kii  si  kii  M,  /(V//»-  hurm.  auil  it  is  ex  iilciit  ihal  Jii.s  iialiic 
wa»  iiaiisliiriil  In  th»'  hoin',  ami  that  l\v  thiiH  li«'<'aiiii- the  (liiiiiiiiittvc  (it  his  loiincr 
.MJi.  ill  i!  Siinitkaniii  II,  the  .Slmsh\va|i  Kkakhlia,  a  (/fi»7,  Iiuh  Im-vii  cliaii;;!'!!  to 
Ka'  ka  uap,  and  skakls  lia  now  iiicaiiH  lunsi ,  luitl  kiii  kas  ska'  hiiin  tixjdlUiiK  Whiii 
III  lS."i(l  the  Aiin-ricaii  iiiiiicrs  iiitriMliiicil  Ikpiscs  iiiioii  the  Lower  Kl.iiiialh  lliver  in 
Culiforiiia,  «!iere  prevKnisly  they  hail  never  heeti  sfcn,  the  Alikwai^uave  them  the 
iiuine  of  wa  Ki  ehish' e,  (ir  irhili' mat's  iIiujh.  (ictieral  (;e(ii;,'e  II.  Thomas,  United 
Slates  Ainiv,  j^ives  as  the  word  for  hurst  in  the  Yuma  iaii;:iia;.'e,  a  ':  ;  ior  lUxj, 
a  hot chn  elin  ;  and  lor  ruiiotr  or  tht  liltir  mil/,  o  hot  tol  yii  e'.  The  id-  a  il  itomeH- 
tieit.v  nii;;ht  natiirallv  si  /^est  tiie  adoption  nf  the  iiiime  of  do;,',  liut  thai  oi  wolf  is 
lather  sin;;nlar. 

Iliil,  iiiirm  iiiliitni;/  /<>  /(  /i/dci"),  s'kwiil,  mis  kuni'  liilii,  ols^'iil  le  ;  (^'M  tn  jiirsousj,  Hen 
"  H'drw".      See  "/'('re". 

IliiWir,  hiilijr,  a' lal  ;  r(H>J\  sii  >,'\Mid>l  im  ;  /;/((»A-,v.  s'ha' la> ;  htimis,  a>hnlatlalt;  ilonr. 
iruy  (tlie  same  as  road),  sliii;,'  \\'ll  ;  jiit  iiliar.  s'ho'da  le,  (Iroiii  \iin\,  tin  ] ;  Jlixtr,  hiil- 
leldoped  ;  II  scat  in  tin  Uidij:',  swalekhw  t'n  ;  lifl  ijhitr,  liilloa'sed;  it  minxinmi 
I'kI'Ji;  us  chats  (see  "i/ii/t'") ;  ii  siriathouHi',  s'hiUets  (Nisk.S  wokh-tud  (Seoh.)- 

Iliimihitlil  fiirnituic  (see  ^' HiisLits",  "■liliiiihts",  i^p.): — />(>.r,  rhcst,  wukkuh,  wiik-k'kiih, 
wo  kap  .1  tniiih  irith  hruss  niiils,  as  oliitshsMo  wnkk'hiil).  Dilt;/  hi>.<\  t<-  hold 
Irijirs,  hnd  de  {{We;;  sa  le',  />«<A(7,  skod,  Hkwe' a-knod.  7i(>rf/,  siins,  sa' siis.  Hoirl 
<)/■  hunt,  spill  kwns,  />(\//  or  plate  {of  stoiii'),  ink  wai ;  {of  irood),  Ml  kwi.  ,1  tarye 
ilish,  hiUIi  pur  .Miitsh  (liekw,  tunji).  A  nip,  lni  kwe'akod,  siikli  ko'  kwa  (see  ko, 
iratrr).  ,'^ioop,  tiik  we'  lai.  7'wi  kittli;  tin  iron,  kankli.  Urass  latlli;  kwadsalat- 
hn  (kii  la'  hii,  brass).  Vast  iron  pot,  thi't  laholtsh  (I'roni  ehellu,  ii  statu  ■.  Stone 
iiiiirliir  (ir  inrlatr,  kepotl.  Spoons,  q.  r.,  tsnli  lied,  klelihnd  ;  ((;/"  iroo*/),  t'koboltsh  ; 
(honr,  ha'li'kh«.  Crailli,  s'hal  tails,  skiik  ke' ill.  s'hal  ted  ell.  .1  .sm/^,  siikh  a- 
tiwild  de, 

//('/(•,  vtali,  lloir  ill)  i/oii  ijo  >  stall  all  kats  okh  ?  See  '^Wlutt",  a-hed.  See  under 
"  Stril.r". 

Ili'irl,  to  (as  a  inilf  III  iloi)),  kiXW'iU.     See''r/-^". 

Iloii-  iiiaini.  kw<'d,  kwi'-did,  kwe'  ilitl.  Ilmr  mnaii  ilmis  'njn  .'  ii.  r.,  htur  »w»u  yenttniaffs  f) 
kwediildat?  Jloir  many  ilaiis  to  ronii  '  kwet  shia' he  .'  Iloir  manifiioUars?  kwed- 
els  ?     lloiv  many  nil II  f  kwe' ,lill  slolisli.     See ''TiHoir'. 

lloir  much,  ashed,  Jloiv  mmh  a  ijavil .'  ashed'  kwi'  dutch-o'  .stnk  \vuli<  f  (hou-  much^  th(* 
oni"  yaril*).  Hon-  mmh  insist  I  paii .»  a.shed  kwad  hnteh  piz  liiidids'  did.  See  ''J'ai)^\ 
Takr  as  mmhan  i/on  iiant  (i.  <•.,  iioir  mmh  yon  want),  kwinl  diid  as  he'  kwats  hatl. 

Ihij),  to,  oko'-hnd. 

Ilnnvh  hark,  kan'  its  ;  humh  harliil,  as  kau'itsh.  This  word  is  repeated  mi  iinaiita- 
tioii  il'an.v  tale  is  told  li,v  da.\  li;,'lit,  lest  the  lienrers  should  liecoine  ,• 

lliiniir/i,  a^i-so'  wnl,  as  i  '  wnl. 

llnnt,  to  {an-.„als),  klo  hob.     .1  hnntir,  soohde  (apiiareiitlv  Ironi  o  lioU,  to  ijo). 

Iturl  or  iioKHilril,  jfwiil  alt.     Sw  "AVr/Av  ". 


:\:\\ 


t, 

1  i,|M'rM(inil  iirotmiiii,  ;iliMoliil«t,  i»!  ■«,>,  ui  .s:i,  ft  ni.     /    .mr/'  i,lhi^*-<  v""',  ar  xii'  >iitvl>'  t\ 

llllj^'  »••'.      (Ni>IK..—Tlu'  hull. Ill    ;tl\Mk,\s    putt    UlllDM'lf  lilNt.l       -Wy  III/'  Wr-I  o/MHKim' 

|mJ  h()\  pull'  at'  Mil'  liiitcU'  as  is'  la'.     [Arr]  if»m'  «»N;»rv'  wtth'  mr' f  .1  lii'(  kiImIiii  liii 
Iwul'  lit  S41*  ?     /'  mmlr  jMi*';  iMi/xW; ',  ti-'  al  sa'  <>]>  klo  .-iiU'  <  lii.T. 

(Copulative  prclK.:  -In  I  In-  nitiiplt'  Iixtii.  tin'  al>iui»  arc  ii''\ri  u.srtl  ,im  uujniiia 
tiv»-H  to  ii  veili,  liiit  in  lOiuliiUrttlitii  wiih  tin-  pasi  >n  luiui.  |i.iitii  !cv  (lii\  ai>' m> 
I'liiploytHl,  iHul  aic  tlicii  to  Im'  i'on«i<liT.«l  copiilain)'  pivli\«s;  1.  <;.,  koIi  iIii>  p.iMt, 
t«'ls,  tct  su,  tils,  tuts,  siats,  .siil?(,  slut,  sluts.  /  ittmr,  l«  t  m  liwiitl.  /  hair  oj'ttn 
.</"ti<',  kail  tt'tsol.li;  k.i  hat  l.i  fill  tulsookli.  I  •» mi  from  Poit  /'kiowwi/,  tul  a«l 
K  A'  r,\i  stits  atlil.  I.i>nijiiii<i  /  .'iHir,  cv  m  a' j-'i  stiit  klut  rliil.  I  hmr  tlimr  fiitin;i, 
o  lio'  >()  titH  iitlil.  With  tlir  lutuif  p„ni<  li,  tliitH.  kliits,  /  i-ltttll  ijii  to  uioinnc,t]ii' 
<la  to  ki  tints  oiJi  hi>,  III-  kliils  nIJi  Im. 

(Imlcpoinltnt  nomiiiatiM-.i  — K-ts,  kii.-,  kiK^s,  k«i''s.  TiicHi'  loruis  pncfde 
vorlw  or  words  iiscil  as  sinh.  Imt  nist'i  lMii.in»>  copiiiativos.  Tins  .Hccia  to  lM^ 
coiiipoiinils  of  the  tlciiioiisli alive  prouoiiiis  (liaviuf,'  tla'  loiccof  tin-  il.  liini.'  .ulicliM, 
ki  aiiil  kw  i,  with  at'  s.i,  nl  sa,  or  t'l  sa.  I  imt't  tiinl  i/ij,  hwi-  kilt  aiti'  Im  11.  /  ilmi'l 
/,H(>/r,  hwc' kits  ii.saiii  hii.  W'litrf  nhult  I  liiili\it^r  al  chad  kiilt.  rliftd /.il  ?  I  iii<l 
nut  kiioir  I  iras  dnntl:,  hwv  a  kwits  a  .sai  all  hii  kfts  as  hwnl  kn  lln-  luomuui  Ihk- 
lu'iiiy;  duplicated). 

(Copnlativc  siitlix.)— Clii.l,  chud,  .shid,  shed,  shut.  I'his  is  \>\  (,tr  llu'  most 
coinnion  foi  m  in  which  the  pronoun  is  used.  /  x/r,  sla  l.i  hit'  shid.  /  muL,  o  \ai' 
us  <;hid.  /  rtfitni,  o  ta'shitsi  chud.  Yrstinhiy  I  nniif  lim,  todatldot  ."-hidsi 
oTIilet  clii  twill  tc'.  L'tsi  nil/ill  I  Huiil,  dc,  ash  tii  si, it  la'  hel  sliul  hit  hoi  li,)ls  hid. 
It  is  Hoinelimcs  dupiieated,  //'  /  //-),  ho  !a'  iliid  klo  nkh  chid.  It  in.iv  als.i  lie  um  d 
iuv,u8iifively  alter  the  iniperu'lve,  Trodi  m<,o  jjvva'  la  chid.  In  si\i  i.il  ortlu'alM)ve 
examples  it  will  lie  .seen  thai  where  the  verb  is  precediil  liv  an  aiherh  or  other 
part  of  speech  din-ctl.v  relating;  to  it,  the  pronoun  is  releried  hack  |o  the  killer. 

7cf,  a«  iV'ic/f,  skakhw,  ska' ko.    See  "  Mij/tr". 

Iille,  1(1:1/,  uiiirHliiiii.  as  che'lit.sli,  elie'  litsh. 

//,  lio  la',  ainel,a  liel.  1/  I  rjo,  a-hel  chid  klo-okh  :  ho  la' 1  hiil  k!t>..l.h.  .See  a!.->o  '■/'./• 
h<i])H  ■'. 

Ignorant,  a.st /at'lali.  /  do  not  I^noir  /uxr,  ant  zat' lab  chid,  rtre  "  Mislahr.  in'\  ,,d- 
zftt-hili. 

Tini*ntr,  to,  ot-diiso  vel. 

/»),  into,  irilliiii.  dekliw,  <|e'  nkh,  asdekhw,  u>  dekliw,  as  de'iikh,  iisilitkhw'^  hud  de'  liii, 
hud  dekliw'.  ]\<-  (III  irilhin  the  /(Oi^r,  andiikw' chil  ki  ;i'lnl.  Come  insi'lr,  iil  lat  ii 
hud  ilckliw'  o  hud  dekhw chii  (iniper.itive  adverb).  To  put  into  um  irnlir  into  it 
IxiKiii).  o  (111}; WHS. 

Iixlciil,  rriij,  is  shi  <le'.      I'rn/  loiui  mji,,  is-shi  de'  ha'  },'o. 

Jndiann.     Ht'C  '•  I'loplc  ". 

Jimrtii  :—bcetkH,  lm(iK,  dc.  (ueiieric),  sl'klil  la  al' kniii,  slit  la!  kiib  :   fliix,   h«,ii<»,  liai- 

o'Jiwa  ;  liumhUbrc.  inau'kwa  lush  :  yiltoir  ir<i*/),  sukh' siid  diili;  wrwf/fuVo,  kwad  ; 

ant,  init  cbilo'  la  ;  xpider,  to  pel  (Nisk.),  ho'  bul-  ta'  k  wil  (.Sk.\.),  it.i  thnml,  kled  tid 

(see  ''Kope'');  Jtca,  clio'-fub;  {/rmtihiippo,  ke' l.o  wiit.<;  licc,  b<^.->kh' chad  ;  m(i;i!)ot 

of  liloirjlii,  »bo<l'/.a  ;  uliiiii  of  (jh  hmrl,  Io'-smI  (see  "/lr»(»fr '"). 


332 


m 


Tlltsr    U(in!s   ;iri' 

.,  jHt'/ti'    thill  liir 


hxlilhli  iiiim,  itN  liiillnli 

/ii/nnl.     i^-v  "  Cliiltl'. 

/lilanil,  Ihf  iiiUriiir,  up  u  nrir,  Ituikliw,  Hkaikli,  kcklnv,  I, ik,  >!;»', 
iil'li'M  used  in  roiiiI)iii.ilii)ii,  us  iiii>i  kai' liwii,  ^t.ilv  la' iiiiili,  i 
ill  lit  ml. 

In  short;  fiiirnrdx  thiKlmrc  nrliiii  mi  tin  injfcr},  tatuU  fiis  (fnmi  tak,  inluiiil;.  It  is  also 
llif  \v(ti(l  ((f  <'itriiiiiiU)(l,  '•  kcfji  ill  ",  ■'  iiiakt'  for  tlii»  Mliorc". 

/'■"/(.  (1  /,«(/■<•,  aK  tlir  iriiH,  sirnkw;  no  kwcil,  nn  arroir  linul  n/  irmi. 

I4<i»>i.  Hti  (!lii';  (iliin.)  sti'  tii  i:lii. 

ll,  Ha^t.  Hii  liwilH  TliiN  ill  li'iist  appears  lo  bi-  tlic  un-amng  ol  the  mini.-,  (.;;.,  /■.  thm- 
niiiifliinij  f  {any  it),  a-o' kwi  hu  liwas.  W htre  in  it  f  al  ihad  kwi  sasf  See  also 
iiiidi-r  "  Jfi  ". 

lutirirrlittnti.  I'or  (■(iiivfiiifncc'  sakf,  tin-  order  i.s  rcvfiscd,  a>  llit-v  an-  iiutriinslatalili-. 
Ad  di  da'!  nlii.t!  expressivi'  of  ^irief  or  deprecation.  It  in  tlie  wailing  <r\  for  iIk- 
dead.  l"oi  an  rxaiiiplf  see  tinder '•  U'ci/ ".  Alia  I  as  in  ICt.^ilisli.  Ana'!  ula'I 
denote  depieealioii,  reiiioiistranee  a;,'anist  iniscliief,  ivc.  Atslii-da'I  expressive 
of  KiirpriHe,  uHtoniHliiiient.  A(  ehi  da' clii  dn  I  tiie  diniinntive  of  ilie  last,  sifjnilien 
a  little  surprise,  eonpied  « itli  pleasure  or  aiiiuseiiieiil.  A  sasii' i  ina  I  (used  only 
1>,V  woiiieii),  denotes  Vexation,  for  uliitini' .'  ulnp  tlml .'  A  sasii c  l.'lio  jo' 1  lias  the 
saiiieiiieiinin^',  Itiit  is  employed  only  liy  men.  A'llie'-lii  lie'  I  as  lic'lia  eliii  !/(»r  ^Aawo 
i/itiil  used  in  merriment.  I!'  si  iik  !  just  m,  n>ii  inlL  Ivssi  1  lie'si  I  exjiressive  of 
satisf.iction.  K'  si  ah  !  e V  si  ikl» !  from  es  si  and  si  alt,  chiif,  a  term  of  (lattery  used 
liy  women  towards  those  whom  they  wish  to  propitiate,  or  sometimes  in  mockery. 
As  a  verW,  it  means  to  ilafler  or  coax.  It  is  a  common  salutation  to  a  person  of 
Hole  on  ap|»roaehin},'  a  lodj.'e.  K'  ya' !  an  exclamation  in  play,  as  when  one  pulls 
.Miotiiei's  ear.  lla-wo'I  a  salutation  on  arrival,  llankh!  Imrri/!  hurrii  up! 
Ill  ye' I  exjiressive  of  amusemeut,  derision,  or  di.slielief.  Ilel'sil!  /(//•  siKinir.' 
uttered  with  dilVerent  de^jrees  of  eiirnestnej^s  or  anfjer.  Isli' i  ha  I  another  word 
exprcssin;;  .satisfaction  or  assent,  ((■ci/  uril.  Is.sa'!  i  sakli  I  impaiienlly  eallinR 
the  attention  of  one  not  listeniiif;,  or  eiiforein;,'  a  command  :  as,  i.ssakh  !  lio  yiikliw  ! 
utoji  thitl !  Stall!  irhal!  Wo'h  !  used  in  reply  to  is.sa',  uliat  ilo  ifnu  irniit  .*  or 
indieales  that  one  does  not  hear.  To  the  same  diss  of  words  lielonj;  "  HihxI  hi/f"' 
aim  "  /7((i/i/..v  ",  r/,  i:  A  curious  form  is  the  convertiiij;  a  noun  into  an  inteijection; 
as,  stuk  ke'  wi  vvii!   oh  .'  hiaio;  iii;ploiiii;;l,\ . 

.1. 

■  hiihiii.s,  as-hiill  ;  lit  hr  /culoiis,  o  hut  Insli.     Si-e  •'  Sirh  ". 
■Idiiil,  hiiuji\  yuk  kod. 

,//(.s/   HKir,   da' Iiii,   daklnv.      /   hiirr  juxt   nun,,   il.i' liu  rliiil 
"  rnxintly". 

K. 


iliit  ehi.     See  da  under 


Kamns,  a  bnlh  which  forms  a  prim  .pal  i-.rticle  of  food  [M/iiill'i  m  ?(.'(/. ^M.  This  is  a  '•. Tar- 
pon" word  derived  from  the  Todvwat  or  Nootka,  (  liainas.  .tirni,  and  is  in  niiiver- 
sal  u.se  tliron{.'hout  Ore;,'on  aiuJ  Washinjifon  Tnri'ory.  Tinliit  Aviwr/.v,  ohad /.ut- 
liid;  llw  knmii.s  sliif  for  iliiiiihni  tin  reo/,  kl  ka' lid  ;  ///*  ni>:iiltitiiiUi-  i>f  mtmi;  s»kh- 
ha'  kia. 


:v.v.\ 

Keith  (of  bi$htwurk),  M  aM  ;  (<>/  lin\  kiiiik'i ;  {,/ hf>u*),  kwmlK.i  Inl' lui,  *.h<  •• /fr.i»»  " ; 

{i>/,a»t  iron),  tli«M'  lu  lioltuli,  i.  >.,  itonr  Ininhl ;   lh>  ,v.,r,  M.'  Ui.l  Mil;   thr  /«(/..  t-«(il. 

11  tu'«l('. 
Kirk,  ti>.  ikI  7...'  liu.l,  ihI  zu  biU- 
/w7/.  /(»;•/.  »„w)|(/.  W/iA»,  ^M<lll  air  ;    l.ilU.l,  kwo-.l  .lul.      Iloir  mi.uii/  hkm  irrt<  A..'?../'    K  vm 

(litl  kwoni  (li.)  Ni,...  hW\>    Till-  iikmI."  oI  killiiin  i»  pMuTiilly  hihm-iI1i'«1.     S.m-  T- 

Khot't,  Ktah,  flrikf,  \f. 
Ki»>i,  /'I,  ittitiknt  sitis,  kolH  ii  (lils. 
A'(i/r  pan,  liwiii  vn,  lii  kii'  lot  siil. 
Kittrl,  tit.  111!  al  lml>,  liil  ii'  l.i  hub. 
Knife,  Riiukw  (i.  c,  inm);  <i  tiror.hn'l  l;iii/<;  luit  Hit  tit'.'  ;  }><»itl  <>/  Lnil'i,  w  '  lllk^^  (.«./>; 

«/«;*!,  ne'  la  liuilH ;  handU.,  k«ii<l  .In!.  Ini'liib  ilroin  kwiid'  ihiJ,  /<>  'nAr),  i-IiuIh  i»  iM-tl  ; 

joint  or  himjt   vukkod;  nhmlh,  .siio  .Id  kw  ill' li ;  «..r</i<./.  )ii<  <,<,/.  rtHttitlkwii' liiul. 
Knork.  to,  H-|iilt.'t  Hiit  sill;   to  kmnk  on  the  Imul,  vhu'  wu  lilb;  to  kill  l>y  kninkimi  on  thr 

/«•«(/.  rliiklik.'kh'tiili. 
Knot,   tamjU,  ..ttlols;   to    knot,  •'..  .t>l,«\  H.-tsol;   ,.  (i.ils  Tli..!..  fo  r.itrti  s,n  ho,  I    ,n  »,tH  ; 

kl.its  a'  It'kw',  to  tic. 

Know,  knmr  Iwir,  nn<lnHt,'n>l,  ,,.  v.,  ..  a  sai.l' liii.  /'  know'  j/.-i  •/'<«',  a  hiii.I  huC  nIiI.!' 
tvviii'  tin ;,'«•<>*.  /  lni'C  knoirn^  t/ou'  iilinnj»  \  a  onut  tiiiii*.  .sk..s'  iiis  a  Kiiil'  tu'  t-^lt  .< 
a'  j,'w..'  <iiiK-Wf*.  />.»  i/oM  kttoir  that  man  f  a  said  tin  ilm  shul  U»  ii  stnhs'li  f  /  A /!..»■ 
him,  ii..saitl'-liu  ••hill  sliu'.  /  don't  know,  liwv'  kits  n  siii.l'  Ini.  /><-  i/""  "«</«■/  h/.(.:<<  / 
ii  siiiil'tu-cbu'  ?  Si'i-  '■'■Vmk-rntnnd".  It  alsi)  iikuiih  ^.  /«■  >»/>f,  c.r/Kr/  'i/,  iVr.  /Vw/.k, 
/(f  «» (f  (jrvat  eatir,  tiitl'  a  Haiil-liii-'  kwi^  «uti(l«  (indtiil',  h>  inoir*'  liiH\l>»>d*) 

Kuuvklcn,  hwe'kwiliukliliwa'ohi. 


Lake,  tmi'liil,  twi'lfit!  (Nisk.),  l»a'  .-lio  (Siioli.). 

/^Mif,  aH-lnvullap,  I.  c,  /(roAnt  (Inmi  oliwntl,  ^.  /i/vyiii,  k'uk  ^l.it.     H.-c  "  l^'ool". 

Limd,  to  {to  ,omi-  to  land),  kill'  k-I.     SfC.  "  Nhon". 

l.iniiiHitfje.     Hce  "  To  siimk'^. 

Lap,  the.  o-lil'. 

Lap,  to  [OH  a  do(j  doix  initcr),  trUiiuUli,  I'.oin  Ula'  liiis  IIk  lonipii,  k..,  initrt: 

/.arf/c.  lu'kw,  ask  la  ktiw  ;  lnr(j»  rcnnd,  mukk'nal  lin. 

lMtdiorla<'>\  to  Uua  child  in  t'le  crndlf  or  the  thinirls  i-,  n  couoc),  to  tic,  liiikh  hud.     I 

/««//,  liuk-liOd-shid.     f  h,in  tod  »/*  the  vat,  k\va.i  liiikli  slii.l  lii  pisli  iiisli.     Sec  "  r«  ^ 
Lait:  lurdii.  to  he,  o-MJicb  :  »/"»  arc  laU ,  i)!ar.,  o  slioh  cliil  Inp;  very  late  at  nojUl.  l,a  gwo 

tnt-lii'licl,  (.  e.,  tonij  mjo  niijht. 
Latety.    Hee  "  JuHt  note  ". 
Laaijh,  umile,  ohai'-nl). 

L(i:!i,  as-clii'  litsli.     Si'f  ••  Tdhr,  ''  UnwilUnfi'". 
Lean  {notj'af),  as-klo'  il,  klo'  « il.     Sec  ••  fold  ". 
Leaninij,  dza'-ka-fjwil,  tViHii  od  zakliW,  to  hloir  down. 
Lmre,lo,  a  permn.  or  thin<i  intent  iowilbi,  .UliluK  wntl.  .)  kin;;  w«ti ;  to  Icare  amjthiuij  hy 

miatakr,  iil-lu-  .\  iikli. 
Learen  of  treen  (narrow  or  (khh/»/-),  Hli'kul  clii-cbit ;  (/^»-ort(/».  ciinl»^»-lia  ;  learen  of  Hw 

muple-trce,  .s'cLot-la. 


'^  i 


:;;!i 


I! 


Lffl,  to  thr,  kill  !;i  1i  KW  111 ;  llir  hfi  hinul,  k.i'  let  dii  ;  h  ft  fool,  k.l!  «l»i«l. 

I.rrhrroun,  an  i  la  kwtil      Kcu  "  7'ii  nijiulntr  ' 

/-»(/,     TlicTf  !■*  ill!  iiaiiif  Ifir  llic  wliiilc  iiiiili.     Scf  "  llnlij". 

I.rijijinijh  {iif  KkiH),  liain'  a  In'  d.ilv' ;  n  puir  of  trtfjintjH,  \  ulsliiil ;   iin  oilil  Ivijriinq.  klilk  sliiil. 

.See  '•  Foot  ". 
I.rnd,  to.     Si'i-  "  lliirrmr  ". 
I.iril,  Mik'JMv;   hill  iiunlrif,  siik'liw  (lr>|(. 
I, ilk,  tn,  kla'  kwai  Ickw,  frniii  klal  In|>,  tin  Iniiijiii-, 
I, if,  tn,  1)  tiiiil  rhuli ;  «  liiir,  t HH  ImiiIsIi  ;  oiu:  irho  IdU  Jilin  nr  Utile  lien,  tils  )>*<  ItiKlsh  ;   it's  n 

/ii,  liiiilsli.      It  inciiliM  al-<(> 'I  /i(«i.r  ;   '■•  fuihji." 
I.ii  iloini,  /(),  II  tnil  /,(•!  ;   lif  dinrn  liiiip.i,  tml  /c  liiMiw':   him;!  <>n  tin  h'lUi    iiswl  of  |M>«i|>l<t 

oiilj),  Hs-takir  lin-Kwil ;  liiinij  nn  the  lnuk.  as  kiiKli  (apiijiralilf  alsn  to  tt»iii:;s.  in  tlm 

wMim' <(t' •' rinht  side  u|i"j. 
Lift  up,  shiilv  till  ,s1iiik"Ii.  )(/»,  abnre). 

I.iijht  (not  (lnrkl.tiH  lakli' :  tin  liijlit,  l.kkh  (see  "  Ihi;/")'.  to  liijhl  {<in  n  rnnille),  liodiiksliid. 
Itiilhlninii,  wok'  siiiii. 
hikr,  so,  OS.     Set'  "  iSVi '',  ''  77im.v  ". 
I,iki,  to.     Sec  "/,<»c»'",  •'tloiiil". 
I.imliir.  cliap. 
Limiting,  as  kic'-ila  li'klnv'. 
l.ittU:     Sco  ''Small" 

l.i:aril,  slid'  slid  a  wap;  mihnntindir,  [np  kat  zull. 
I, nail,  to.     Si'(>  ''<iitn", 
Lodijc.     i'n'i^  "  lloust  ". 
I.onij  (in  (liiiti  nsiou),  hats. 
Loiiij  uijo.     Sec  "Form(rUj''\ 
L'lok  lor.  silk,  nwnt-diid,  o dzd  lifit.     Aoo/.'  ami  pyesrntlii^  yo)P  )r!U   >>iiil\  Kwut'-diitl' 

dai'' elm'  klo  fd'  liwii'. 
I,oiik  out!  take  vai- !  kloli  kiit-si  lalit  igood  i/oii  mr),  Iroin  o  la'  bit,  to  ser. 
I.DokitiiigUiss,  s'liu  lalluis,  from  ola'bit,  tosr.. 
LooHO  (as  a  dicfs),  Invut  liwulli'  (trmii  o  hniitl,  to  break, q.  r.).     T>>  louf^ri'.,  iintif,  ini/nsten, 

Kiikli  lied',  (■r()m  .;  ;i"k'.  to  i>ihii. 
l.osi,  to  (at  idiiy),  o  slii''{;\vi  tub,  otsaltul).    1  /d.sr,  otsul  chid.     Koc  ■  tkt,  to",     in  lov 

or  drop  aniitliinij,  n  hi)'  h\itii\\t.     HWDrop",     I  hare  lost  [«0)Hi7/(i»f/J,  o  liwil  lull 

sliid. 
J.ouil,  a  kck'w:  to  talk  nlniul,  o  hot-hot  a  kdi'w. 
7.()i7',  like,  to.  o  hatl,     /  lure  mi/  husband,  t'.*liatl  teitl  s'oho.st-hii.    T lore  my  ic'/e,  hatl- 

til  ohid  tsi  itl  din^'-wiish.     Do  i/im  like  mr.'  hritl-to'liali  cliuhii  ?     Sw  also  "U'm7»". 
J.nrer  (of  either  sex),  skiids. 
l.otr  (not  loud),  takli  lials.     Speak  '"ir,  takh-hals  kats  hOtdiOt. 


M. 

Maice,  fndian  eoni,  stiil  tls.    The  word  has  8ouu'  associatiou  with  bcadg. 

Hanimals.  Soc  "i/(  (vti  ",  "Mule".  There  is  no  gciu'rul  niiinc  tor  quadrupeds.  liuXValo, 
also  eattle,  kvvist;  ealf,  so'lfw;  elk  (terms  i-anadensis),  fsuk'w'sh ;  the  biiek,  niai'- 
I'ts,  kwiij^' wits'i ;  (/(>(■,  ch'lt-se' ;  c«//,  aoMus ;  </«'»■,  ske'gwuts;  ti/ct,  us-gwa' dnkw 


aa.-i 


{horiuil) ;  '/of,  liiiill'  Hi ;  /</ir»,  (nl  la',  kai'  ik  :  •  /<•»;  /«irii"  (orM  mon/fimi),  liii  l«-'  w  iiJ?* 
(Ska;*!!!;  imiuntain  ii<>iit  {ii  plnn  run  iiki).  ^wct'lc;  /nw;,  |mi  In' kiiks ;  ijrii:!^  It'ii, 
Ktill)  l.iltl,  scli.it  klilli;  /f/<i<i'  liiiir,  .s'rlii'twul ;  rucctMiH,  IiI<i|ih;  (/h;/,  </.  r.,  K<i'  luii, 
hko'  liai,  skc'lia  ;  lutih,  to'witi  ;  liinjr  irol/,  sli  kal'>»  ;  i>tniiu-in>l/ t\r  riif/olc,  i«ki»'- 
iiin  ;  hianr,  fti  kiiklnx,  sti  ka'  Iid  iNi>k.\  «liikli  liwii  (Skajjit;,  skmi  iiilili  (Snoh); 
muMkriil,  skixl  ilikliw,  ^kll(l  ilrl  \i\  is  Ih)'  hnirvr'H  tjnuiuiir  htolhrr);  uniollrr,  nil- 
liati;  Idii'Iottii;  skatl  (Nisk.;.  sKiii  ki\ll  (Ska;.'it);  miriA,  iVmnl  km  iNisk.^,  Ih-h 
fliiib  ^Ska}^it);  irM/.«/,  kic' ciriii  (  Ni>.k.  I,  sella' t  limn  iSka>;ill;  sl,iiid,  skiil>  Iti  \  ii ; 
couijar,  Hwaii'-wa  ;  inhl  mt,  |»c  clnili ;  (/hhkaNc  nit,  |ii-<li  jhsIi  (I'.ii^'IinIi)  ;  iniloilonliii, 
slio'w'il  (it  ix  till  iililist  (>/'  III!  tiniiniU);  niiiniint  iiiri  tiniii/s  jUirin  iilt  in),  hWi' a- 
kwiiii  ;  l,tniiiix  titt  {iifomiji-),  skad'li  thiif ) ;  hniiy  tiiilid  rut  yiinilniiin  \  ki>  tlai'  \  tl  ;  piur- 
xijiiirrfl  {sciiirus},  Kkail/.ii ;  iiroHiiil  miiiirrrl  (tamiim),  H\i\\:\t/\ ;  uliriir  moir  {iir<iloi>ii), 
|ifl-kiit  chi ;  moHHi\  kwa'  Inn,  skw a'  tiid  ;  Imi.  ]<r\,'  a  clii ;  kmh',  as'  liii  (Nisk.\  Kipkn 
(Sky.);  /""■/"'I'"',  Ik's  ^'i'  <i. 

The  fciiialt'  of  any  animal,  skia'-ilt',  Ian'  ill. 

Tarls  III'  animals: — Uonm,  ^wa'dnkw;  lino/'x,  tt'k  kol' sliid  ;  ilnirn,  kwakli 
nIhkI  (tor  ndils) ;  liiiir  ov  I'lir,  ta'  liitl.  I.i'-lirls;  iiinin',  kv  iiHMtllil ;  nkin  [irilli  thr  Imir 
«;i),  skwa' Mill  »/)•(»»(»/'.  wit  ai  ill  {i.  r,  irarhnli  ;  /(ii7,  sinnt' ll  siip;  tiiil  ol  Imtnr  ov 
vninkrnl,  >tul  a  Im.I'  :  hliiihlcr,  siis  liwa  I,  spii^altcli,  >'liu'  |ai ;  /i/ii/hi  A,  kuas  nl  sliM  ; 
lirrr,  s'cli.*'  l<tl> :  hoiir,  h'Idan'  vn  ;  ril>s,  Ink'h  ;  siiuim,  fidsli,  N-ImIi  :  Hmh  (<>''  nmmiilH 
(tnil  hirtliu  Ik;'  yets;  /at,  soliw'  tiiil ;  nifniilK,  kad  /akli'. 

Makr,  to,  o  yai'iis.     S*-.-  •■/>(»'",  "  WnrL". 

Man  (rir),  tttohsli,  sto  liiisli,  (plur.)  slo  o'  li'sli,  ,s!ii  Im'h'.sli,  (dim.)  st<i'  tn  misli ;  n  »/""'/(, 
finncii  11  j>.  luj.;  \vnl>,  will  lot  Ml.     Set"  '  Mnnkiiul". 

MaiiLinil,  a  hkih,  (7.  r.,  rir),  stnlisli,  ito'  li  .-"li ;  >roiii:iii,  !(.  r.,  skla  lit'.  >Ja'df;  ;i(<i/i/(,  7.  c, 
jirrKonx,  Inilinnn  {homhtrn),  als  il  tt  I  iiiii  :  rhirf,  t«i  ab.;  |»e'V"'  "./  *'«'  l»li<>'  rliiHH, 
Hka'ka  }»\vntl  ;  rnmmon  peo/ilr,  si'  laliatl  :  nlorr,  *i»*>  diik  ;  utrnHnrrH  (<;'  ollirr 
triltcH),  laic' alsil-t(l'  inn  ;  irliitr  men,  livviii'.  iiini  ;  atft^  fHr^ioim  of  tiUtrr  nrjr,  sUli'- 
Ixit,  skill  Ic'-ltKt ;  tniin  or  iromnii,  lo' h'ltl  sIoU^li  or  <ikla'iH<;  miiUli niinl  iromnn, 
old  mail!,  liliil-liil)  .skla'-dc;  /itllicr.  A'r^  see  "h'ebtt^omjtktjm":  htrrr  0/  t  itlirr  wx, 
Hkiid.s;  ntnunpvt,  tiis-kiid-dtil) ;  lnustard,  it*  Iml  >4«»«f  dnl>;  htrmophroditr,  kli'U- 
oOl);  a  poslhumiiuH  child.  lint'-!ii  t.MviilIi'' ^wail  .ir  i!i ,  iii'iiini  m/in  i/roirn  »»f»,  Ihh- 
will)!  /w/y,  i'lia' clias,  c^lia' I'liesli  ;  ;/()/,  cliu dias  nI.i  iic,  si  idiu' cliaM  («»•«•  *itrl"); 
iMj'uHt,  do  bad-da  (.sco  ^^  Child");  iktldnti,  •t'a.-^so;  HrsI  horn  chilfl,  iCi-huVh; 
find,  shwiilliik:  hunchliark,  kan'itsli;  tkivf,  ska' <la,  ln«ku'da,  skaikikai;  tutr, 
tiisltiidsli  ;  /W^  mun,  iiiakliw;  frirnd,  a' sliid.  a  sliiid  ;  "  iiirdiiim  won".  ruHjiinr, 
sho-ditl)',  sboiiarii';  airprntrr,  v>  pai  uk;  hiintrr,>^>\>  i\r.   Sec  iiiidt  r  "/'i .;//(",  "I'liut" 

^'UrliltiKHHllipx  ". 

,l/((«i/,  miuli,  ka,  kad,  kat.  Mniji  prrscnii,  k;U  atsil  tcl'  mn  ;  /W(Uii/  lliings,  kit  cs  liih'. 
You  talk  »HH(7/,kat  ','.id  sa  li«it  liOt  .\"i  mmiji,  li\v»>  la  ka' ;  not  nr;/  »M"iiy,  livsr'  la- 
ka'  ka;  man;/  timrK,  ofirn,  ka  hit'  la  liii ;  mldom  liwc  lakad  (at'  laliu  luin;,'  under- 
stood).    Ka  is  also  used  as  rlie  pliir.il  jtreli\  ;  as,  k;i  sla'  de,  iromrn. 

The  letter  k  a|>|»»'ars  to  tie  tlie  iillini.ite  ladieal.  not  only  <il  this,  liiif.  of  other 
words  siuiiilyiiiK  <|nantity,  abinidan«v,  and  their  derivatives,  as,  (or  instanee,  uk, 
«omf,  and  its  laodilications ;  also  ol°  tliP  word  ok  ke  or  ik  ki,  d'-iiotiiiK  lui-ntion, 
used  iiriii(i|ially  in  joiniiin  tw»i  nnnieralu;  ns.  pa' ilut-  ik  ki  diit  eho,  ^M  plus  inv.  nr 


T 

? 

^  r 


Ibii 


\i 


'1 


I  H 


*;'! 


i|ii>!^ 


ill  i-rn,  i  •••.   lint    HnmotiniCS  I|Ih<i   to   rflllfnrri-   U.i;    us,  n  Im'  \  ll  rhjil   ck  kr  ku',  I  ili> 

vitniii  tliinijH.     I  am  liirtliiT  (lis|HiM'il  to  tliiiik  lliat  ko,  irri/rr,  with  all  its  ilriivativcs, 

takrs  111  oii^lii  III  till-  Haiiii'  liiiiiiaiiii'iilal  nlra. 
Marry,  tnkr  a  irifr,  In,  h'mIh'  U-kw  (hIh'iio,  irowrtH),  olm  rliii;;wiisli.     /  iri^h  In  warrii, 

ikiiclii' Jjwa' suit  rliid   ffrolll    clill;;  wiisll.  fl    irifr).      To    l<lLr   lh<    irif,    of  n    ihrnisul 

hriilhir,  lialot  ^iij  iliil>  (.niiia'  lot  sid,  liintlirr'.i  iriilnir). 
.ViirHh,  mramp,  H'clif'ukwil;  vinmliy.  hiici/,  as  j»ul  In'  liid. 
Miisk  (iist'tl  lit  ilaiiccs,  \y.),  strt  kwa'  mils. 
Muni,     >^M'  "('oniii'". 
Milt  [of  tint  runlirH),  kol  ;  {<>/  roiiiiil  riiKliis).  skwi-'  tjwiit.      Tlir  unilir  mat  of  a  hul,  sla' 

Hwid  (I'rom  sla  nwiils,  thv  innir  hark  of  llic  thuja) ;  nthrr  hark  mots,  i-Wt  lak',  v.  dial' ; 

itiat  iiiiillr,  klaku'  titl ;  Hcriiper  for  umiuitliiiuj  uinln,  liinl  tla'lu  siil  (Nink.))  liMii'<l<'-s»'t 

(Siioli.). 
Mntt,J\iitli  {(;/'  iiiiiiiiiiU  inul  hinl.i),  lie'  .M'ts;    [nf  jUh),  tails. 
Mvimurr.     Sri'  ''('oiiiit". 
Mi'lliiiir  [ill  tin    stiisr  (i/' /)/ii/.viV),  si  ill  jiiikli'.     A   dorlur,  still  jiiikli  lia  Irkw  cliiil  (fmni 

liiil  la'  Ickw,  to  HHvk,  to  ritixr  a  lilinli  r  hij  nnliim),  tine  ol   llicir  usual  cuiativt'  pro- 

cfssi's.     Sec  ^^Mriliciniil  itliiuts". 
Milt,   til   {lis   siioi),   ot  zukliw',  <l/iikli  liwiilts' ;  to  hiromr  noft   {as   prriisi),    oliM' lil, 

vi'lliil,  a.s  Mift'  liri,  aslict'  lil. 
MiHstniale,  to  {for  the  first  timv),  obaislio  l»il,  ai^  bai.s'  hub  ;  /  mnistrunti;  ashall,  kwo- 

I'liid,!)  Iiatl  kwocliid;  (vK/wY/Hrii//;/),  asinal  ko.    It  would  scvm  that  the  foniicr  word 

a|))>li<'s  to  a  coiidilioii  which  has  tt-i'iuiiiati.'d  ;  as,  ka'  bai  is  ii  i/iil  irho  Ims  not  ci  iclud 

hir  inrioil,  mid  ho'  bil  Nihilities  iissntion  ;  the  mi  nxlriial  loilijr,  as  chats  {hiihhn). 
Mirrii,  sat  sc  kill)  (also  iist-d  as  a  nickuaiut').     In  Sk.vwhainish,  ashusiiikub,  the  tail 

of  an  animiil,  expresses  the  same  idea  as  in  I'lii^ilisli  icaijiiish. 
MisHiiiie,  kwad'h  ;   to  sni'l  irilli  a  iiiissiiiir,  okwatsid  chnd. 
Milals : — iron,  siinkw  ;  brass,  kii  la'iathu ;   tin,   kaiikh  ;  golil,  lie' kwitl  (rtd);  silrer, 

hok  ok  ihiUar  {white  dollar). 
Midille    (of  Uniith),   itluy;\vuts,   ok-se' gwu'i,    u-diij;  wa'-bats ;   {if  width),  oda-fjwitsh, 

o-diiR witsh  ;  around  the  middle,  litl  o  iliiy-witsh  ;  the  middle  section  of  a  Jish,  so-di- 

j;wa'-biit8. 
J/i7A'  {same  as  Itreast],  skub o'. 
Mind.     See  " //(Y(»r'. 
Mine,  fjutl  al'sa  {of  or  Montjini/  to  me). 

Miss,  to  {a  mark),  o  kwutl ;   /  miss,  {jwntl  shid  (etpiivaleut  to  "  throir  aicaj/",  q.  r.) 
Mistake,  lilunder  in  spceeh,  lose  the  lemj.  to,  oil  zat'  lab  ;   /  am   mistaken,  Od  /at'  lab  tliid. 

Hee  "  [ijnoraiit ''. 
Mi.r,  to  ;  also  to  mintakeonefor  another,  o-b,il-bal  ;  mi.rcd,  as  bal'. 
Moeeasins,  yal'  sbid. 
Money.    The  r'lirreiii'v  of  the  North  Pacifie  consisted  of  a  sju'eies  of  "  wainpuiii  ",  known 

in  the  Tsiiiiik  .lar^ioii  as  hai'kwa,  made  of  strings  of  dentalium-sliells  a  fathom 

in  length,  or  as  mueh  as  would  reach  from  tip  of  the  fingers  of  one  hand  to  those 

of  the  other.     iS7i(7/.v  (of  all  si:es),  net'ehu  ;  of  standard  si:e,  or  less  thanfortij  to  the 

fathom,  hotl ;  smaller  sizes,  solakh,  solukli ;  coined  money,  da'-la  (Kng.). 


.1.1     ( 


.U(K.H,  sill  l,«.iliii ;  nnr  »««.»,  sK,.f,  o  1,,.'.  «a  l.cl'  a  liiil>.  ch  Kit  a  hit ;  Ml,  W  .lo  Ii.i|i, 
ska  ka  laU'  iio  ;  ininr,  Isa,  tilti«-ii'  liis  lui ;  i/</»/,  (•/'  Ih,  ihihih  «■«  liil.li  a  liii  'i)<>iii  out, 
iJ-liHOuinhiil).  Tlif  .si;,'iiitlfali«iii  111  III!' Kili.r  ttiMiN  u.is  iml  i'\i'laiin«l.  .S««'",l/# 
lliiili  iifi ". 

Miirnhiir,  kliiji.     St  (•  "  Siaiiixi  ". 

Mmttir  III/ xtiinc,  /or  inniiiilinn  snds,  n  "ii  htli),  ir  i,,:\. 

Miilhtr.     Si'c  " /i'<7(i/iiiMx/ii/(/*". 

Miiuiit,  to  ins  a  liinxi ),  ii  kr'  la  ««  il  ;   /  iiii'iiiit  mi/  hin:i( ,  km  la  ;,■«  il  sliiil  liw  ill  si ,  a  kr'  \  ii. 

Mnitittnin,  svva'  tiitsli,  siio  kvMili,  sin.i  drl  :  n  nintr  jmih,  >k«'l.-« ;  n  Ai//,  klnii;  ^)  iiActHf/, 
II  kua'  tat.sji. 

Miivth,  kad'  Ini  ;  ^i  (./(oi  rA<  wnuth,  <i  ka'  had  ;  /n  -hut  tli<  mouth,  n  kiiK  ho'  sidi ;  irilh  lln' 
mouth  piirsiil  (//i,  as  to  hat  I  tiiiil;  k/kh  lijiiud,  a.s  kad  as*;  thi  mouth  o/,i  riiir,  (>'  lot  siil, 
Tliis  won!  iiiViiM  fioiiii'  iiiiiiiii.^  siHiiilaiiniis  ;  as  kad  a.x,  as  xliown,  iiii-aiiH  o/uh  tip- 
}i<il,  shoirimj  the  lath,  a  triiii  aiipiifaliii'  to  thr  knmnii  nil  (ijvomyH) ;  nkad'h;  thi  hniiy 
tdiliil  ml  [iiroldmo),  iiwii  llii'  jiini  sijuinil  (sciuru/i].  ^k.id  /il.  All  iIicm',  and  I'sprriallv 
till'  liist  two,  aro  iiotoiioiis  lliif\  I'S,  ska' d.i.  It  would  lliiiilon.  -.itih  at  lia^t 
pro'iabli'  that  llif  aniiiiais  took  tluir  naiiir>  lioiii  llnii  |irii:liai  rimloiiiiatinii,  and 
tlicir  liahits  sii;,'i;i'sti  d  till'  iiaini'  winch  has  lliiis  (ihiaini  d  lor  Ihiii'.  I'm  thri,  llm 
piacliii'  of  i'oiirtslii|i  ainoiit;  voiui),'  Indians  is  lor  thr  lo\i  i'  to  lir  with  Ins  kwitI 
lioart,  skiids,  hi/  stmlth,  wIiimii'i-  o  kad  d.ih,  n  Knd  didi,  wo  kiid  diili  nkh,  tfi  courl  or 
moke  III !•<'  to;  tii  skiiil  iliih,  (;*/»(/»/;*(/ ;  and  dr' htl  skiid  uiili,  <i  liimlinil  or  rhild 
u-ilhout  nrogn'ncd  fiithrr.  I''inall.\ ,  llii'  Haiiic  loot  is  i'oiiiid  in  skod  /a  Nkw',  soilmin/, 
and  in  skud  /a  laht'  hii,  ciinivali'iil  to  thi'  ['"irnrh  Imuiirf. 

Morr  [to  mnkv  room),  d/,iikli  t/iit  r   /"  mnn  frum  phur  t"  jihui ,  ;,'\v  il>li  ^jwil-li. 

Miiih.     Si'f  "  Miiiiif  ". 

Muililji.  icit,  as  lukw,  as  Ink wa  diih  ;  to  lirroinr  iiiiiddi/.  In  ti'wk'  o  hil,  Ins  Ir'  o  hil,  ol  liii- 
imil  dull. 

Mnir,  livkw-gwil-dc'  (lif-kw  kvvil  la  di,  hiiinns). 

.1/1/,  ^ntl  at  sa  {luloniiiiui  to  mn,  tid,  sli.  shed,  (t'l'rii.)  snl  ;  mi/  horni,o\\{\  at  sa  sti  a  ki-'  \n  ; 
1  think  .\o  [SO  wi/ /if(ii7),  as  is' la  tid  linlrli  ;  I  iim  ijhul  [ijUul  my  hunt),  o]H\\  lid 
liiitcli  ;  »i///riVHf/,  .shida' slitid  ;  »»// /kx/sc,  shed  a' i.d  ;  (»///((/(,  scd  ihii;;\Mi>li.  Sli 
ajipears  to  lu>  tlio  luclix  in  adilrcs'.iii;,' or  spiakin;;  of  niali'  rrlat  ivi's ;  s,  wlmli  is 
the  fcininiMi'  prcli.x  also,  in  spcakiii;,' of  or  to  tcinali's,  c,  </.,  had,  /ii/Zirr  ;  sha' ha, 
mil  fiilhcr  ;  skoi,  mother;  sa' ko,  «ii/  mothvr  ;  k('\a,  i/niiidmolhi  r  ;  Kckc'.sa,  ii'i/ 
ipdndmothtr  ;  ka-sc',  h/kVc  ;  Nliukiisc,  my  unch,  iW.     i^ic  ''■  li'i  lulioiishiiis". 

Mytludoyiiitl  fhnrm-tcvs.  TIh'I'o  i.s  sonii>  (■oiidision  as  to  tin'  idi'iilily  and  olliri's  ol  thr 
jiriiicipal  pt'rsiiiiaj;fs  rci-oj^ni/fd  hy  thr  dilTi'iiiil  trihcs,  thoiij;li  tho  svslmi  is  siih- 
stanlially  till' .saiiio  with  all.  Tho  most  ini)ioiiant.  ainoii^' llir  N'iskwallics  is  8h» 
kwalin,  thr  Moon,  who,  in  conrorinity  w  itii  1  Inii  ideas  and  liahits,  is  the  i  Idci  hiollicr 
and  .siipi'iior  ol'  Klo' kwatl,  ^/(c  .S'»»,  hot  li  having  hren  hoinol  a  uoniaii  without 
llio  inti'rvi'iition  of  a  tatluT.  The  relation  to  these  of  Dokwihatl,  tlieSka^;it  luiil 
Skyhwainisli  deity  (so  to  speak)  is  nneertain.  Ily  some  he  was  lepiesenied  to  me 
as  the  ehief  of  all,  lioldin;,'  the  same  rank  wjili  the  Ika'nani  of  the  'I'sinnks, 
Amotekeii  of  the  Flatheads,  and  Time'hn  of  the  ."^pokaiis.  liy  others  he  was  eiiii 
lonndedwith  IIwiiii  iie'.  8I0  kwalin  is  the  Spaka'  ni  of  the  I'lat  heads,  e.«-epf  Miaf 
fhe\,  like  some  other  trihes.  thon^^dit  the  siin  .iiid  moon  to  he  the  same,  or  at  least 


n 


il 


tH 


j,Mvc  tliiMii  til.'  Miitin"  n.imi'.  Ilwiiii  lit',  llmi  iir'.  en  \],<i\  i|..'  ii  ptiili.ililv  tli"  sai-if 
lis  Ihi'  I  l;il'  I  |i;l-«  111'  till-  'l%iiiill>.  Ihf  S|.il'  WH  <it  (lie  lil.UlU.ilM  ,ltiil  Silicli  li>|i  iif 
llii'  ri.illHMils  (^/i,  iDiiirii  iri,l>  ,,  :i]i,\  ii,-^  llii'  Sun' ,111  (/</i(/(/(r)  ot  tlir  S|Mik;tiis  ;  tin- 
\M'-'I<T1I    lf|p|i'Mlil,ill\r    ol     M.||i.»lto/,lii),    Ihc    (iliMl    Willie    ||.in-iit     1  111-   A  lyiillKlllN. 

I'miii  tlirii  rtlaliiMis  \iitli  llii'  Inlics  IhmhhI  llic  ('.i>c.it|i'  MihiiiIjiiik,  ilir  ii.imic  o; 
S|.ll.\;ij  in  iiM  f.iiliili.ir  ti)  111!'  Nl-k«:illic.s  ;iii(l  Siiimii,  |i.  (he  SU.iuit.s  ami  Sk\u|iii 
iiiisli,  ikH  Ihfir  own  nmnrs  loi  lliit  fliiiniitcr.  ainl  rvfii  iiiinf  ;.'<'ii<Tiill\  iis«<|.  I'Ih' 
II. mil'  iiC  Hull  (If  or  Hull  111-'  js  viiv  inoli.ilily  ilriixid  riinii  liml.  //(<,  wlnrli,  ari'iinliii;,' 
til  siiiiif  iKTiiiiiitH,  ho  iiitnidiii'i'il.  Il  n  nut  a  naitii-  lor  the  aiiiiiialH  iiicnliniii'il,  as 
till- III lu'iM  ai'c.  Skittaiii  wax  a  Iriii.iii'  wlnisc  lioiisi'  was  in  tin-  wi'st.  anil  \\  lio  cii'alrd 
|ii'f<fili'iiri' anil  i's|M'cially  till- .siiiall|M>\.  Slit- r.inkiil  im'M  in  |h)mit  tn  lluiiiiiif. 
Ii.v  "liiiiiislii"  was  ili-Htnn I'll.  Tin'  \  aiimis  ili'inmis  w  jiu  iicnplnl  ilir  luiini'val 'mmIiI 
ail' ralliil  .S'liiii  am  (Nisk.),  Si  a  \i' Imli  (.SUa^'it).  Tlii'  Ni.skwalli  naiiic  ainwars  to 
liivi'  till'  N.iMH'  orijiiii  as  Hi  ali,  i>r  s>  ii:u,  rhiif.  Tlii'.v  cnrrcsimnil  to  liii' T'siiiiik, 
rli|i  tilikuin.  Ill' " ///Ai^  fiiiipU",  i.  v..  iiriintiiiij  niiiiil.inil.  Alliolic  llinii  air  Sliwiii 
iilvW  (//((•  sniiili.  till'  'I'.it  111  iili'a  III  till'  Klik.itats,  ii  iiiiinntic  oi/riss  ;  .M'.s  jii;;  v\a  ar 
'Awii  \\i\,/ri(ililn  or  iiinnxli  rx  ;  tlii'  K"  ak  \va  staiiiiiukli,  a  imv  <•/  piijmiiH  ykillid  in 
lishiiifi  ;  Kr  III'  Miiii'«li  iir  ki'  lii'->aniisli,  iiiniif  Inniliis  of  Ihr  jiminildiiis,  mil  nuinrr- 
iiiis  iitlii'is.  Ti  Mill  Ilia  is  till'  s|iiiit  wliii  ihi'miIis  iivit  };(iiii1  tint  ii  tie  ui  lurk  nl'any 
kinil  (Skc  lal  i  Inil).  T.sc'  at  kn  arc  a  rai  r  sJipimscil  still  to  i\i^t.  Iiaiintin^'  lisliin;.'- 
^'Kinmls  ami  ran yin;,'  nil'  s.iIiikih  .mil  .\oiiii^'  ^;irls  at  iii^lit. 

N. 

.Wdilii  {iif  JiiKjiis  mill  tins),  k.-iik  tal'kV'i'-clii,  kii-kwa'  clii. 

i\ails  (fin-  liiiitnh),  t>ns  liid.     Si'f  '•  lln)iiiiiir'\ 

Xitkiil,  as  la'  ;c\vit  sa. 

A'liHir,  s'lla'.  sM.is,  H7(((^  is  i/oin-  naniif  ^wM  kwatsMa'?  W'lnil  is  liis  name?  f;uat 
kwi  s'llas,'      lit  iiiniK,  Id  niri  a  iKimc,  ii da' at  siii. 

A(ii'(7,  lilal'  fjwa. 

A'rur,  cliiclit.  Ciiiiir  iinir  (imp.  ailv.).  cliicht  elm.  A'ko///,  liwr'-Ialil,  /.  r.,  not  fit  r 
\  fnnn  |. 

A'ci'A,  tlii\  kai  nlvii'  kwa,  asjailsli ;   Ihruiil,  ^kap-.■^lll).     A'l  cA/dcc,  Jail  .sliil). 

Aivilli;  init>,'  lilt,  iiailsti'il,  tola-la'  iniil.  Mnl  luulli;  klakw  tiil.  Tu  .sor,  ti  pat  sti'il. 
Thtiitil,  ij.  v.,  sukli-jiiit.s  (for  Ihv  iitnlli). 

Xiiilh,  III,  ail  /,  •'  iikii  1,  (list''  a  kml. 

A'(  I.     Si'c  "  ('((/(■/(",  "  rishiiiij  ■',  "  Knot  ", 

A(  (■(/•.  hi'il  (In  \i\.  Iiwi'  put  lieil. 

A"(ir,  klani,  kin'  wiit. 

M:llil,  klakli,  sklakh,  sl.ikh  lid  sklakli  lifl ;  ilarh;  sklakli;  nrniii.:/,  .slatla'lic;  miil- 
niijiit,  asilat,  isilat;  ((/  /(/(//(/.  iil  ki  ^.il  slakiriii-l;  /«.s/  liiiiht,  to  tlakli';  In.st  nifiht  at 
miiliiiijht,  istiit-lakli' isli-tlat';  /-MUf/A^  a'tisaikli'-licl.  Tomotrow  niijhl,  tla  ilato 
of  sliikli'lii'l.  Vnii  lull-  lit  niiiht,\\.i' iiwo  talla' ln-l  {lomj  since  niijht).  Sot' iiimIit 
"  "■(//■'  lor  iclatioiis  of  VkjIiI  and  (/((//,■. 

A'(»,  )i.i',  liwi-'.  ('(iMi'Di'Mis,  Iiwi'  kwJNtah,  /i(-^//(H(/  (IVoin  kwi,  (7,  and  stfil),  a  Ihinii);  liwi'- 
kwij:;wat,  liwo'-kwikwiul,  ho  one,  nohoih/  (litiin  }jwiit,  kwad,  ;r/i(») ;  liwt' lacliad, 
Hoirhiir  (fnnn  chad,  irliiri);  liwc' la-iii,  d/i/m.sV,   not  fur  \  from]  ;  hwt''-la-lr'l,sli,  .sviixi 


(Iriini  III,  li  I,  ^ii    ;  liHc  li  I1.1I.W,  „,,t  l«nn  mtlil  (rroiii  h.il.w.  I,;i  nml  hy) .  hwr  |.i  k.i  , 
(Ki/  miiiiy :  li«c  la  U.mI.  h.i^  oi'tni    imrii  ka,  tmiiiv;:  Uwv  l.i',  Ho(hiM>i  ^froiii  la,  rA<i(i; 

||\M'  a.H  !•.'  ta.   Hut  Ml  Jlillll  IIM  l«  til,  ,«i'. 

.V...<;i,  la'  ;:iMit,  ta   kwiit,  la'  la  i^wnl. 

.\niih.   s.f  ••  n'lH-r*. 

.\<>««',  iiiiik  s'li,  milk' MJiiil ;  ^/i/  huh K  Uii  tin-  rinw  oriMvirH/,  as  Im  nl  In'  nkM  ilViiiii  asln, 
fi  /i<>/« ).  Iliiok  iiiixfil,  i\n  liti  clia'  liiM  ;  hniij  nimiil,  liaiU  kiis  ;  piuj  M<»Jlr(^  iin  kalk<i ;  ^(fiil 
w<Wf/.  as  liii  |ll•lk^^;  «(»*^i/*,  as  Id' |(>  (fmni  as  In',  n  Aufi ).  7",i  nip,  f/ic  oox..  .luU  i- 
k'k  siiil.      Yfiii  iniir  till'  Hiixr  iiniiuiii  tit,  as  lm  .sIhIim  k's  clmkli. 

Xotrhiil,  iliiiliil,  as  lull  kwa'  had, 

Sittliinii,  fur  iwthinij  (in  llic  si-iisc  <i|  irith«ul  jiiii  jms, .  Jri'tii  tun,  tuiomil!/,  iinilui 
liiUMly),  iilso  irorlhliHS,  \int  lall.  //  i.i  itntliiiiij  In  iiii\  pal  lall  al  itt  Ha.  /  iriiit  11111,11/ 
liiiiilhlnii,  ]iat  lall  11  liai'  nil.  Ymi  ,,ii,t,  nnhj  {i.  /..  iiinitrissiiriln  mi),  a'l  cliil  |iai- 
lall  iliil.  The  woni  lia.s  apiLiicTiIlN  il.-flla  m.il  in  ,il  \,\,tit  vmnv,  and  is  olti'n  a,sH(i 
cialiil  Willi  la  liais  fa,  la  licsl,  inidristiind  In  ^nlll!>  tn  iiiiii.  III-  (/(I  iritliiii't  inir 
pour.  I'al  lall  chid  la  li.ii.s'ta,  /  ntmv  fur  luithiiitj,  /mm  iinn  nninsilij,  nr  out  of 
iilhniHH.  8f<'  ''  (inoil  hi/c".  Thill  liorxi-  ix  nut  <i  IniiJ  iini;  lial  ftliakf'^Mi  liwc'  la 
patlatl. 

Xoir,  a  tc'  I'll. 

Aiimn-(il.i.  The  canliiial  iiuniliris  in  Ihis  as  in  niaii.\  ullnr  l.iii;;n.i;:i's  n<>i  icmlini'd  In 
Anicrica  arc  nuidifk'd  accmdin;,'  In  the  <ili|i-ci.s  lo  he  ccniiilrd.  Sn  (,ii  as  mi 
iHiliccd,  however,  the  tli.sliiielinn  in  the  Ni.sk  walls  is  c.inliiieil  In  two  classes,  whnli 
ina.v  l)c  Ictined  HinipU' cardinals  and  cardinals  nf  value.    In  eerlaiii  (illnr  lanKiia^es, 

it  iscanied  to  a  reinai  liable  extent,  iiidical  in;;  nnt  rel\  the  idean  sl,\led  It.v  Htniu' 

writers  mtblc  and  ifjnoltle,  aniinale  and  inaniin.ite,  Init  llmse  of  len;.'tli,  rorni,  and 
sncli  citnditioiiN  of  existence.  The  Milijcel  has  Itecn  noticed  in  Sinithsdiiian  Mis- 
cellaneous Collecticiis,  No.  ICll.  App.  It.  It  is  nnliirliiiiate  that  thcinipiii.N  in  the 
present  case  was  not  pushed  wiieii  the  niateri.ils  lor  this  woik  were  eolleeted,  as 
it  remains  iiiM'ertaiii  whelher  other  objects  tliaii  inoiii\  are  iii(  bided  in  ihe  second 
lorin,  or  whether  other  roiiiis  cxi.sl,  I'alhcr  .Mcii;,'ai  ini,  in  his  (liainiiiar  of  the 
.Seli>li  {.Shea's  I.int;iiistics,  No.  111.  sa.Nsof  the  nnnibc^s,  "The.v  are  duplex,  one  set 
relating,' to  lhiii;;s,  the  other  to  persons",  and  k'^cs  the  diyits  aecordinj;l>.  It  is 
thcrel(jre  inobable  tli.it,  as  the  two  lan;,'iia;;cs  aie  ol  one  slock,  thi'  same  niuiibcr 
e.\i,sts  here,  but  it  is  noticeable  that  the  sel  iclaliii;,'  to  pei.sons  ;,Mven  by  him  cor- 
responds to  that  n.sed  by  thi'  Niskwallies  lor  money,  whereas  in  Ihe  Niskwalli  (lie 
simple  cardinal  seems  to  be  applied  to  men.  It  is  a  remnrkable  circumstance  that 
the  ailjective  si;;n  an  is  often  ]irelixcd  lo  these  numbers,  show  iny;  an  instiiKrtisc, 
alllion;;li  doubtless  an  iincoiiscions,  idea  of  their  place  anion;,'  Ihe  parts  of  speech. 
The  .system  of  eiiiiineration  was  evidently  iinin.iry,  and  has  },'ra'lnally  a.ssumed 
u  more  decimal  form,  the  tendency  to  contraction  and  eliaii{;eH  Irtun  other  ciiiiHeH 
obliterating,'  the  deiivalioiis  of  the  .second  from  the  (irsi  live  di^jits.  The  ori^'iual 
root  in  the  name  of  /ui/yrc,  s'liu' lat-chi,  still  leinaiiis  in  the  words  lor  xi.r,  lujlit, 
ticint<j,  ami  the  succeeding;  tens.     The  di;,'its  are  as  follows  ; 

.Siniplc  cioiliiiiils.  CiUiliiiali  nt  valiH-. 

1,  as  (li!t'-clio,  dm' eho,  die clt.s. 

H,  as-sa' Ic,        sa' lew,  sla  elts. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


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I.I 


1^ 


IIM 

2.0 


1.25 


U    111.6 


V2 


/2 


VI 


e. 


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<w- 


c%. 


~  4 


O 


A 


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Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


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33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY    14S80 

(  716)  873-4S03 


■1. 


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iV 


I 


I  ! 


: 


:M() 


Hini|ili'  ciriliiKilH. 

3,  as  klikliw,    kirkhw, 

4,  lIH'llOS,  lllW, 


0. 

7, 

9, 
10, 


tHil'  lilts, 

&/!■'  la'ilii, 

|.-iiks, 

I'kii'clii, 

JlWIll, 


CiiriliiinlH  or  vnlnn. 
klfliwOltH. 
llllS  fits. 
tNlilt>cltS. 

t1/.!al('ll  rlts. 

t'silU   M'llM. 

I'kil'  rlii  cits. 
llWIll  (Its. 


Jill' tints  (HkiiHit,  <i' pun),  pa'ilats  «'ltH. 

Tli*^  intvrint'iliati'  iinnilxrH  follow  in  this  wi.so:  11,  pa' iliits  ikki  diit'clio;  l:*, 
pa' iliits  ik  ki  sa' Ic;  L'tt,  sa' la  ilii ;  .'to.  klc  liwut  ciii ;  l(t,  s'lnos  at«-lii ;  .Vl,  sr  la' clii- 
sa'  clii  ;  till,  s»'  la'  clii  a'  rlii ;  7<l,  »'Mik  ,sa'  ilii ;  Xi,  s't  ka  tliia  clii ;  '.Hi,  ^'Inviil  a  (hi; 
KM),  Mini  kwa  clii. 

Till'  rollo\\in(;  \vrr<>  obtained  as  applicalilc  to  (-(uinliM;;  men,  lint  tli*'  piclix  til 
is  ciTl.tiiilx  not  ahva\s  pn'st>i'vr(l,  and  ilofs  not  lii'loii^  to  tins  sort  of  classillfation. 
Si'i-  ninUr  "I'uMt  sii/n".  It  ic(|iiir»'s  farther  ••xaniinat  ion  to  decide  npoi:  the  radical 
character  of  Iho  tcniiination  :  I  /«'((>(,  tiidad  clio ;  J  mc/i,  tii  sa' le ;  <i  mrfi,  tiit'lc'- 
liwal  li ;   t  uiiii,  til  lios  al  li. 

It  does  not  appear  tl'i!  measures  are  counted  as  nionevs.  c.  f/.,  to  mmsiDT, 
hai  kwa,  or  Imnls,  Inf  tin  ftithum,  tiis  ko'kwid.  1  /iitliinn,  t'hii  dail  (dio;  "•  /alliums, 
nVha'  Ink  hid -,  HI  J'nthnmH,  sa' leal  a  kid  (tiro  IuukIh),  tfis  pe'pa-dats.  To  miUMure 
hfl  till   i/ri»(/,  kwi  dell  tall.     'M\  i/intls,  slehwntclii  stuk  wiili;   Id  yanls,  lios  itelii 

Ntllk   Willi. 

Ill  the  followiiifj,  it  wouhl  noj'iu  that  while  days  are  not  counted  with  luoneyc, 
iiKUiths  are.  The  instances  are,  however,  too  few  to  (generalize  upon  :  Tlirrr  iIiij/h 
I'loiii  f/iiN,  lii'sle' hwati  dal ;  four  iIiii/h  from  ^/n'.v,  lios  all  dat  ;  Jin  tlnyit  frnm  lliiM, 
Islets  atl  dat ;   tlirir  moiitlm,  kle  hwelts  slo  kwalm. 

Numeral  adverlis:  ttmr,  n'cha' liokli ;  ttricr,  tsaliali' a  hii ;  llirrr  timrs,  kle- 
liwal'  la  hii;  Jour  liiiun,  mils  at'  la  liii;  Jirr  tiiiiiH,  'slat  sal'la  liii ;  nir  tiiiirs,  dzlat- 
clii  at'la  |iii ;  Krrc;i  tiiiiiM,  t.^ok  sat  lahii;  riijlit  tiiiirx,  t'ka  clii  atla  liil ;  nine  timrs, 
liwnl  at  la  liii  ;  tin  timrs,  pa  ilats  at  la  hii. 

(). 

tliir,  hek  hold  (hiij  piuliUr). 

()/,  hrliiiiijiinj  to,  netl,  iiwtl,  jjwiitl.     The  possessive    larliele.     ,l/r/A»W".v  horsr,  ;;etl  Mel- 

ked  sti  a  ke'  ,M1.     Inilinn  iiotiilois,  (^ull  ats  il  tei'  inn  ,spe'  o  kots.     Tliitt  is  not  mini, 

hwc  la'  Kiitl  at-sa.     CoirU  mill;,  (;wull  k\\ist  skiili-o'. 
OJI',  hr  kJV,  iiinii/  with  ijon,  ijo  on,  lii'wil,  Ik 'w  il-cliu  li'  'uil  (imp.  adv.).     See  •ToM/tii"*". 
Ojl'sli.'rr,  kill)  ojY.     See  ".>/((»»(•". 
OJ'trn,  ka,  kads  (miniji  timrs  liciiijj  understood).     /  liiirr  ojtrn  Inrn  to  Olywiiia,  kad  tels- 

okli  tiid  SiK'  (HAS.     .l/((H.i/  timrs,  ka  lial'  la  liii. 
Olil  {oj'  nil  II),  lo'  lull ;  {oj'iniiiniils),  til  .-ak  (alilir.  o'tiis  a'  lin);  {oj' things,  iih  riot  liihfj,  irorn), 

as  liwoUli  w'l,  swlinkt.     See   '•  ll'in/i  nut",     (If  oUI,  nlil  /i'/kix,  Ins  aj/o.     See   "/■'<»•- 

Mlf  (7//". 

(hi,  i/yiiiM  (ill  the  sense  of  d/mi'i ),  sliishuU'h,  shika'duits;  as  to  position,  ill,  al;  on  tin' 
monntiiin,  nl  shi  sk«a'  tatsh;  (»»»  onr  siilr,  kle  I.eds.  See  "Siili".  As  to  time,  al; 
(1(1  thi  thini  iloji,  al  sl('  liwati  dat.     Sec  ^'OnJ'oot,"  ''(hi  hnrsihnrl,  ", 

(tiir.     See  ".S'nmiriils". 


JKk 


:;4i 


Oiu's  ml/,  s\i\{\.     Til  intiusc  oik'h  ml/,  «liill  li.i' li.ul.     7'.-  maU   iiji  om's  »»;/n/,  sliiil  ha- 

cliiil). 
(hur  {iiiii-  liiiii ,.  ii'clia'  Imlili.     (hiir  on  «  time.  Sfc  '•/■'(■chk  i7,,/". 
(fiiljly  Init,  iJiijil.  <iai,  <liii  111'.  «li  •■'.      Somn  hii'ir.s  hut  I.  Iiwi'  l.«i  nwilt  :i  sh'hI  lill  <l;ii  ili 

•■I'  s;i.     Tlifiv  n'«'iii.s  It)  111'  no  eoiiiu'ctiiiii  <'l  hIims  IicUmimi  lliis  and  ilai.  />i(,s« »////. 
<>liiii,  III,  (1  nuk,  (ink  kill' hidtliilt;  pik  MiitlH  (imp.).  "/'<"  ;    as  ^iik,  iis  };iik,  (>/»«»  (adj.); 

o-Kiik  kiili, /i<  (/(((»•   uit  [IIS   till    iniilhii);  s"t;nk  kil,  iliiiiliijlil  ;    as  cnk  ki'l,  (.((/ia/iiii//, 

lirifilit  ;   unkli  lull,    ^^    undv,   unHlrinij  ((in  it  hitir),   lnom  ii    iis   c   iIiiuk.      Set-   mnlcr 

"Miiittli". 
(Iliiiiioit.     St'f  "//»((»7". 
(tiila;  iiiinmiiiiil,  otlalt,  nt  Im  «U''  kuitl. 
Olhii:     Svv  '■'IHfirnit". 
nut,  DUt  iloofs,  oiitxiili,  sliallu'kliw,  slial  hi '  iikli.     (i«  «m/,  In'  wil  In  slial  lnMiw.     7'«  ;/<» 

nut,  o  sllrd-zul. 

(hititt  o/ a  rivir,  e'  lot-«itl. 

Onrlliiir,  to,  <i  jats'. 

P. 

7'(///«//(,  li.ilil  ;  lick  liolil,  fx/r  (ln'k,  l>i;i);  liidi  ti,  f/((  onli  (pii<l(ilfiroo<l);  lio  liolttti  koll, 
ntitiiil  II ml  siili  lin.1  '/'./I'./i. 

rant,  imntinij,  ns  j;c  kwaklil,  sup  M>p  (li.v  onomii). 

I'nutuloims,  \i'  lamtNiMi,  >i'llii'-ltit  sliod. 

I'lipti-,  initiuij  ,  ij.  r.  (Ilnnrt'd  or  sjk dt'd,  sco  "Nmliroiihr"). 

I'liit  o/tniiithinii,  il  liwiill,  li'oni  (i  Ir.vntl.  to  In-ml;  or  siimnilc, 

J'axl  xiiin,  r,  to,  111.  Tin-  idea  ol  past,  wln-iln-r  in  coriiHrlion  wilii  tin'  vcitt,  adviili,  or 
otiiiT  words,  is  convc.vt'd  l>.v  (liiN  picllx,  wliicli,  liowcvcr,  wln'ii  n)nil>iin'd  witii  pro- 
nouns, iindfr^joi's  various  ino(lili<'aIions,  sncli  as  tuts,  stuts,  &c.  O-.vai  iin, /»  irorl; ; 
tuyai-us,  hf  trorkid ;  o  la' liit. /<»  (i(rr  ,•  ta '.-la  la  Itil  sliid.  /  viif  .•  o  oUli, /<i  </<» ;  stiKs 
oos,  y  mill;  tollakh,  asli  till  lakh,  luxl  iiiijlit ;  to  dall-ilat,  ijisUnlon  :  Insa'^o, 
In  sak,  ((/■  ()/(/,  old.  In  soiin;  ni.scs,  thf  pa.sl  si^n  i.»*  idioinalirall.v  tianslfiri'd  rioin 
the  novcriiiii",' verb  to  a  sncccrdin^' one;  as.  / /kicc  r/(iHc /((^'m/,  oho' vo  tils  nlld. 
Tn  also  apiicars  as  a  pivti\  to  ci-rtain  nouns;  as,  ins  Inidsh,  ii  liitr  :  Ins  kad  diili.  «i 
Hliumpii ;  taska'-da,  a  thiif;  tnl  slali,  ijooih ;  In-dad-clio,  one  \muii\;  Inis' Ic'- 
liwal  li,  Ihri'i'  \mvn\ ;  Itiit  its  im-anin;;  in  this  coniicclioii  is  not  t-xpl. lined. 

7V<)y)/«  (//<»mi/i(x),  at' sil  It-r  inn,  at' sil  li'l  lin,  i.  c,  Imlinns.  Tlif  w. ml  is  used  in  Urn 
[•liiral  a.s  regards  poisons,  hat  MiiTC  is  also  a  plural  I'orni,  als'  «'ls  il  lil'  inn. 

The  word  piopU;  in  the  sciiso  of  a  class,  or  as  a  ra<r  or  Irihi-,  i.s  ronvf.M-d  hy 
lh<>  sndix  iiiish,  variously  inodilit'd  into  in'sli,  liisli,or  hsh  ;  i-x.,  Swiil cliaiish,  piopli: 
liriiiij  on  the  m-it  xhorv,  Iroin  hwnltsh.  thv  m»  ;  Stak  ta  inish,  Skiii  liwa'  iiii>.li  (loin- 
iiioniy  writti'ii  .Skywaniish). /xo/)^  lii-lmj  inlaiul,  lioin  lak  or  stak  and  skaikli, 
inliuiil;  Slo'  Ink  hwa  iiiish  (usually  spelt  Sliliuwainish),  linrinoiili;  rrinn  «to'  Inkw, 
itrini-  (these  last  arc  names  of  tribes  liviii;;  back  Innn  I'np'l  Sound);  Sa ma' 
inish.  Ha-ha'  bish,  propir  iivhuj  Ifj  huHtimj,  rroin  Sa'  me  na  (Ska«it),  so  ol.de  (Ni^|<-)i 
((  hunlii;  an  appellation  j{iveii  with  some  vari-Uion  to  hands  in  dillcrent  localities. 
It  is  apparently  also  the  mcaiiiiiK  "i  Swa'dabsli,  the  Niskwalli  name  lor  the 
Klikatuts  and  Yakama.s.  'I'lic  terminal  ion  bdon^'s  |o  a  very  coiisiih  iihlc  iiiiinber 
ol  otliiT  VribcM,  the  Mignilicalioii  ol   whose  names  cannot  be  traced,  m  are  inciily 


i 


1 

r 


m 

f  'i 


:M2 

Ideal.  Tliis  is  tin-  <ms<'  with  the  Nisk\v:tllifs  f liciitsclvcs  (Sl<\vii'  li  a'  tiiisli),  tli« 
Itwa'iiiisii,  Nii'So' lii|i>li,  Sl%()'|ia' riiisli,  vS'c.  ]<ii  lo'-siiaisli  or  Ki  Id' sa  iiiisli  is  llio 
iiaiiif  of  Olio  of  the  ilcaioti  raivs.  'i'lit'  partirlc  iiiIh  or  inV,  oi-caHioiiallv  |iroli\i'il  to 
luopi'i'  naiiics,  iiiav  lie  only  aiiotlicr  form  of  llic  aliovc,  as  in  Mis  kai'  livvii,  tlir  mime 
III'  (I  (nhf  on  till-  Sl^dijil  (SLii  jil}  Uircv  ;  M's  jii;;\va,  n  rtiiin  mnnsters.  AiiollitT  pic- 
li\  oflfii  occnriiiiK  in  tlic  iiaincs  of  trilics,  the  ilcrivation  anil  si^iiiilicain'c  of  whii^li 
I  laili'il  to  olitain,  is  nu,  niis,  as  in  Nils  klai  >  iiiii  (roiiiiiionl.v  callol  Klallain),  Niik- 
^ak   (Nook  salik),   Nils  kop,   Nu  so' liiiisli,   Niikli  liiiiiiiii   (Liiiiiini).     ^Sl'l'  '■/'/«(<.'<", 

I'lrliiips,  lifil  la.  a  iirtl  la  (itnplviiii;  iloiilif  or  disliclicf) ;  as  ♦'  it  mail  //c",  lio'la,  ho  o'-la, 
lid' ins,  ho  liikht  ;  pirhiiiis  he  is  miiiiii;i,  ho  Ills  kiiila' «)-kliit('li'il  iikliw  ;  pniKijis  [ 
irill  iji>,  ho  liiklit  klo  okli.     Si'c  '•  //'". 

I'rtliioiil  (the  fiin;;til  ilirss  ori;;iiiall_v  worn  liy  woiiicii),  s'lhinl  /ub,  klc'tl  pikw,  yd  a- 
wakli.  Tiiis  last  woiil  is  prohalily  a  coi'iiipiion  ol,  or  iiiloptcd  from,  the  'I'siniik 
word  kal  a  kwa'li,  (((/((I  //*()/.,  Iiom  whiih  the  pellii'oal  was  ;;eiiei ally  made,  and 
which  ;(ave  it  its  name  in  that  laiii^iiai^e  as  well  as  in  tli«'  ".lar;;on". 

I'ick,  to  {/(iithrrs),  t\\  lilsh  tiili ;  f  pick  («  hiril),  twalsh  ehid  ;  to  pick  iqi  trilh  tviujs  or  slickii, 
IIS  II  foiil,  link  kcil.  link  ke'  ml.     See  "  <»<(//(t'»". 

I'iriTr,  run  iinythimj  into  oni ,  to,  sliii  liid. 

I'in,  tootliiiiik,  eliits-eliid  e.sli  Imd. 

I'lnrli,  to,  otsi-Ii'-kw  id. 

/'//»(•  {/or  sni'ikinij),  pakw  ;  n  lori/f  pipi,  pa'-kwiils. 

Vistol.     See"6'«»'. 

J'itrli,  ijiiiii,  risin,  kwa'  lill'li. 

/7«(c,  (I,  swa  tekliw  I'll.  Tile  word  lia.s  a  very  extended  sisnilieation.  It  moans  llio 
earth,  or  world,  the  ;;i()iind,  any  |>ariieiilar  spot,  the  siteof  a  lioii.se  or  villap',  alsit 
the  proper  place  of  an  individual  in  the  lod};e.  Many  names  of  places  and  their 
inhaliitants  present  the  teriniiiations  hii,  liwii,  niiiikh,  iS:''.,  deiiolinu  loviilitii,  as, 
for  instaiice.  .^-akli'  liiimalt'-hii,  the  i>ltir<  ol'  tlaniinii,  from  ^akh''llllIll,  a  iliiiur;  .Siio- 
kwal  niiyiikh  (commonly  wiiit.-n  .Siioi|iialiiiii^  or  Siio<pialiiioo),  n  trilx  on  the  niipir 
initirs  of  till'  Snohomish  It'irir  ;  .Min  kai-hwn,  <(  triltr  on  thv  I'lipir  Skinjit.  Tlie.se 
are,  in  all  prolialtility,  derivatives  ol  the  word  tiiiniiiekhw' or  tiimnie' liii,  ^/irMO'/At 
liinil,  II  pliiir,  now  ohsolete  in  the  Niskwalli  and  other  laii;;iiii}:es  of  I'npet  Hound, 
but  Htill  extant  in  the  She  liwap  iniikli  (Shns-hwiip)  of  l''ra/er  Kiver,  the  Kocalled 
at-iia  of  Mackenzie,  which,  as  the  most  northern  niemhcr  of  the  Selish,  may  be  con- 
sidered as  the  motlu'r  toii;;iu'.*     See  ■*  (iioiiriiphiail  niimis'\ 

J'ImiKtii,  thv,  a'-shnd  dikhl  (Nisk  );  liwiitta  dikhl  (Sky.),  "■the  ehiliCs  friend". 

I'liiit,  to.     See  "  Folil". 

I'Innk,  lioaril,  s'hiil  as. 

I'liint,  sow,  pida'-lekw, 

riiints,  herlis  (^jeneric),  skiflkh'  ho  dop;  the  steins  of  hiilhons  jihints,  dv.,  stobshalli,  thv 
miller  leiires,  kla'-de-el  li,  from  siolish,  «  niiin,  sklade,  ((  iroinini,  the  foriner  being 
considered  the  male,  and  the  latter  the  female  part  of  the  plant ;  a  Jloirer,  se  kai- 
siiii ;  the  skin  o/ u  hiilh  or  tuber,  klo  kw els  bid  ;  siiils,  kbit  te  tic'  wnt  ;  roots,  as  pud. 

*.\lii;i,  lU'niitliii};  l<i  Mr.  Ali'X.  ('.  Aiiilorsun,  II.  II.  11.  Co.,  in  lli«  laiigiiiiyu  of  llu'  Tukali,  or  (.'urririii, 

Hull  iKilllurii  III  if;lilii)iM.  nil  MII.1  MJiiiply  ".sliannt'i.'' 


!  'r'^l 


if 


.1  1  •> 
.)4.> 


Ktlildt'  plants:— l/fnV,  sdili'Is;  ll,<  hinins,  st'kwaii  (Nisk.),  sUlol  (Siioli); 
((»-niir /i((((/ (.v(i.'/i/'((»-t'((),  sjM'' oKots,  tilt'  iiaiiu- also  ;;ivi'ii  In  tlic  |MHalti;  inld  ltili)> 
(liliuin),  diu'lfkw  ;  tiijir  lilji  (I..  Voiimlnm),  tsa'  };\vit>li ;  irild  i;iin>t,  slia'  u^ik  ;  llic 
ciiltinitnl  ainiit,  y;iil  liwiil  tiiiii,  slia' naU.  i>r  irUitr  man's  nnrot  ;  ^/»/i//t.v,  di' ila 
liokli;  jiilUiiriUuk,  lalHtl  sa;  in<iiri(  lli'iKtlr,  s'linlli;  xiiiijlourr  tool,  kals;  ilii  million, 
hcholialli;  irihl  rrUrn,  skwiil  lulls ;  iiniinul  umiir  (llif  tiilttT  of  a  spccifs  of  niuisr 
tiiiii),  Imp  Imp  (Nisk.),  Imll  tli-'  (Sky.) ;  root  o/hndr/mi  (caUii  In  times  of  scan  ii.n  ), 
l.i<l(l)>. 

Mc<li<'iiial  Iwrhs-.—Srtflv,  tsinlsli,  s'liiidsli  (iisrtl  for  small  po\) ;  tliisth;  lia'  liall 
cliill  {III  iiromiitr  iniiixtnial  tlm'ltunii};    liiiiwriir/rnt  {i>nlin>»ilium    /W/ci^mh  ),  skliiflk 
(inivxiurtornnt);  .vdmi/r,  kik«l/,..' liap;  ilianinr  i  (spirwii),  kats  a' n«als,  ((^/.-<^(^»7/); 
yirlxi  hiiciio.ii  (//"i>Hm/-t(V,  so  calliMl  in  ("aMnniia,  Mot'lioilnp,  tr' lials  (us.-.l  lor 
ti-a),  wlii.  li  lallfMiami-alsd  isyivcii  torommoii  tea.     <'lii  clic'  iiits,  n  .•</()•»/./<//,  siml 
scnilril  plant,  is  also  »s«'(l  lor  tlio  saino  piuiMisi'.    Tlu'ii'  an*  a  niimlici  of  ollins  cm 
l.loycd   r.ir  <liirm'nt   ailiiuMils,  not   ivconlftl.      AiUutns  urn  iiisi,  skai'  wa  ilnts,  lliv 
UariH  used  far  smoLiiig. 

MisccliaiU'oiis  plants  :—.S'f./(»)'i()(r.s  mil  {xmilnr),  s' lio' ho  lop  ;  Solommi's  srnl 
(small  spt'cifs),  miitsi't.s'  da  liMl ;  Irilliiim.  slmklislm  lials  ;slmk'li,  ahon),  ka  Iol»  a 
s\\nU'\iU\.\'\n  (llir  ii/r  <>/  Ihf  ratih}  ;  coliiiiihinr,  tsiim  tsnni  ns ;  irilil  lira,  fliilsli  la'- 
liwats;  /m/)//i,  kwaii' sf  uts;  skunk  inltlmijv  {sijmi>li>iiiriius  kam.srlialriciis),  kOW  ;  (ji  m 
niiiiii,  Imtsliiil.s  at.s' ;  lununxmkU;  .vai  do  nts  (yi'  do,  a  xiriiiii) :  xornl,  Io'-ImHs;  ./(•(.-.s*, 
skwt'a  kwnl  11  (Nisk.),  sa'  li>vil  (Sky.) ;  "  nairyrasn  ",  liw. '  a  kt' ;  Jia.r,  ka  nwal'liw  ; 
,i(jni>^s  i,s,(l  forstirinii  main,  i^wus-.-oli;  snhjr,  s'lio'  pats;  .sail  stim  k/skIiji;  .s'hrks; 
trljirass,  kla'-liads;  raltail  rush  (/.(/;,/(«),  olal ;  luli  ruah,  kw.' kwals;  hraki/ini, 
cliii'lfsliirs  (IVom  clia'losli,  liaml) ;  wooil/irn,  s'ln'«las' ;  xmall  xaml  diuixihim,  ls<- 
ha'  led;  liijncouiifuHfti  (Krowiiit;  o"  tivcs),  pi- l-.l-kwad  ;  toml  slooh,  tsal;  limirorl, 
Ho'-yup  a  fiwuk  kf'  uk  (Nisk.),  wnkunk  alks  (Sky.),  litfially,  thr  f mil's  ajirou  ;  lirl, 
cnul  tnosscs,  k\vnd-/,al»;  Spanish  mosn,  \h>\\h'  {'Sink.),  sM<.'kwa  liisli  (Sky.);  //»(.((/«/- 
moss,  kofliai:  uround pine  {Ijirnpixlinm),  kct  In- cliaili. 

J'lau,  to  {to  amusr  lines  self),  o  clia'  a  cliall,  o  lia  had  sliid.     /  amusr  mjisvlf,  urn  jWdi/i/i//, 
shitMia  had  sliid. 

I'liasv  (some  form  of  sniudicatioii),  o  slia'  liit.s.     I'Icasc  to  till  nu;  mun,  o-shu'-bilH  .vet- 
sum  tolish. 

riiuljl,  viiouijh,  (/.  r.,  ka. 

i'ioufjh.  to,  liwt'  chi  (lop. 

J'liiik  out,  to  {nx  the  hair),  o  hut'  zo  sul>  (iroiii  sknd  yo,  hair). 

J'hiiiihaiio  {useil  for  pa'.iii),  pi  ckhl. 

I'oint  of  laud,  promontorn,  cape,  skwctsks  (Nisk.) ;  s.-lu'lks  (Sky.).     Oui  in  tin- forks  oj  a 
ririr,  skoal'  ko.     Point  of  a  knife,  wcdli;  .Ir.,  sf'  Inks.     J'ointid,  hwndsks. 

Poki,  to  (as  thrjiir),  o  klt';'tad.     Si-c  "'/'o  prick". 

I'ortaiii;  a,  stnkh o  jjwitl.     Sliikli  apparently  is  a  raft  or  other  (drntnictinn  in  a  river. 

J'otatocH,  Hp«''-o  kots  (llio.  root  oi'  saiiiltaria). 

Pound,  to  (as  srids  or  roots  in  a  mortar),  to'i)nd,  tse'  akw.     To  pound  irilh  slicks,  drum, 
otla'hwnddnli.     To  pound  r.,-  hammer,  olsall  hn. 

Pour,  nnptij,  spill,  to,  o  kwntl.     /  pour  out,  o  kwutl  eliiti  di".  iil^^o  o  kwull). 

/'()((/,  to,  ho  liai  nl  sid.     (See  ''Lijis"). 

I'ouikr.     Sec  "Gun". 


IH- 


m 


m 


;;44 

Pniirit ,  miifUiir,  111,1'  kwri'i,  lia'  I;«uiii.     .1  smiiU  }triiirii\  Imli-ii-kob. 

I'nfiniiiil,  lis  (l/i  '  (l/i  III  ',  lis  kw( '  iiUw.     Sci-  "'('iii-jiidt  iit"^. 

I'rvKciit,  v.rhlitiij.  al  siiis,  :il  mkIs.  a  n'.i.  I'or  tin-  use  of  tlicsn  worils,  sec  "  Tn  /«',  "  To 
liarr'\ 

I'nsdillji,  lila'  l.iil  filiiii.,  kla  lail  kli).  'J  lie  wunl  is  iiii(loiilito<ll>  (iiiiii  tlic  fuliuc  particle, 
kia,  kill,  (/.  r.;  jinxiiilli/,  I  irill  ijit,  kla'liul  da' cliiil  klo' nkli.  l)i;ifiv.vrivi:s,  kla- 
latsa'  la  kliiUl'liii,  la  liiil-lin  (iisfd  in  tin-  snisc  (pf  unit  a  littlr,  nftir  a  irliili);  liid'. 
Iiii  chad  III!  (ail  jdiciiiiatir  c\|ir»-ssiiiii  sci'iiiintrl.N  ci|iiivaii'iit  to  irlnil  is  iitmr  liKrii/f) 
(i|ii.  also  khils,  kliil  set,  xlnii ;  kliil  set  iik  seelisli,  Ktap  lailkiiiii);  liaakw,  la  liakw, 
kla'  kwii,  a  kalav  (liiiii.,  a'  kwi  lia'  kwi).  ]n  a  lilllv  icliilf  I  will  i/o,  da  chid  klo  okli 
liiiiikw.  (lire  me,  anil  prrxfiithi  I  irill  >'(7Hrn,  al<sliitH  <hii'<'liid  klota'shid  a'  kwi- 
ha' kwi.  I'll !i<  nil  I  I  irill  jiiii/  (/»((,  dai<'liid  tlo  ta' siid  a-kak\v.  See  under ''/'((r- 
mnlji",  a'  ;;o,  ha' nuo.  \c. 

Ill  the  M  li...  ol  "ill  fill  riinrsr  11/  till  tliiji",  a'  li  la'he,  to  (Uiy^  and  itRContriictitiim 
fire  used.  I'lis'iillji  /  (ri7/ /((//.•/«  _)/()»,  atila' he  klehahothol  twiil  dn;;\ve,  VtiK- 
tntlij  I  irill  ijiKU'Aix'An  vh\{  lo  okli.  f/o  /o(.s( «////,  dai-eiiu  klo-okh  tehh've.  I'liH- 
inllij  ire  will  tat,  lel-helsh  klal-la'  alld. 

iSV«)H  is  rendered  liv  li\v('la  lil,  hwe'lalesh,  not  fur  0(1',  or  hwe'  lahakw. 
/  I/O  Kiioii,  liwe'  la  Irish  ho  lokw.  The  above  words  are  tised  almost  indiseriiiii- 
nalel.v  ill  tlu'  sense  of  any  future  time  not  reiiidte.  l.»'l  or  lalelsh,  siroiigly 
aeeeiiled,  ex|>ressin;;  (li.stnnrr. 

'J'lie  panicle  d.i,  dai,  rarely  oceiirs,  exeejit  as  associated  with  some  fiitiiro 
luivcili,  but  its  exact  value  has  not  been  asceriaiiied.  It  usually,  if  not  always, 
preci'des  the  veiii,  and  serves  as  a  support  to  the  traiisleir«'d  pronoun.  Its  coiiii- 
lerparl  and  derivaii\  e  is  found  in  dakliw',  da'  liti,  Jmx^  wnr,  q.  v.,  and  it  forms  tlio 
root  of  the  word  da'  da  to,  t"  iiiorrnir,  aim  derivatives. 

I'riir.     See  ''Unrti  r". 

J'liil.-,  Ill  {us  iritli  If  pill),  oklel' lid,  o  ho' kot.  I  prick,  oho'kwut-sid'-cbid.  Also  to 
Itiil.r  llic  Jiir. 

I'ri^i;  III  (irilli  II  li  n  1),  o  had  ziit  bid. 

I'ropi rii/,  ijoiuls,  dc.     See  "77i(;/;/.v". 

Proml,  \i>\iU. 

I'liililli  (II  piKil  thill  ilriis  up),  as  tsiip'. 

J'liiliinlii,  till,  sowikhl',  stso'  will. 

J'lill,  tit  (w-  on  a  ropi),  tukhhod.  Tn  pull  thv.  hair,  e  la'-chid.  To  pnll  to  pirim, 
o  hunts  kii  tub. 

I'linijiiit,  spill/,  otlal'  kwiib. 

I'lirpusi,  list: ;  also  the  iustruiiienl  w  ith  which  aii.\tliiny  is  done  is  expressed  by  the  par- 
tide,  siikli,  sikli. 

Sikhhwo' Mini,  for  snlr,  from  oh\vo'.\iil>,  lo  Imrlcr,  si  II,  dr.;  sukhhutl  kwed, 
((  riKiir,  from  hwiitl,  /'*  sipiinitr,  and  kwed,  llic  Iniinl ;  siikh  a-fiwud-de,  ri  ,s(((/,  from 
gwnddel,  lo  .\(7,  sukhlia' kia,  7/(e  vrnlvhhnndlv  of  a  kamns  stick;  su  {.mi  },'Wi"ilt-hu, 
i(  broom,  perhaps  from  k«  athl,  to  throw  mniij  ;  sukh  ko'kwa,  a  1  up,  Ironi  o  ko'liwa, 
to  ilriiik  ;  sukliwt  sail'  liu,  n  hniiiiui  r,  Irom  ot  salt  liii,  to  pound  ;  siikhlelsh,  11  sow  ; 
8ukli  pats,  thrciiil,  from  pad  sted, «  lueillc ;  a  liel  kwi  .sukh  j?wul-lalt-8id  i  with  what 
dill  he  strike  yon  i  fixiin  o  ;^w  I'llal,  to  strike. 


'  f 


ill 


^ 


■■i 


:Mr> 


Purr,  lit,  liwal  i  (fit  (tlic  sniiif  as  snon),  \'\<ui\  t '  Int.  /nWo/'.  </.  r, 

I'lmli,  III,  «)  li.iil  iliiil,  t:t  lo'  Kwiils;  /m/v/ic/,  had  tiili,  hail  tied. 

I'tit,  to.  Tlicn-  striiis  to  bo  no  nt'iicral  woni  lor  the  uU-a.  To  i>ut  diniii  (iiiiitliiiiii,  o  lliils'. 
/  pitt  (iinii/,  o  lliihl'  shid.  7'"  put  nn  (us  n  lint),  o  tialsli'.  /  jiiit  «>(i,  o  Hals'  I'hid, 
o  Ulals'chid.  To  put  into  (.i.s  watif  into  tt  Imsiii)  o-dii;,'  uus,  iVoni  asdiikw,  in, 
irithin.  To  put  or  tliior  tiiiiilltinij  iislmn,  liwiiU  hud  In  laUl,  iVoin  o  liwiil' laid,  to 
tlnoir,  ip  r.  To  put  ainnj  a  irifr,  iil.  To  put  tloini,  o  Ian'  sliiis.  To  pnt  tli<  hnnii 
H/»  ((/.s /(»  ^/ir /i(<((/).  as  pi  tif't  sill).  To  put  out  the  tonijut,  on  (.rprisxiini  of  iliniri; 
klal  Irk-Miiub,  IVuiii  klalltip,  the  tonijnt. 

(JufHcli,  til  tlifoir  initrr  on,  kvvotli''  chid. 

(,»»/(•/.•,  alkh,  atlallh  (iin|>.  of  iitla,  to  conn),  !iai  iiU'  lo. 

(Juivtr,  to.     Sec  to  "  /i'(»(7.". 

It. 

Ilaiii,  sk.il.     //  ruins,  o  kalh,  skulU. 

h'ainlioir,  ko  Ital' shid,  lioiiia' chin,  I'loin  ko.  jrd^r  (Nisk.).  skwaksiini  (Snob.). 

liii/t,  or  olistrnition  in  n  rinr,     Hi'c  "  I'ortiiin'' . 

Itiittiv,  to    ax  pMih'H  in  a  bo.v,  or  by  iralkintj  on  tliew),  ta  tsult-mtkii  (i|ii.  aL-o  ii  rultli). 

h'liir,  lifts. 

/,'(■(('/,  to,  o  la'  bit  .s'hal  {litiTully,  to  srr  a  paper) ;  Iw  is  rmilinij,  as  la'  bit  ki  s'lial. 

7i'en/,  ((C/«rt/,  tsf'ds  ku.     A  riul  or  aclual  ilitr  (not  a  ilonon  in  the  form  of  on(^),\^•^•^H 
kii  skf'  jjwiits. 

Ikivollrrt,  to,  o  la'badliu. 

IM,  lie'-kwtJtI. 

livldtionships  :—f(tlhn-  (spokoii  of  by  both  sexes),  man,  bad;  »m/  fntlur,  sha'  ba  ;  i/iiur 
father,  tic  biid  ;  mothir,  sko'i  (by  both  si-xcs);  »///  mothir,  .sa' ko  ;  iiramlfnthir  or 
great  unele,  t.-sa'  i)a;  grandmother  or  (jreat  aunt,  kc'  ya ;  mil  ijranitmiilher,  sc  k<''-.\a; 
*()/!,  (7//M,d'lK'ba-da;  (/((i/jf/i/<T,siid  dibr'  ba  da;  .'/nid'/^'i/i  ()rr/r«H'/(/'("(////f»-,e'  bats, 
cnuits;  /iH.v/»(Hf/,  clu'st'lui,  .s'chf'st  hn;  wife,  v\\u)i\\\\».\\',  fatlierinlair,  tsa'hii; 
motherinlair,  suts-ha'-ha  (or,  the  parents  bciii;;  dead,  the  iiiicio  and  aunt  by  mar- 
riaj,'t',  of  fither  jtaty,  the  same);  ilainjhter  in  lair,  kuel' hu;  stip  father,  s\H-\\\y.y'- 
dab;  ,</<■/)  )«(j//i(r,  sliikidta'-dab;  brother  or  cousin,  alsli  (plur.,  a'  lash) ;  elder  brother 
or  sister  (the  speaker  beiiif,'  of  either  sex),  ska  ;  (the  speaker  beint;  a  man),  kuk'li  ; 
(the  speaker  beinj,'  a  woman),  skiiknk' ;  younger  bnillier  (by  either),  sliits  o'  kwa  ; 
younger  sister,  so' kwa;  brothcrinloic  (to  a  man,  the  wife  liviiif,').  hati  titi ;  iridoa- 
()/■  itieeased  brother  or  relatire  of  (hrcased  wife,  sma-lotsid  ;  sisterin  lair  (to  a  man), 
ehiinas' ;  bro'her-  w  si^ti  rin  law  (to  a  woman),  ehub'  bush  ;  vnele  on  either  side  while 
the  parent  is  liring,  k\isi' ;  my  iukYc,  shnkuse' ;  «««/,  sajipris  ;  uncle  or  aunt  after 
death  of  parent,  yetfi!),  ye-laiii ;  nephew,  niece,  or  cousin  of  either  se.r,  sta'-latl ;  niece 
after  mother's  death,  ski  la' jut ;  widow  or  widower,  skwets. 

Jt  would  appear  that  the  idea  of  abstract  relationship  exists,  and  that  the 
simple  word  expressing  such  and  such  a  relation  maybe  used  in  speakiiig  o  a 
person,  but  that  in  siieakiii};  to  one,  tiie  prcli.xed  pronoun  becomes  part  of  tho 
name. 

Uemorc,  to  [from  one  place  to  '•iwthcr),  ywilsli  tjwilsli. 


:i4(i 


i\i\ 


m 


li'ilililis  :~fn,if,  sVMiU  kc'  Ilk  ;  Miiiihi.  Im-I  siitH,  but  Hills;  rallUiiniiki;  \v«"kli  |iiis|i ;  limril, 

slii'l  slii'l  a  \\ii|i:  miiIiiiiiiiikI)  r,  |ii|>  kat/.titl. 
liiliirii.  Id  (fiiini-  lull  I.).  Iiiil'-Uiit  sIumI,  ri'iiiii   hfl'-kwn,  /«i(7.'.      To  tjirr  or  jinn  Inn  I,-,  i»  la' 

hiul.     /'  ;/"'''  "I  nliiin',  II  ta'  sliit  si-  i-jiinl'.     iliri'  [ntv  aiiil\  prrMnlUj'  J  '  irill  niviii* 

(i>>-  iMii/  liiiil,],  aii.sliit.s'  (lai- cliiil'  klota'.sliiil'HiiP. 
h'iriri',  ciiiiir  III  lifi  iitjiiin,  to,  o  pa'  lil. 
ICiih;  III  {iin  hiiiitilxu-k),  lik  u-wali,  from  sti  a  ki^'yii,  a  Itarst;  anil  oliwoh.  Id  tjn.     Hfo 

>'  ll<iinr'\ 
h'iiliriili;  III,  (>  ka'  K'wiil,  clia'  lull.      Ymi  itn    miikiiiij  fun  \<ij'  mi\,  ka'jiwulcliii.     .Sn^ 

",  I /<//«■", 
Itii/ht,  iiiioil,\)Ui\i.     Thill  is  riijlil,  t/ioil  Hull,  kloli  o  la'.     \ll  is\  rii/lit  /(»,  klol»  as  its' la. 

liiijlit  {nnnii  III-  Inii),   srlV  ko,   IsimIs  kii,   tsils  kii.     Itiijlil  shir  iiji,  as-kiik'ii,      'I'li 

till-  riijlit,  liza  lia'  Ic  ;i\viit.     Tlir  riiihl  luiiul,  il/.a  a'rlii.     liiijlit  /out,  <l/.a'  sliiil. 
Uiiig  (Jhiijiv  ),  s'ki'lMk'.He'('lii,  sliisuliuk  sit'-clii  (IVoiii  s'ha'lat  rlii,  ./i«</< »•,«().     JJin  rings, 

slii'ji)  a'-ili,  skliiy:wa'(li  (Irom  kwila' ili,  llic  riir). 
Jiisr,  III  (lis  thr  liiliK  opf'-lap;  spi-'iap,  .//oorf  tiilr ;  po'-iukw,  «  sprini) ;   pt'iliaps  also 

(t  piillmlHUl,  /"  lioil.     To  rist  (us  a  rirvr  in  a  frvshvl),  orirjioir,  ojals. 
7i'/*(»-,  sti)  liikw;  ((  inik  or  smiill  r/ivr,  slo' li  liikw,  stt'-to' lukw  ;   llir  forks  of  <i  rirvr, 

as  !•'  uk'li ;   iM'.ii  of  a  rirvr,  a-si-'  uk  se'iik  ;  mouth  of  a  rirvr,  c'-lol-sid  ;  iioint  of  liind 

III  tin  vn  forks,  skoal  ko,  7.  r. 
Ii'oiiil,  triiil,  iloorinni,  sliiifi'-w'tl ;  forks  of  road,  as-e'  iik'ii. 
lioiist.  III  {on  II  stirk),  O'kwiilli,  o  kwalb,  okwiilin  ;  {on  hot  stonvM),  kiil-KJil. 
Ii'iivk,  slonv,  q.  r.,  rlirl'lii ;  <i  sliilv  of  mvk  from  a  mountain,  shwiikliw.  • 
/i'»(7,-,  to  (us  a  vrailli),  to  quirvr  as  a  polv  fastvnvil  at  onv  mil,  lo  "  U'l-tcr"  (as  on  a  lioanl 

sniiiiiirtvil  in  lliv  );(/»/(//«),  (ill  za'kwut ;   the  vlastic  stivk  to  irhivh  the  vraillv  is  hnnij, 

«l/.ak\\'  It'll  I'll. 
liiill,  lo  (us  u  hall),  o  lut'  I'liid. 
lioolM.     Si'i',  "  I'lanls''  and  "  Treen  ". 

h'opv,  la  lii'bUI,  kled'gwild  ;  hide  roj)e,  klud'tld  ;  tirig  rojtc  or  wilhv,  stc'  dl-gwut. 
L'ollvn,  wi'l. 

Hound  (in  form),  as  ka'-lakw. 
Ii'ound  the  iniddiv,  litl  o'  dii^  wilsli. 

h'oir,  to,  o  U'l'  shid,  kli'l'  sliid.     To  row  like  a  irhite  man,  old'  sliid  {^iil  liwiiltiiiii. 
/i'«;(,  to,  0  lla'  wil,  U'l  a'  wil. 
Jiumblv,  lo  (us  the  bvllij  irith  irind),  tsiit  lolsli  (Nisk.),  tokwotsud  tud  diitsli  (Sky.). 

S. 

Saddle,  liiil  so'-liip  id,  Irom  si  la' In-bid,  the  shoulder.    See  ^^ IIorse'\ 

Sail,  a,  po'  tud.  Make  sail  (imp.),  ehilpo'Ud.  Take  in  suit  (imp.),  liwutsedlid  to- 
ptil'  I'd.    (^11.  rrom  olnvutl,  to  separate.     See  "  (Vuiw". 

Salt  (the  subslHiiee),  ka'  kam.     To  taste  of  salt,  o-tla'tlab,  o  ka'-kab. 

Sand,  earth,  soil ;  also,  aiijtliiii};  line,  as  dust,  poirder,  se  (^wes  tulb,  skwes-talb. 

Saw,  a,  snklit'li'tsli'.     To  saw  (as  Inmlter  in  a  mill),  obe'-a-kwait'-sfit. 

Sag,  to,  oel'^jwul,  oi'd' ijiwnt.  What  do  you  say  7  o  cd  i  gwut  elm  ?  ]Yhat  does  he 
sayf  oed  i  KWHt  I'ta'.'  W  hat  do  yon  say  .*  (pliir.)  o  edi  gwut  cliil  Inb  ?  What  do 
Ihii/siiy.'  o  ed  i  i,'\viit  del  ;;\va'!     What  is  said  ^  o  ed  i  gwut  asedi  gwut ! 


m 


347 


>S'('((//),  Hli\Ml's«'  lulls. 

iSV«/(/,  ^^  M  ill)' (>  Uu,  li'oiii  si  ;il>,  (//(V/' (lilt'ially  to  '*/"<</  (/  ').      I'luy  icohly  y.au  n  Uii, 

\ril)'  o  kii. 
.SV()()/»  ( /'or  liailiitji  a  canoi),  ttikw)''  Int. 
SfinjK,  to  (irilli  It  kni/i  ),  o  sa'  liati  sliid. 
tSrnitih,  toiirilli  llir  mils),  Id  ilmr,  tsilir'  :i  K(nIo|>,  lir'  liid.      To  xinitvli  llir  hnul,  lie'  a  Kid 

(M'c  "//((((/'■).      Ti>  Kinilili  ///(   /ii((,  (111  liwc' rims.     To  srnitiit  tin  Im  mis,  oUwtlsW 

al  clii  (.s'liii'  lill  flii,  llii  haiiil).     Svidlclinl,  a«  liwrlsli.     To  lult  iiijniiisl  iinylliiini,  liwr' 

kil.sn.     Srt- "  r'»r'. 
Hai,  tin;   liwiillsli ;   wiu'iicc   swul  clialisli,  pcoph    lifiiifi  lii/   thv  mit,  aiitl    pniltahly    aisii 

liwiil  turn,  a  wliilv  man,  (tx  comlmjfrom  thf  hcii,     iScnwitnU,  IninirilM  thv  hco,  o(I'  uliore, 

cliakliw  ;  hip  off,  flia  clmkliw,  clia  cim;;  wiis.     Thf  xcn  hncr,  stol  flialikw. 
Scaxonn,  thi:—:i»inij,  pet' lo  ki  t>  he' Imil  tluli,  n  litllv  inicw,  (tliii-.  ol'  liail  iliili) ;  "'"'i- 

»«(T,  liadtliih,  s'iiail  diil»,  icavm,  \u»\\  Imd,  Jin  ;  autumn,  U>l  iw  liiikliw,  pad  IoIiin; 

iriiilii;n  iiwiis'dis-siili,   tas  siili,  t'r \i\h,voI<I.     The  <i;Ktiii<tioiis  an-   ikiI   <Uar 

fxcfpt  lictwot'M  warm  and  cold  si-atioim,  and  tlu-  pi'iioiLs  arc  not  .spokun  ot  in  any 

di'linite  sense. 
Scat,  chair.     Sw  "  Sit,  /«»". 
Sir,  to  (also  to  shon;  q.  i\),  o  hi  bid,  oliiltit,  probably  froui  hikli,  liyhl.    Si'C  "  Day  "  and 

•'  Future  xitjn  ". 

I'AUADiaM. 

Present. 
1  mi;  «f('.,  .sla  labit  sliid,  as  la  labit-.shcd. 
Thou  HtesI,  sla  la  bitslu'lin. 
lie  sees,  snd-diti  o  la'-bit,  sla-lab  ta  beta'. 
We  sei;  slala  bits'(!liil. 
Ye  see,  Nlalabitsliili  pu. 
Tlui/  sec,  Mla-labdcl-Kwa'. 

Vast. 
]  snir,  taslalabid  sited,  tasla  lab  chid. 
ThoH  sawrst,  ta-.shilaltid  slni. 
lie  saw,  ta  sla  lat)i<l  (pronoun  oniittL'd). 
U'c  ««»',  tasla  labidshil. 
Yc  saw,  tasla  la-bid  siiiliip. 
They  saw,  tusla-labid  ddgwa'. 

Future. 
I  will  see,  kla-la-bidshid,  ki  klfiLs  la'bat. 
1'hou  wilt  SIT,  kla  la  bid-slui. 
lie  will  sec,  kla-la-bid  (pronoun  omitted). 
IIV  Jf»7/  see,  klalabid  .shil. 
Yc  will  see,  kla-Iabid-.shil  lup. 
They  will  see,  kla-hi-bid  del  gwa'. 

Imperatire. 
See,  he-lab,  e  la'  bit. 
Sec  yc,  la  bid  tie'. 


m 


n 


n 


:;iH 

NtMilliiT  iiillirliniis  ciiiilil  l>i-  olituini'il.     'rih-  nlii)v<>  show   the  iiumt  rc^Miliir 

f'lirni  ill  wliicli  ilir  viili  i'\i>l.s,  Imt   in  iirMial  h|m'«-(-Ii  it  varies  ^ll':ltl,v  by  cliHion, 

ivc,  ilH  will  lie  seen  liy  the  cxaiiiiilfs.      Wlnit  ili>  jinu  srv  .'  .stall  Kails  la'  liit  ?      Who 

(III  !)iiii  Mil.'  iiWiW    k'ti  l.i' ImiI  t'liii  .'      n//(/i   iliil  i/oii  sir  [hiiii].'  |iiit  tall  Ki  lafHiiN- 

la'  liit  f     l.ixik  mil  (imp,),  kloli  Ual  si  iaiit.     Tiikc  ijhhI  cnir  of  iiii/  Iioiihi;  UUiU  kals- 

as  la'  lilt  slifil  a  lal. 
iSikIh  11/  jiliiiils,  ^i■.,  Miitl  tr  tl( '  wilt. 
iSrik,  lit,  (I  (l/.«'i  liiK,  uwiit  fliiil  (iiiip.).     Sen  "  Look  for". 
Siiiir,  nvl.     Sec  iiiiiIit  '•  Finiiiiiji". 
iSihl.nii,  kw«'  liwiiil;  li\v»'  la  ka  I,  nol  many  \liitii>i\. 
Sill.     Sci-  "  lliiiiif  ■'. 
iSiiiil,  III  [on  II  niiKKOiii),  o  Uwat  Hid  (Iroin  kwad'li,  «  miHuaijc),  kwai'  iklil ;  to  sinU  onv  »h 

a  pimp,  kwc  a  kwai  ikiil. 
(SVir,  III,  o  pat  slat!  (IVoiii  pailstnl,  n  tunJIr,  7,  r.). 
Sijuiil  inirilM.     Hcf  niiilcr  '•  Fiwininc  pri'Ju". 
A7i(((/«(r,  tsal  liitl  (Nisk.);  siti-fiwtui  (Sky.);  n  prnumlmi,  inukkwo'Kwado.     It  is  llic 

Hhiiiliiir  III  llii'  Hiiul  as  tsal  lii<l  is  of  lliv  hinli/. 
tSlial.r,  Irimlili ,  In  {as  a  hiij  In/  slaitilinij  on  il),  In'  a  kwait-siit.     To  (/im'ivt  or  mck,  7.  r., 

(Ill  y.a'kwut.     To  sliakr  lianils  (lakr  lliv  hiiml),  <»  kwid  dat  sliiulu  (Croiii  okwudthid, 

to  taki;  s'iia'  lat  chi,  llir  hiiml,  and  a'  siiiid,  fricml). 
Shalloir,  as  slirku',  as-slii  iikw',  as  Ji'uk. 
Sliamr  .'  for  sitaiiir !   lii'l'sij,  Iriini  (i  lirt-sil,  to  be  ashamul,  7.  r.     In  a  jorimr  irny,  as  lic'- 

lii  lu'',  as  la'  lia  »:liti.     llv  is  shamini)  vk,  dlu'  Imt  sflsli.     Si'c  also  "  lnlirjirtiiins^\ 
Sharp  (eihjfil),  kN'',jitclii,  liwiils.      Sharp  (poinltil),  liwial/iiks,  liwiidsks,  liwol  skii8. 

Tiisharpin,  to  a-hil,  as  a  knife  on  a  sloni;  od/.ukkiid,  by  onomu  (seo  also  "  To  irail""), 

o(l  /a'-iuid.     To  stall,  tsa'-kad, 
Stan;  to.     St-o  "  /.V«»v/". 
Shr,  t/il,  t/.i  nil'  (saiiu-  as  hr,  q.  r.). 
Shirt  [if  cotton),  spinijit  (Nisk.),  poltiid  (Snoli.);  a  skin  shirt,  patsubutH,  shfiput  (tho 

lattiM-  pnibalily  a  (■(irruption  of  tlu-  ICn^^lisli  word). 
Shoes  {of  liathvr),  I'kwabsliid,  Croni  Ktiik  wiib,  icood,  and  d/.a' sliid, /oo/;  mocrasins, 

yal  sliid  ;  moccasin  strinijs,  kN'l'  sliid,  from  klc  did,  to  tic,  and  d/.a  sliid.     Sec  "/•>«)< ". 
Shoot,  to  (a-ith  <jnn  or  how),  otot  sil.  Iio-totsopiim  totsa  dc'.     1  shoot,  o-totso-cliid. 
Shore  (tiiiranls  //«  ),  tiitakt,  takiidt',  from  lak,  inland  (see  "  Tmrards"),     Keep  in  shore, 

tatdk'tns.     t'onic  ashore,  kwctidilit-li,  kwai  i  Lot  li.     I'nl  or  throw  nxAc/r,  liwub- 

bud  til  takt.     Vo //(»  «,s7(((»t,  o  clio' ba  (sec  "7h/<ih(/'").     For  "0;/'.s/((»r"  sec  "jSVd". 

The  wdrds  tiilakt,  &('.,  arc  used  for  ^Uoirards  the  sAtoc"  when  on  the  water,  and 

"  towards  the  interior^  when  on  land. 
.S7ii)»/  (in  dimen.sion),  Hkfdv'-hu-ab,  lekh-hu,  uk-bo. 
Shut,  slio  kwiilts, 

Slionlder,  ta'Iakw,  si  la'-to  bid ;  shouldcrltlade,  ska'-lek  sud. 
Shont,  to,  tse'  ukad  ;  to  shout  to,  or  vail  ani/  one,  kwe'-ad. 
Show,  to,  o  la'  bid,  ola'  bit.    The  same  as  the  verb  "  <o  nee",  which  sec  for  paradipn. 

Show   it  vie,  labtto  bish ;    /  show  you,  olabthu-bct-sid-sLid ;    to  show  hnw,  see 

"  7< «<•/( ". 
Shut,  to  (as  a  door).  Ink  kod,  t'kOlsid diib;  to  shut  Ihv  eyes  at  one,  to  a-ink  (an  exi»iC8sioii 

of  vexation  or  in  fun),  ot  se'po  111 ;  /  shut  my  eyes,  otse'-pul  .shid.    tsec  "  Fyc  lids'\ 


:i  ^f 


WW 


SirhJiiiliiuH,  lit  h:\  o  liiit  Iiit^ili  ;  s\rl;,  iis  liiitl.     Arc  ymt  si,l;  f  as  Inill  cliii  f     /  nm  niik, 
ijin-  mv  somv  m(7/(ViM(,as  liuti'  cliul  ult  sliils  iiU  hIiiI  jiiikli.      Isninir'  Imiil'xirL'f  (iiiv 
youjrnliiitg  or  ir.ird.')  as  lintl'  Kwad'  liiilclr'.'     Mi/'  liiurl   is  sirk'  tuiriinW  ijon'  \l  nm 
jiiiliiiis  of  !i<iii),  as  liiitl'  kill'  lintcir^  twul'  diitjwi-'. 
.SV«/(,  on  OH"  siilr,  kit'  lifils;  on  tliix  siili;  at  Id'  },'« itl  ;  on   tlir  olio  r  siih,  ili  el  ;;\vill,  di  a 
liatH  J  OH  llic  ollirr  Hide  of  a  hill,  dia'liatH  al  ulii  spo'-kwalt ;  riiilil  sidr  up,  iis  kak'li : 
vpsidf  doirn,  af<-lK  k\v. 
•S'l'm/,  f"  ("/■ /'0.7'/<),  otc'lilt;  a  nonii,  tc'lilt,  st<''-lil>  ;  {of  birds),  <>  liwr' ImmmI,   i.  c,  ^> 
ivhi.sllr;  sinijini)  in  Ike  Jirc,  gilt  tti'-ud ;  sU-'  lim,  (Oi  incantulion  to  Inimj  sitinsH  irith 
iromcn. 
Sink  in,  Iw  mind,  to,  ovhwkwwh, 
Sishr.     Set-  "  lidntionsliips". 

(fit,  nil  up,  ti>,  nwud'-dt'l.     Cmnv'  {t/ou'')  and  itif'  \lierc\,  nt'-la'  cluilio'  nwiid  dcl^  n  nrnt, 
siiUli  lia  j,'wud-dc  (siikli,  uiv  or  purponc) ;  o-Kwiid-dfl  sdiid,  /  >iil  up,  i.  <■.,  to  a  sitlin;/ 
poiilurc. 
Skin,  hud  z.id  iiiit  (the  hmnan  skin);  .skwa'-Htiin,  the  skin  of  an  animal  icilh  the  hair  on  ; 

woai'ult  ((.  e.,  irorked),  a  drensedakin  ;  to  nkin  an  animal,  o  kwc'cliid. 
Skull,  sliau-utsli. 
.S'Ai/,  sliuk'li.    Ht'c".Ww/r". 
Slander,  to,  d  jai  li  liiilt  (/<>  tell  talcs  of  one) ;  the  spcakii  ill  of  you  (|»liir.),o-yiii'-lihnb-cliil- 

lup  (lioMi  yai'  I'M),  a  tali). 
Slap,  to,  ttilka'  i)ad. 
iSVd/v,  stodiik,  (pliir.)  sto'  to  diik. 

Sleep,  to,      y-un.    Dkuivativks,  asp'lfit,  n.s(>'tut.sli,«/<'«7».i/,  asleep;  liwal  e'tfif,  to 
snore,  to  purr;  okal  kilali-tfit,  to  dream  ;  itsa  litiit  tut,  to  till  one's  dreams  ;  ski- 
lal  it  fid,  the  power  deri  red  from  dreams,  maiiiv.      We  iriU  ship,  klo  c'lul  cliill  dobctl. 
Let  me  sle^p  (ijood  I  sleep),  klobcliid  o  e'tiit. 
Sleere,  a'-olii.    Ht-*'  "  JIand  ". 
Slide,  to  [11.1  on  iee),  o  kwut-siil),  Ok  sa'-;?\vil. 
Sloirly,  ta'liaH  (st'o  "  Loic",  not  hud),  ta'  liats,  takh'lials. 
Small,  mi  iiiiiri,  mi  nuid  (sec  "  Child  '),  clia'  clia.s. 

Smell,  to  [ijood  or  bad),  tt-c'  liul,  osd'  liod.     /  smel'  \iiomethinij\,  oshobtiul  Hliid. 
Smoke,  foil,  ste'iik-vvil,  stc'  akwukli,  ho-kwc'-lilsli. 
Smooth  [Jlitl,  lirel),  siik'iiw. 

Snake,  bet  suts,  bat-suts ;  rattL'-snakc,  wf-kli-itusli. 
Snap,  to  {as  a  dead  stick  hreakinij),  klokwa'-iilscliid. 
Snore,  to,  hwal-i-'  tut.     Si'c  "  Sleep". 
Snoic,  ma'  ko,  l)a'ko.    Hoc  "  U'ote*'",  ko. 
Snoic-shoe,  Liulwbadbid. 
Snugie,  to,  sc'tud. 

So,  as,  asis'-ta.  /  think  so  too  (so'  my''  heart^),  as-is'-ta'  tid^  liutchl  I  dimH  think  so, 
hwe  ki  sa  80  ta  lid  hutch  (an  idiomatic,  piirasc),  probably  lor  kwiisista.  It  ix  not 
flood  so  {in  that  way),  hwc-latlob  awis'-ta;  it  i.s  sometimes  abbreviated  to  asta'. 
.V(»/  so,  hwc  asta'.  Thus,  in  this  way,  kwus  is'taa;  the  teruiiiiatiou  la  is  iirobably 
the  deuioiistrativo  particlo  (see  "27u»"). 
Soap,  lints  go  Slid. 


:)'){) 


s?r. 


tSWf<mv,  lo  iituimit,  nKuiI  /a  It'kw  (all  t'M'laiiialioii,  nltcii  iisrtl  in  opiirtiliiiiini).  Skiiil  zii- 
liiitt  liii  i(«  cviiU'iitly  (Iciivt'tl  IVoiii  tliJN,  ainl  M-fiim  to  Itc  fi|iiivali'iit  to  tin'  I'lviicli, 

Soft,  t'N-iiii'l'  liii,  UH'lirt'  lil  ;  III  mill  or  ho/Iiii,  iik  i/rniKf,  o  lirl'  lil. 

tSitmi',  Ilk,  iikM,  ak,  ak  i,  ukH,  okH,  iik  iik,  kiik  ka,  tk'  Uv.    Set'  *'  Mnny'", 

Son;/,  ti'  nil,  Hie'  lil>.      Sn-  "  Siiitj". 

•vViKd,  liwc' la  lil,  liuc' l.i  Irish.  Air  i/dii  ijnimj  kodii  ,'  liwc'laU'lHli  lio  tokw  f  at  i  lakh 
In-  kitH  okli !    Hi'o  "  I'liHiHihi ". 

Soiil  or  Mpiiil,  Nul  h'.     Hoc  "  Slimhic". 

Sinir,  o  cha'  |)ali. 

tSoulh,     Set'  "  Winil". 

SimrlcH,  Ckwa'  hitsh. 

*S;»(((A-,  liilk,  III,  (t  hot  iiof.  What  .-.'<»  ;/<»«  miyf  stall'  kats'  liot-liol^!  {irhal'  i/ok'  ^l//.^).  /  trill 
tall;  iiijain,  kh»  ho'  !io'  ma  pot.  ,Si<i'iik  (iiii|i.),  hml'lio  (liiUln\'.  l,it  iiirsiiml,-  ^»  »/"", 
alia  hot  hot  ('lii.i  liwiil  diiji'  \v«'.  Arr  you'  a  rliiif  \lliiit\  ymi'  Inlk'  to-  mt''  t  kI  ali" 
chiihii'  kai'  HU'  hol'liol'  liwiil''  at'Mi''f  1'»  talk  loud,  o  hol'hot  ak«-ku'.  »S)»«'«A-  hw, 
t  a'  hats  kats  holliot  (loir  your  talk),     ^piiili  or  Uiikjuoiji',  s'hothot. 

Si>iiir,  skwct  lull ;  /(.s7i //(V/,  stct  kwiilt ;  //njHr/cr/  sjiiiir  for  hirils,  tst' akwiits  ;  iniinkd 
niMiir  hniil,  t.itl ;  lo  spmr  or  piirce,  tNU'-kail,  iitsatsk.     Hrt'  ".S7<i/<", 

Spill,  pour,  imply  out,  o  kwiitl.     /  Kpill,  o-kuntl  eliitl. 

tSpit,  lo,  o  to'wiit,  o  to'  kolt ;  milini,  kuiil  ot  sid. 

Split,  to,  chiikli'  liiiil ;  .sjilit,  as  lokh'  (aslo,  ii  hole)  •  tos})!it  open  or  burnt,  kwc'  chid  (also 
used  tiansitivt'lv ). 

Spoou,  kh'li'  had,  tsiib  lu-d' ;  {of  wood),  t'ks  holtsli ;  {o/ horn),  lia'  U'kw  (Nisk.,  Iroin  lint- 
la'  if'kw,  to  MUck),  kla'-li'ks  (Sk.\.).     To  cut  irilh  n  spoon,  klo  liod'. 

Spolliil,  askliiikh,  as  to'abiits  ;  ((;/'  an  aniiuul),  as  klakl  ka,  as  tlnkt'kl,  as  hliikl  kiit  ; 
fnjurfil  {iin  calico),  as-hal ;  irillt  a  upvthdfucc,  an  a  piebald  horse,  tii  kwOkwiis.  Sec 
""'U'A //(■". 

Sprain,  to,  o  kiillab. 

Spriuji  of  iratcr,  \K'\ukw  (from  o  pc'lap,  ^o  rm);  one  rininij  under  mil  iratcr,  ino-latH] 
tfis-al-ko,  a  cold  Hpriiuj  (from  tus,  cold). 

Spunk  of  rotten  tcood,  to'i»i,  suk'wuttut. 

Spur,  Huk-kolchid. 

Siiufc:r,  press,  to  (as  berries  in  the  hand),  o  tsc'iikli. 

Slab,  pierce,  o-lukli  liwot,  la-liod,  sliu'-hid,  tsa'  kad. 

Stammer,  ikh-o'-.vfts,  asho'-.vfis  (Ni-ik.),  tusat-cliit.s  (Such.). 

Stand  up,  to,  kl-hf'-litsh,  tl'lirlsh. 

Stars,  cliii'-sud.  Many  of  tlio  wmstt'llations  have  names,  of  which  tho  followiiiR  are 
specimena : — The  Belt  and  Sirord  of  Orion,  Ic  li'  ,vi-\vas.  Tlu'y  rcprcst-nt  tlirt'c  mt'n 
takiiif;  fisli.  The  Great  Hear,  kwa'  gwitsli  {the  elk).  TIk>  fonr  stars  wliicli  form  tho 
animal  arc  followed  by  three  Indians  and  a,  dofj.  The  I'lciadcs,  s'lio'«lai,  represent 
toad-tiah.  The  llyades,  hudda'-lu-aid,  a  scraper  for  smoothing  mats.  The  Morning 
Star  is  le-he'-lCllfia  (dayliijht  has  come).  The  J-Jrcnimj  Star,  klahailal-liis  (hrilight 
has  come).  These  two  are  respectively  the  younger  bnither.s  of  the  sun  and  moon. 
Falling  stars,  meteors,  klo'-hi  ftl,  o-hwel'  lil.  They  indicate  the  death  of  sonio 
chief.    If  the  meteor  leaves  a  train,  it  is  a  female. 


:;.M 


Stiirr,  Id,  i|sK  lie-*.      Tin  ilnr  slitiid  ill  l»ii  \\\\i'  III. Ill, ^Kr'  ^WIItH  il«i|>  lic<  U  \M  l»i«  l«X\r  lliil  I. 

SliiliuHnrii  (iiH  II  I'lmml  III  anilmr},  iiHliik.'*. 

Sliiil,  III,   <i  Kii' <lill>,    lloiii    K.iil'll,   oUiiil'li,  ska' tilt,   II    lliii/.      I  nliiil,  o  kii' ilihl  I'liiil.      / 

Hi  i< r  hIiiiI,  \i\\i'  kitH  ,1  Miiil  liii  k\u  Hk.t' till  (lili'i'all.N,  /  iloit't  Ininr  lite  Ihu/,  i,  r,, 

hoir  til  III  nur). 
Sliiim,  It  |>iil. '    '    \  lilt. 
Sliij),  ;i>  1,11  III      nil. 

Slip  oirr,  III  oa  orrr  n  /»»/),  tiikli-liiikli  l>a'  liiiti*. 
.Sink.     .    I"  H   ..«/". 

Siirki),    iilibtrni  uiH  i>i''h),  iih  klf'  ilk,  uh  tli-'uk. 
Kliji',  sii|i. 

iS7iH.(/  <i/'rt(i  '<n«.  I,  ti'  sill.     Set'  "  .[nine  ". 
Slink:  l'>.     t^'v  "  Sniiir. 
Stilihi  11,  I iHhriiiili  11),  s'hal. 
Sloiii;  nirk,  i'Ik'II.i;  xliniii,  rlirlcli  thi ;  ijrunl,  rlii  cliilrlillii ;  »i  intl  irmi  pnl,  cliM  lit 

IioImIi  ;   Ihi  irhilf  IHliblm  oil  (I  lirilrh,  k'llii'  ktl  Ik-IIs  (Iioiii  Ihi  kuk'li,  irliili). 
Sloiiii.  Ill,  ilziik  l,rl'. 
Ship!  ii(i'  licl!  Ihi   III'  III!     'i'liis  woi'il  ni'i'IIIs  (iiiI,\  |o  Ik-  iisciI  in  llir  iiii|M>ratm>.     Il  In  tlM> 

cotiitiiiiii  cMlainaliiiii   wliiii  itiir  in  tt'iiHJiiK,  or  niino.viiiK  li.v  rniivcrMatinii.     Slop 

liilkiiiii  mill  fill  to  hliip,  Ihi'  111'  III  ('till  til.     Slop  {iliiuij  or  i)iiinii\  kliils,  kliill-i.     Slop 

inilLiiiij,  kliii'  si't  Ilk  SI'  cIi.hIi'.    Ship  liil.liini,  kliil  siil  nk  .\  up  siil  (sn'  "  I'lisnillji",  kliil 

iliikliw,  nioiijli).     .S7(i/(  Hull,  Ihitl's  iHiiiiijIi  (irlitii  mii  is  lulpul  In  Ininl),  liai,  liaikli. 
Slrniiililni,  In  [ns  ii  Inul  Imir),  til  |tiisli  k'sliiil. 
SIniiiiili:  III,  IJ  kwap  sail  tiili, 
SIrihli  iiiii'n  .«(//',  Ill,  ti'  Ii  la  liail  iliili. 
Sliiki;  inniiiil,  In  (also  In  kill),  n  kwuI  lal.     /  sltiki ,  ii  jjw  iil  lall'  shiil.     I'ltii  shikc  (i^\\\\i.), 

()  t;wiil  lals' cliii.    Ilf  HlriUiH,^)  \i\\u\\,\\'{n.     A  iiniii  siniik  wc,i»kwiiI  lal'  liih  us  ilii-il 

JIK  shi  lint' dill  stiilisli  (liti'ial   iiii-aiiiii;;  mil  aM'i'Kainiil).      Willi   nlml  iliil  In'  nliil.r 

jiuii/  a  III, I  k\M  siikli  ;j\Mil  lal't^iils  (Ihti'  the  lili-ial  iiicamnn  can  lianllv  lie  k'^''"; 

alu'«lsiuiiili»'s  liiiir,iuirhiil  tnanHir,ii\u\  Niikli,lli»'|iir(lx  tollii*  vi  rli,  iiislriiiiiciilalit.v). 

Lksii'  IIAI  irlll  sliikr  j/mi,  kid  ;:\\  ill  lal  lllli  rliilkli  as  slii  I,i:sil  II AI.      Tn  ulriki  ililli  n 

in(fy»"»i,  o  liikli' liuiiil  ;   irillt  n  x/iVA,  ills  tiikli  liwuli  (liniii  sink  \miI»,  <(  sliik);  inlh 

the  hunti,  (I  tilt  .so'  .slmil,  ii-tiiN'  sjil.     /  sliikr,  o  tUK  tslii'  cliitl. 
Slrhiij,  riinl,  itiinlliiiiil  In  lir  »■/'///,  link  slir  ilcil' ;  a  /loir /.7r('/i(/,  liikli' liwil.sli  ;   In  xhiiiii  a 

hoir,  tut  Invrlslil'  ;  In  Hliiinj  liiiiil.s,  til  .slia'  ;,'wrl),  ilil  sliakliw'.     Si-c  "  linpi". 
Ship  niivs  self,  In,  kla'  {{witsali. 
,S7;-i/«(/,  as  lifp;  (irilli  /<*•<>(«/ a7»//)c.v),  askiilkli  hulk  aKliiil'  liulclls' ;   (iri7/i  niiinnr  niitfi), 

as-liiiilsks. 
Stmii:!  ('ikr  irnii),  klukli-ko;  (ax  a  man),  as-Iiwtil  liikli'  liwu.     (^i.  wlii'tluT  from  sliwul- 

Ink,  (t  fiKtl. 
Suck,  In  (an  a  child),  o  kiib'-o,  from  kUiiIi-o,  hreaal  or  milk,  </   r.;  {ns  n  ilm Im- fm-  tin-  pur- 

pnsv  of  riiisiiifi  n  hlintrr).  lint  la'  li'kw.     Sec  ^•Mnliiiiii  ". 
Sulk,  In,  millet'  siliis,  Iroiii  o  luH  nII,  tn  he  (iiiijiy,  and  .sil  ns,  llu  /nnlmiil.     Sn-  "■Angnr. 
Siimiiur.    Sec  "«SVa.i.(i»". 
Sun,  klokwati;  xuurisr,  klop;  hhuscI,  uat  la' liin  ;  Hunshitiji,  hriijhl,  as  ;,'iik' kcl.     Tin' 

ilerivation  of  klokwati  .si-ciiis  to  be  tlu"  fiitnrn  partirli!  klo  jiiiil  llic  v«il>  a!la,  to 

come.     Sci'  ^^Fulun  pa  flick". 


m 


Hi 


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ill 


f    ';■•'! 


i;:!i 


yiir/itn  llir  i>liiin\  d/nl  iliii,  <»  Ic'  aUiis.     Hcc  "  ll'di'f.s". 

Siliju-ix);  tn  [In  (itlili  h  ItlKlirann),  <»  liiili. 

tSiriilliiir,  III,  II  mi  k.i'  It-kw. 

^■*^(«^ /»,  o  liwulkwul.     J'nsciitlii  ynii  tlmi   mat  irill  Mr(«/,  liwc  la  lil' «'liil  lii|)-' <>  kwul- 

kwiil'  ;:wiil  la'  |mi'  klckliw''  sto  to'  hsli'"  [not  ftir*  \iijl'\  ijair  sirrol'  you*  thfiv'  nun''). 
Sim p,  to  ills  ilirtt.  Of'  a  U^miiI  tlop. 
Siriit  {lit  xmill  or  liixti),  okwa'  j,'\valt. 
I'^imilirdrt  or  mistnux,  skiuls.     Si'c  ^'■('ourt". 
Sirtll,  It)  {iix  a  //»•»((.«),  (I. sliiikliw  (sliiik'li,  (//«■(•»);  irith   lln    licUij  sinillcn  from  ."ithncKg, 

ii.slihn  sliwi'  tjnnt. 
Sirim,  to,  oti'  I'liil*,  wii  te' cliili. 
iSirinij,  a  (for  aniuxrmnit),  swiiskc'  Ifis,  yi'tlo,  from  jai  ilo-ut.s,  Ihc  hoHtysuchlc  rinc,  so 

ii.svil  accuidiiig  to  one  ul'  tlit'ir  lak'.s. 

T. 

I'likr,  riilili,  lo.  o  kwiidthiil.  Tdlc  your  letter,  kwiiddiul  tat^'lial.  T<ilr  nml  curry  \that\, 
kwiid  dud  okiitii.  Tnke  ax  miirh  as  you  lilcc,  kwiid-dud  aslu;'  kwats  liatl.  Tnkr 
J'oimI  {an  cxitn'ssion  used  to  oiio  Roilitf  <>li  a  joiiriicv),  lidikwiid.  To  taUc  oin'x  hand, 
o  kwi  dat'Clii  (st-i-  ''■Ildint").  I'd  pick  or  yathir  (ox  hcrrics),  o  kwuildiid.  The  haudlr 
of  a  knijV,  dr.,  kxviid-diililia'lul).  To  tnkr  o()'  (as  a  hut),  o-liwiitsid  ;  to  takr  out 
[ax  Ihr  car- or  noxt-riiKjx),  idim  ;  (imp.),  liwut-Ntid.  To  take  care  of,  set'  ''.See", 
"■Catch". 

Talc,  xtory.  yai'  iin  ;  wliciice,  o-jai-liliul),  to  speak  ill  of  one. 

Talk.     Si'i'  ••>/»< <jA-". 

7(11/  <»/  <i»  animal,  .xrniit-tisnp  (Xi.sk.),  a.slin-sal'  kub  (Sky.).    Tlie  last  word  also  signi- 
lics  iragijixh.       Tail  of  hearer  or  muskrat,  stulalif'd  ;  of  a  bird,  ofafixh,  skwiikhlt. 

Tall,  liats  (/<(«;/),  sad /.up.  In  sliowinj^  th«  lu'lglit  of  a  per.son,  the  hand  is  held  up 
cdcewisf;  of  an  animal,  ilatwise. 

Tami  (ax  eats  and  doijx).  kwTd;  («« /io/vjca),  hai'-.vil. 

Tanijicd  i^ifhair),  aski'  al- ali;  (tf  thread),  ot-hlots.     Hoc  "/wiof". 

I'aste,  /«,  wuti  hale'-liu  bit  ■,  a  tjood  taxte,  street,  o-kwii'-f^wai);  a  had  taste,  o  tat' sub; 
xonr,  o-cha'-pab;  salt,  oka'kab,  o-tla'-tlab;  puufjeut  or  xpiey,  otlal'kwub. 

Till  tooi  III/.  .>ikli-t-litsh  ;  tattooed,  as-tU'tl;  /  tattoo,  a.st-li'tlshid ;  tattooed  in  lines,  as- 
luiilsk  (striped). 

Teach,  instruct,  xhoir  how,  to,  o-j;\val.     Hhoie  me  how,  o-gWill-la'-ehidH. 

Tear,  to  \as  cloth),  se'-kwid,  ohwut  tub;  torn,  as-hwut. 

Tteth,  d/.a'  ilis. 

Tell,  nlate,  ojit'sum,  o  <;u' sid.  Tell  mc  tomorrow  )i(V//(/,  dai'-cliu'  klo-,VPtsum' da' 
dato*  Ot'  (a'-ti)  slat'  lahil"  (hy  and  by^  yon^  Kill  telP  tomorrow*  at''  niyhf).  The  verb 
is  here  a  fiitui-e  imperative.  Tell  me  (ijood^  yon'^  till'),  klob'-ehu'^  wi-yetsiim^  tolisli  (!) 
Tit  till  tales  if  one,  o  yaili-hub  (from  yai'-em,  n  tale).  To  tell  one's  dreams,  see 
"/)»•<■<«»< ",  "N/ityy "'. 

Tcstcx,  the,  ba'  eh'd  or  ma'<hin  ;  scrotum,  sfis-liwa'ad,  from  swa'hwfid,  n  hag. 

Thi'nk,  In  grattfiil,  to,  o  kill'  la,  lieiik'  ul  la.  Tiiese  words  st'cm  to  be  used  imliserimi- 
natel.v  by  the  .sexes.     Tiiey  are,  liowever,  less  common  than  the  lollowiii}];: 

Thank  you  from  one  man  to  aiutther,  he'-ashud ;  from  a  man   to  a  woman. 


m-au 


'iiVA 


li«'s'  l»(t;  tViHii  ii  \voni;»ti  to  :i  111:111.  i>>li'  i  l>:i.     Ilf'  ;i  slind  is  :i  I'titiiponiiil  ol  v  or  v  fMi. 
j/r.v,  and  a' sliiiil,y'; (■(;«/.     Tins  last  word  i-aiiiiot  1h' use*!  to  a  woman  wjllioul  iiisall. 
litis  ko  is  ill  like  iiianiicr  foiiiuMl  fittiii  o okli  ami  sk»t,  a  wonl  (U'liotiiij,'  (»r  IxsiuMk 
iiij;  ;;()()(1  will,  ami  ptMliaps  coinii'i'tfil  wilh  sko'  i,  wollicr.     Isli  i  l»a  is  an  inlcijii- 
tioii  ilcnotinji  satislactioii.     It  is  tlr.iwK-d  out  in  a  couxinjj;  oiwliiiiiiii:  lone.      Id 
ihind;  o  kwiiddc' hud.     /  thnnkcil  Pat  kt''iiain,  o  kwml  dc  liiid  sliid  twnl  I'al  ki' 
nam  (literally.  Id  liiiii).  tioui  o  kwiid  diid,  to  tnhr.     Sec  "'/'<(/.(  ".  ••SluiLf  IkiihIk". 
Thai.     Set'  '•Tills''. 

Then:  to  di.  al  to-di  {ol  tluni.  UlMlM  TlVi:.>!,  al  to'ili  <li,  llurrn  lilliv  inii/ ;  iIdm-ii/  liniitl 
{<ix  in  the  lioiisi),  lU'iW.  di  di',  di-' a  dc,  df'-didc:  lliillin\  twullo'iii.  Tliin  arc 
lli.iir  .siliniiiii  i:s  III  .SliiliiCDDiii,  klfkli  liwal  jjwitl  t.  -di  sclmomi  al  Sii/  a  l.um.  Hi  re 
klfkliw  si  t:ni  lies //(»(■.•  al.(i>;  ;;\vill  is  a  sntlix  dcnoliii},' dircK-licn  :  \in\\.  Ilini  ;  and 
al,  ((/. 
77i(i/ (alisolnlf),  d<tl,  dill,  isa'-tadiil.  .1//  1;/'  Ihtiii,  UnLw  dill.  Tluji  /r(.)7,,  isa  i.iiliil 
o\ai'  ns,  /,(/  till  III  ijD  hiiDit,  tn  I-.i '.k!i  slii  ill  d/.f'  lin.  Mii  ill  liin'  appiais  lo  he 
a  plural  coiiiilalivc,  as  sin,  tlif  siii;,Milar;   Iml  iicillicr  aic  sali.-larloiil\   kimwii. 

C<ii)uliitire:—\)i\}iv;:*,  ill  }i»a,  tnl};«a.      Tliiii  xn,  sla'  lali  dtl  -wa'.      Wluii  iId 
thiij  miif?  (HMli;,'wnt   del  ;;«.»' J      Wlinl  nrv  tliiir   iiiiiiics.'    ;;\val    Ul  sMas   nl;;ua'.' 
VVk//  /((r/r.  as  lila' liot    till  };wa'.     The  words   art'   appaimtly   a   componnd   ol    lln- 
piv(H)silion  with  gwat,  icho. 
Thick  {ill  Dili-  iliiiiiimiDit).  as  i«'l;  lurijc  uiiind,  miik  kwat'  lin;  11  I'nt  iikiii.  rnnk  liw. 
ThiiJ]  ska'  da,  tiis  ka'  ila.  skai'  kikai. 

Thifih,  sa'liip,  sa'lap  (Nisk.),  Jcsli  id  (Sky.);  in.'<i(lc  ii/thinh,  liwals'llia. 
Thimble,  kwirkw'.  hwiukh  kwi  .-kw'.  hwi-khwkwi  ckw  (oriffinally  a  sailoi's  "//(///m"), 

liom  huf  kwi  f'lik,  .iiutillu. 
Thin  {in  dimension),  ti-trsli. 

Things,  (joodx,  jirDpeitji,  stfili-dop.  Ifitstal>.  i-s-tali,  sta  lu'wks.     Tin'   woid    appears   to 
have  its  root  in  stall  f  irluil  *  as  is  akso  tlu'  case  with  thcTsimik  ik'  ta.     Halt's  lalt, 
mann  Ihinijs.    Ihv.-  kwi  st.ilt,  then  is  nulhinij.     The  ulliiiialc  it)tit  ol'  boili  is  pos.sjltly 
in  ta,  Ihis  or  Ihiil.     Set'  "'This". 
Think  of,  to,  to  make  np  ohi's  mind,  sliitl  liat-chiib. 
Thirst!/,  astiik  o  (ko,  initt,}.     I  mn  thirslij,  asta'  ktil-sliitl. 
77iis',  that,  the,  ti,  ti",  ta,  til,  te  ill,  tit-l,  &c.,  la,  If,  ki,  kwi. 

TlifM'  does  not  seem  to  be  any  niarkeil  ditleieiice  in  Mie  tlenitiiiNlralive  pailieles 
in  ivfiaitl  to  distanci'.  where  it  is  not  remote,  Ii  ami  te  In-in;,'  usetl  indiseriniinately. 
liotll  have  the  value  of  the  tlelinile  ailiele,  wliieli  it  seems  itlle.  hel'.-  at  least,  to 
distinmiish  from  a  jiroiioun. 

Te'  at'sa-  ()p  kli>'  sub' c'lid*,  /  CDmli  mij^etf,  i.  e.,  this^  me'  /'  eninlr.  Al'  la  twnl 
te',  eDme  here  or  lo  this.  T..  tiati  dal'  shids-  til  hliitehi'  twiil'te'',  /'  eiimi  '  hi  re  i/<»' 
//iiV)  yesta-daif.  At'sa'  yilkb-  ti'  dnj-'we, /'  and'  {the')  i/diiK  To  hal  suds'  li» 
Hkiidzo'asli  to  ha'-(io*,/(i»-i/ie»7;/'  n,^-  ith<~)  l>air'ivn.s'  j/'i»»/).  .Vbshils'  Ii  iln;,' we.'  do 
yon  (lire  \it\.*  llutl  ti  ka  ka,  resnnldiiuj  the  rroir.  Telakh-hi,  'o //<(!/.  Aliliikh  hi, 
"(»«''  <(i-//(i  I/.  Tell  hw  .:•  Iiiin  tl'liul  sinil' sitl,  ^/k/^  white  mii.i  liiiilerstiiiids.  Tdi  <• 
wab  telle  la  all,  t'tae  herDmn,  «.m  hursebaek  (tie  alilirev.  ol  tietle,  tlim.  ol  lo'  di,  there). 
Ate'etl,  noic  {at  thin,  lime  m.'dirstoo*!).  Kill  liib'  tl-el  sfia  ke'yii,  that  is  n  rieions 
horse.  Asaid  hu  elm  sha!  te  il  st..bsh  f  f/«»  .1/""  knoie  \him\  that  inun  .»  T's  hall  le- 
itl  Hchest-hu,  /  lore  my  [this)  husbiind.  Natl  tu-ehid  Isi-ill  (fein.)  ehiiK'WUsh,  /  Idic 
L'3 


.!  it- 


m 


II 


U 


viy  {thin)  irif'e.  ()  f;\vnl'-slii'  al '  tc'  (<•  itl''  slohsli',  tliiit  man  h  niisifliiiti  {niisrl.s'  Ik-  tit'' 
thin*  Hint''  man').  Kill  f:\viit  sti  a  Ut' vii  toitl  ?  irhosr  horm'  is  Hint?  (IIh-  \ii1iu>  of 
tlif  iillix  ill  is  not  asccilaiiicil).  Ilclali'.  atsfits- lil' sapo  III',  »((r,  /  liavf  koiih  Inrad 
(xii',  iinsiilt'  tliis-'  hniid*).  O  ci!  i  ;.«\viit  I'ta' .'  ilms  In  (Hii.i  mir)  iniihrsliiii<l  f  Twill- 
sliiil  sill  la',  lir  unil:r:<liinils.  Okli  lio  ta  dfliail,  i/o  Id  i/oiir  (tluit)  fiitlnr.  Stal)  ota', 
Htab'la'f  irluit  in  that  f  Thin,  iit  tliut,  al  ta'.  From  thin;  till  csta'  (as,  ts,  is,  mod 
iticatioiis  iiT  a,  al;.  it  iiiav  lir  iiiatlci' ol'  CDiisidcnil  ion  wlictlMM'  la  is  not  the  root 
ol  stall,  iihiit,  II.  il..  stalMli.p,  Ihiiiij.s,  anil  as  is  la,  .■>"  ;  kuii^  is  la.  in  this  irnij.  La 
anil  It'  liavo  llic  same  iiii-aniii};,  lint  aro  Kciii-rally,  if  not  al\va,\s.  copulaiiM-.  Ilwe 
la  ll<il>  as  1-,'ta,  il  is  not  ijiuni  so.  Ilwf'  la'  tloh'  al'  ilii;;  wr'' f  il<>  ijim  not  lil.i  that  f 
(ill)!'  Ihiil'  ijoiiil'  /()'  i/oir'}.  Ilwf  la  {4iitl  at  sa.  that  is  not  iiiliif.  Ii\\c  l.i  IcKli,  somi  ; 
li\v»''la'U'lsliJ  kits'  oklr'  (»«(*<'  it-  Uinif  J*  ijifi).  llwc-la  111,  mt  (it)  for.  Hue  la  iliad, 
nil  (tlw)  iihin:  Ihvc  la  liakw.  not  lonij  sititr.  Ihvi'  laka',  not  mnni/.  Ivwu  tclaf 
((iwat,  Ic,  l.i),  irhii  Lnons.'  (of  iinsons).  Clia  di'la  !  (cliail,  df,  la),  irho  kiwirs ,'  (of 
thinijs).  It  is  also  the  rool  ul" '■/((»■",  lil,  li-l.  la  lil,  la  U-l.  and  its  dciivatixcs,  "(/;//;»•• 
vnt'\  la  Ic.  111!  I<-',  da  Ir'  It',  and  to  iiltir  or  rhaniji\  la-lr'it  nli. 

'I'lir  pai'ticlcs  ki  and  kwi  appear  to  lie  used  also,  hut  in  a  nnicli  iiiori>  iiidclinili' 
uianncr,  i:  ;;.,  da  da  to  ki  tints  Okli  lio,  In-iiiotniir  irc  irill  ijo.  In  tln-sr,  ki  appears 
to  re:'er  lo  the  word  to-iniinitir.  As  klo'  Invil  ki  m''  la  cliid,  inn  liiul;  is  colil.  Cliad 
kals  aid  III!  ki  siolisli  ?  wlirniliil  i/ini  /ind  the  mnn  f  Ihve"  ki^  sa  so"  ta*  tid''  liiitcli*, 
/  iloii'l  Ihinii  so  {not'  llii'  so'  this^  niij'  niinil'').  As  la'liil  ki  s'lial,  hr  is  niniinii  (srrs 
thi  irfitinij).  A--  diiliw  '  eliil'  Ki'  a'  iai',  iri'  \in'i\  in'  Ihi  '  honst*.  St;ili  ki  sMa-«  .'  irhnt 
\is\  its  nil  III  I' .'  (iwat  kwi  sMiis  ?  irltiit  is  his  nnniv.'  (irho  thv  nitnii)  (lui:'  kwi- 
s'das'  III  jjwa'  .'  irlint  nii  thiir  niiinis  .'  (irho'  tin'  niiini'  Ihiir'}.  Kwi  si'la-liad,  Ihosr 
voninion  pioiih.  Aliliad  liwi  sas  .'  iihiirls  it.'  (iit  iihiir  thill  it).  Ao'kw  i  (a  olc- 
kwi)  saliwas?  is  tlicrr  iinythiinj  f  (is  thv  it\.  II  w( '  kw  i  ■^lall,  nothinij.  Ilwe  kwi- 
irliiid,  noirhm.  II  we'  k\\  i-^^^iil.  '"'  '""'•  Cliad  kwi  lals  sta'  ;.'w'sli  ;  nhirc  iliil  i/ou 
hnji  it f  (nliiri'  thnl  i/oii  tiiiilv.')  Kakwi  sla'-cle  ni-liali,  »(((».//  (Ihosr)  iroinm  iliij. 
As-lieil' kwi- diit-clio' stnk-wub* ;  how  miirh' the' ma' ynnl*  f  Chad  kwi  sliiij;wil 
twill  It  sa  la-di  ?  whin'  \is\  thr  wnij  t>  Tr  SA  i.A  ni  f 

Thnnil,  lio  «'lli',  siikli  piits.  Si-c  "AVrr/Zr".  IVn/i,  suit,  snld.  See  ''I'lrist,  to'\  Miit- 
lliniiil  ofioiirsiiiniss,  jiwus-.-oli.    .Vyxxi/  ///»((«/,  lieUlika'  l)ats  siikli  pats  (liek\v,/((r*/t'). 

ThilhiT,  twiillo'  (li.     ,1  litlli'  that  waij,  twiil  to  di  di  (dim.).     tSeo  "Thcn''\ 

Thou.     See  '•  Yon"  (sin;;.). 

Thni,  klekliw,  ns  klekliw'.     See  ".Vi//Htr«/.s'\ 

Thnmt,  skap  suit. 

Thmw,  to  (as  a  stone,  slirk.  or  riutii),  o  po'  snd.  Iiii  l»i'  sid.  J  throir,  o  po'  siid chid.  To 
throw  iiniiji,  throw  iloini,  o  liwnh  lind;  liwiih  Inid  tn-takli,  throw  \it\  iishon:  Throw 
out  till'  inilir  (lis  from  ii  vnm  i  ),\\W  \wi\  hwiilko  (see  '-Su  ^,",  ''fill").  To  throw 
nwiiij,  iniiili/,  spill,  q.  r.,  o-kwall,  u  kwiitl  (see  'Mi.ss"). 

Thiiiiilir,  liw('  kwa-di'.  This  is  also  the  name  of  the  "Tliiinder  liiid",  the  llappin;,'  of 
whose  wili;;s  piodnees  the  sound. 

Thus,  in  this  Willi,  kwiis  is-tas,  lioiu  as-is'-ta,  so,  ij.  r.;  n  wiiinnu  is/ornwil  in  this  wiii/,  kw  ns- 
is  tas  sla'  lie  diklil  sa  kwiis  is-tas;  in  it  iliff'irint  icny,  Inl  le'-kwii.s. 

Tivkli;  /<>,  o  ki'  lip,  ke  ynp-tnli' ;  /  will  licklr  i/dii,  klo  kwi  iip'-si-ehid  ;  stop  tickling,  klull'- 
sid  ok-\nii'>id;  ^iV/.V/.v/i,  as-ki'-np. 


n  ' 


m 


355 


Tide,  ,h.)-Uunsli  tub;  th>od  ti<h'.  dn  li'.v.'l'  (Nisi;.),  spo'  lap  (S.u>l..i.  rr..in  op.'  Iiip.  to  ,i*r: 
]u.  o  hwa'  .latsli  '(//  /nils]  (NisU.),  .sliiitrii  iSnnl..!;  I.xjl,  ti<l<:  ..  kwa'  lul>;  loir  tolr, 
tulili  slia'  l>o.     O  sliiii'liikli,  to  Itarc  thii,  iis  hy  i-hlnmi  of  III,  tiih: 

Tir.  to,  klolsalrkw'.  kU-'.liil  (s Iiop,");  to  fi,   ,1  A/)../,  ot  llolsot:  »  hiol  or  Ian;, h: 

ottlols.     See  -Knot". 

Tuihl  iox  <i  ilirss).  as  kf'  Ills. 

Timti,\i»imhrron,  al'  la  Im,  iiso.l  only  as  ii  nunpoiin.l.  In.iii  at'  la.  to  com,:  si«ml,MU«  in 
this  s.-nsf  irciitrinrr.     .Sc-  ".V((mrr<i/*"  (a.h.'ll.s) ;  mt  also  "  iV.WrMii/". 

Till,  liiiinin;  kaiikli.     Set-  •'MiIhIk". 


Tiicl,  as  hwa'  wil.     /'  urn  tiivii-,  I'  i,«rkr,l'  (nl' 


Us'-i 


■hill'  at  a*  ka''  at  i  slakh'-lirl". 


iiilr'  to  diuf \  as  liw:!  kwil  clinl',  o  .vai 
ir /(«•»(    II- ill  i/oit 


To,  tu,  tud,  twnl,  Invul,  KWUI.  do  out  ,loo,s.  h..'  Nxil  In  .^l.al  brklivx.  »  /..r.  nill  ,„m 
,,of  in  clia.l  kats  I'okh  ?  <lo  ./.>«  l>,/o,;;  In  Tokh  shi  ill  .1/.'  hn.  /  lum  oil,ii  </../.,• 
/,.  .St,  ilm-oom,  ka.l  fls'  okh  tO.l  Hiil'  a  knni.  77.,//..  r,  I  wnl  to  ili.  r.m,  l„  n  ,  al'  la 
twnl  to'.  /  A"""-  ('")  '/"«,  ii-sai.l  lint  tvviil  .Inj;'  wr.  An  i/on  luiijni  'i-itli  (to)  „ir  f 
„.lirt  sil-clin  hn  iwnl  at'  sa  ?  Whr,  /.s  lli,'  >„,ul  lo  l'ui,ollii,i .'  ••lia.l  k\M  >lin«  \V|| 
twnl  I'll  ,val'  Ini.  .'  do  to  onotlwr  plac;  okh  hot  IivmiI  kill  hi  h-'  wwaH'khw  in'.  <lo 
ii  liltl,'  tloit  inu,,  okh  hot  hwnl  to  .li  .li.  Mmosl  ito)  .1,0,1.  liw'  la  lil  ii«nl  at  a  hn.i. 
Almost, n,l,\^^^■^.^  la  hi  gwnl  rt  snkhw.  His  hors,,  ^wnl  t/.il  stiak..'.vn  (to  l„m 
liorst). 

TofHicvo,  siiia'  iiasli.  ,  ,  ,      ,   i  i . 

To  ,Uui,  atislakh'  li.'l   [i.  «■.,  ""  "»•  "'  this  ,l,uj),  ali-lakl.'  1m'.  I.s  la'  hi,  f  la'  hi.  U-\  li.v 
ti'lhetsli.    TlK'sccoutraetions  an-  wi.lclv  nsc.l ;  as,  in  th,' ,„u,s,  ,>J  tli,'  ,lo;i.     Nm- 

''Pi;s,iillir\  ,  ,11.' 

To,i,tli,r,  klal  has.      IMh  to,„th,r  or  olih,  klal  1ms'  as.l^'  la-'  ho'  kwi'  sa'  I.-  {to,rlli,r   lo- 
'    ,iir  /,m').     l(lo  loo,  klal  .sliid  l.as  o'  Inxoh.      llnr  Ihr  ropnlativr  pn.nonn,  slu.l.  is 
thrown  harkaiKl  interpolate.]  between  Hie  two  syllables  ..I  the  a.lv..|l.. 

Toinorroir.  .la'.la  t..,  IVou.  .la,  .lai  (.see  "/'mT/ir/.v") ;  iiokwutlda't..,  appai.-nlly  Hon. 
klokwatl, //r'««»,  ami  the  same  pan i.-U'.  It  is  ..Hen  iis.mI  ii,t.T.'liiinK..ably  w.lh 
to-.latl-.lat,  y,'sl,r,Uii,,  altlumt;h  the  m.'anin};  of  .su'li  is  .Usiily  .■iionul.  .I.'lm.'.l ;  Mil 
it  w.-nl.l  s....m  that  the  i.hsi  of  ti.e  In.lian  is  ratli.T  thai  of  .listamv  ..I  tun.'  than 
its  past  .n'  fntnre  relali..n,  ami  in  the  use  of  all  w..nls  ivlalin^  to  it  a  Mnular  .•on 
nisi..n  exists.  F..r  ,l,iys  sulm,imnl  to  ll„-  w<.n<ur,  s.-e  nii.l.-r  ■>  1 ' W.»-/',.i/  .  Hn- 
wonl  is  often  iise.l  in  Hie  Spanish  sense  ofmaiuim,  ,iftrr  ,(  irhil,: 

T,yngm;  kla'lap,  klal  Inp;   kla'  kwa-lf'kw,  to  Vwk  ;  klaM.'k  slinb,  /.-  pnt  out  tl„;  tomjuc ; 
'llkankh,  lo  lop,  i.  ,:,  lick  initcr. 

Toniylit,  a  li  .slakh  hel,  the  same  as  to-ilnii.     Little  di.stinetion  is  ma.b'  Ix'tween  Ih.!  two, 
as  see  "Ihiy"  ami  ".Vir/Ar'. 

Torch  or  ctnill,',  l.ikh  slind,  (roni  lakh,  liylit.     Ii>-in,j  a  liylit,  lal  '  s  Inkh  shn.l. 

7'oni,  as  hwut,  from  o  hwnl  tnb,  ^>  ^,n-. 

Tortoise,  al'  a  sink.     The  word  lias  probably  b.-en  b..irowe.l  lioiii  their  neiKhbors,  tli« 

Klikatats.  _,     .  ,      ,       i- 

Towar,ls      See'To".     T,>wnr,ls  the  .s/,..»r,  In  takt',  In  kn.ll',  Iron,  lak,  ,»/,(/»/.     h,>l>  <« 

shore,  put  in,  tatnk'  Ins  (imi..).     When  on  land,  th.'  wor.ls  signify  to„;,r,ls  tl„-  mte- 

rior.     See  "<Str» ". 
Toic'l.  lin  kwas'  siid.     S To  u-!pp'\ 


;{5() 


|!    ' 


Tta<li.     S  V  -'Ititflrt". 

TrtTK  (m'lii'iic).  Isuk  liwiil,  stiikliuin  (sink  i»|t.  inunl) ;  n  stuniinKj  lire,  iis  lidkw.  jis  Isiik' 
li«ii;  II  lirniij  trie,  sc' f^vviits;  a  /itllrii  Inr.  kl;i' ili,  :iNl/.;ik':  ii  ilaitl  or  iiltl  moKKi/  tiiv, 
iis  |i('  a  km  (ki'ii,  lunil,  iilisolflc) :  i/nr.  ts.i'  lulled.  Is  liiili  licil  ;  tliiijii  orriiiitiii,  "cc- 
(liii'\  III  paiklil,  irp.ii  als  ;  jii  lliiir  lir  (/i/n'cs  ilmiiilimsi),  sclichi''  tints  ;  rcl  Jir  or  sj.riio' 
[ii.  )H(/(;cm'i),  t.sii' liWf;  lti'iiilocLni>riii-r,\'k  litiil  dc',  skii' puts ;  arliiitiis  uinuvnii,  kolt. 
i-liuls;  irliilc  (,fil,\  v\\;\'{U\ts;  ai-orni*,  tiiiuls,  clials;  tililrr.  vcs-sa'ui ;  roltoiiiroml- 
kwa  (If'akwuls;  iisiicn,  kwi'' kwa  <!<•' a  k\\:Us  (iliiii.):  '/s//,  Uo\)  ti  { iHiUilU-irootl) ; 
irilhir,  sa'juils,  .st  sa' puts;  ivliitc  mapli,,  chut  iut>,  cliont  lilts  (cIkiIsIi  ot  Ints,  « 
jilmr  iriwrc  iiuiiikx  jiroir):  rinv  iimiile  {iirvr  rircinnliim),  tnk'ke-tt' kii!s;  doijimotl 
omits),  kwii  <lii  lif'tliils,  piip'p- !<•''■>•'•'<;  Ii(i:<  I,  ka'-poats;  the  nut,  kakii  po;  aralia, 
(•hi  cha' chi'l  \vj. 

I'nr/n  of  Ims: — n  >tiimp,  siil  la' ;;«  up  ;  Imrl  (yclicl  ici,  s'rhulifil,  schcli-it  ; 
liniltn.  Iiraiichrx,  s\h;i-<{  ;  mtlxiitv  Itiirk  of  Ihiijii,  si)'k\viilt;  iiisiih  hor/,-  of  tliii  jo,  s\;i' 
H«uts;  roots,  kwclp  (Nisk.;,  stakh  w  shid  (Sk\.);  Irons  (nnrrn/r  or  in-iiiilor).  slikiil 
(•hi  chil ;  (/(/•«(((/),  chuliii  iia;  linns  of  tin  m(»y*/c,  s'cliol  la  ;  irood  or  xtkks,  >i\'[ii\\>, 
sluk  op,  sluk-wul)  ;  iiilcli  or  risin,  ijxtn,  kwa'Iitl. 

Tn  iiihir,  to  (iritli  J'inr  lo-  rol<l),  d-chad  iliih  (ipi.  Iiy  oiiown.  as  Kn}:lisli,  vhtiKcr). 

Triildr,  to  (lis  II  sjiriini  from  the  rocLs),  (it'sut  hiiU. 

Tn>l,  to,  scl'  .sil  sliid. 

True,  triilii,  \s\\\i  hii.  It  is  true  [in  aiisAvcr  to  tlic  asscitiiui  hudsli, /7 /.v  o  //c),  tiit'hl, 
tut  111.  riiiit  is  triir.  tliiit's  II  I'mt,  tsits  ku,  l.-i'dskii  [in  nssml].  I  till  ijoii  thv  truth. 
tsuk  ktids  liDliiol  at  sa  .yct'siuii.     Till  iiir  titr  true  story,  .Vftsiiiu  akas-kap. 

Turn,  to  [to  turn  nsiih),  klclkh  ;  to  turn  iiniitliinij  round  or  nnr,  o  ad  /.a  kad;  to  turn  the 
I'liir  iiinin,  kitkli  he  ^uiid,  skokwi  ij;\vul  ;  to  turn  oni's  sil/{iis  in  licil),  d'/.al-kos;  to 
turn  one's  Imvh,  t'liii  ha'  hid. 

Tirist,  to  {lis  II  niril],  to  roll  on  tin:  hnir  {ns  in  miikini)  jiiirn\,  tuchiil  [tud  (Nis(].),  sull) 
(Sk>.);  /  tiiist,  tU'Chid'pud'Cliid  ;  tiristnl,  ikli  liwu  cliulp,  axcliulp ;  //<(/•)(,  sidp;  n 
i/inilit,  cliclp  liii  ;  /((  horr,  chill  p'tt'd,  tiichlll  pud  ;  to  iilinj  iit  thr  ifinniof  ilisls.  irhidi 
an  mlliil,  olsul  tiih,  o  tsal  tiih;  «  ijunscnii;  hu  chil  pc' fiwiid.  (^u.  ta  tsaltsukh. 
((  niltlr. 

U. 

Cin'liiistr,  as  liwul  iui  (foolish). 

Cnionr,  to,  n  jiWc'lid. 

I'nilir,  lirniiitli,  klip,  klcp,  klipa'hiits;  nnikr  the  house,  klip  ul  thi  a'-lai.     Sec  "'hip". 

i'nilirMtiinil,  to,  askia'  hf>t,  as  tia'  hot,  s'hiil  shfUsid  (sct3  "7'r>  i'Hoir",  oasdidhu).  Do 
j/oii  unili  rstiinil .  aslla' liotcliii !  f  umlirstunil  ichiit  ijou  sin/.  as-kla'-liOt  chid  » 
tat' sa  hot' iiot.  Do  i/ou  uiulirstiiiiil  that  1\  lihiitnt  ,'  askIa' hot  clifikh' hwu  ak'il 
tOh'-sliud  dud  Swa'-dahsh  ?  (literally,  "Tiristalhninil  Klil,iitat'\  'the  Klikatafs, 
called  liy  the  .Sound  tiihcs  Hwa'daltsh,  wear  the  hair  braided  into  a  knot  in  rroul). 
I'hiil  irhitc  mini  unilirstiunls,  te'  ti  hwiil'tuh  d'hul  shut'  sid.  JIi  unilirstnnils  (llii» 
peis(Ui  heiiifj-  lueseiit),  t'-wulshut  sid  ta';  (of  one  ahseiit),  dclsliid  del  shid  d'hiil- 
shiil' sid.  Spill  I,- so  IIS  to  be  i(H(/f>^.s7(»>(/,  hot  hot  ilk  w  t\\  ill  shut  sid.  Xot  to  uniler- 
stiinil,  see  ••Ihnf". 

L'nstrinii,  to  (as  ii  bow),  ;iukh  lied.     See  "Open". 

Untie,  iliceutannle,  lousin,  to,  u'<kl'  li«'<l.  o;;hat.  /  »)i/(c,  ;;ukh  hed  shid,  o-;iiia'(hid. 
See"<>/)fn",  "Tie". 


\ 


■  Hi 

ri 


.yjUn 


357 

I'm.  illhiii,  hizii.  i{.  ('.,  ;(s  flu-'  lilsli.      U"<'  lUm't  iraiit  'o  </«,  ;is  clic'  lilsli  clifNIi  l>;i. 
Iji  hill,  (tsciitdiiiii,  sillily'  liM-i,  iVoiii  .shiik'li.  iihiirf. 
I'/lM't,  t,i.  (>  ;;\\;ll, 

I'lini  Ir  (liiirii.  iisliiikw'. 

I\^::tn-nii,  KflJi  liii.  Uaikliw.     Sec  •'/»(/<  c/or  ". 
Ih.     St'i' >■  U'*  ". 

I  line,  siikli  liwa  ;  In  iiiiiwli{\{  ;i  iiiaii),  o  sa'  Inva  ;  (it  a  woman),  "••'<l"<''«a  ;   iiriinhnUd, 
swai'  ali. 


V. 


\'<iiix,  tr-t('l.-<'. 
\'i  I'll.     Si'c  '■  Inilicil  ". 
Visl,  iraistcdiil,  lali  lio  liail. 
\'<.iT(l,  as  U^^atl■y.i^. 
Viiniit,  III,  i)-(l/.o'li\vut. 
I '»//((■)■((/</(',  sa'-lc. 


W. 


'\ 


Wdilf'ir  the  tidiil,  (Kl/.a'kad.  Tin-  vail  of  a  iiKtllici-  over  licr  cliiid  is  usually  iii  llii'so 
words,  all  siali !  al-a  liiid,  slii'd  dc  Imd  da',  ad  di  da  !  ali  ihuf!  ditnl,  tini  <liilil.  iilux! 

M'dist,  sat  so  ^;\>iis. 

Wiiil  (imp.),  laliKl' liw.  klidd  liu.  klalats  a'ta.     Sec  ".S7„/,",  ''I'nsni1l>i'\ 

1V'<(//.', /<),  of'ltasli  ;  xtii))  irnlLiiiii.  klid  set  uk  si  clisli  {slai)  siniic  i/oii  irnlh);  ini  /i>i>t,  ii'-h.i 
l)asli. 

Wamjiinii.     Src  "I/ohc//". 

\V(inl,ti>.     Sot' "ir;,s/("'. 

War  clith,  ka  ho'-siii.     .1  hmdiil  xlirf,  m  uluiujxkol.  kiip  liisli. 

WarriDf,  I'kwnl  Ic'  H^^'i'f-     Tlu'if  is  no  distiiiclivc  class. 

]V<inn,  Id,  o  lia'  ilakli.  IVom  hod.  Jiic.  To  Itmimr  ininti,  o  liiid  do  uklivv.  /  ixroiiK'  inirm, 
o  lia  ilakli  chid.  Tn  intnn  diic'h  ixtxtiriors,  n'dii  hii-dah'.  'I'n  li)<loini  ami  irann  o/uV 
buck,  tut  usiiwc' cliil).     Sot' "/Vn". 

Wash,  to  {riolhcs),  tsa'^^nt,  tsakw  tsidiw.  /  /r((.s7(,otsak\vlsii;;shid.  '!'•>  morroir  I  iiill 
(frt.s7/,ho  Uwiitl-dal  chid  kliilsa'  k\v  tsiikw.  7V)  waMh  f/(x/i»«,tiit  sa-;;\vo'litsli.  TomiHh 
thv  fair,  tilts  a'tjwiis  sill).  /  irash  my  face,  tuts  .sa'f,'\vo-sud  chid.  To  iraxh  Ihr  Ixuly, 
bathe,  o  tc-titiilt.     To  icaxk  the  liair,  .shi  its  kc'-dub 

Water,  ko.  Dkuivatives,  sko'  kwa,  anji  lii/iiid or  jnicr ;  o  ko'-kwa, /»  (/>m//.  ;  ti'kaiikh, 
Id  hip,  I/,  r. ;  asta'ko,  Ihlfxti/ ;  ska'ko,  iee  ;  nia' ko,  iia' ko,  xiioie ;  ko  iiia'chiii,  r( 
rainboir  ;  sukhko'kwa,  a  riip  ;  chai-ko,  ((((•«//,  Irom  cha,  k /«(/<■;  tiis  al  ko,  a  c^M 
xpring  ;  sko-alko,  a  point  in  IheJhrkH  of  a  rirei:  I'crhap.s,  al.so,  ho  kok'ii,  a-hile,  and 
its  compounds,  kaiikli,  tin,  and  smrd  ko,  menslnialiiiii,  from  |iiirili(;atioii  hy  water. 
The  last  is  mcicly  a  surmise.     Sec  ''Maiiji  ". 

J\'</'(.s,  f;\vii  Ic'tikw  ;  roiifik  water,  hOlsh  ;  nurf,  dzolcliu,  otc'-akiis. 

We.  lis,  dc'  Itctl.  t't'-hfitl,  used  as  nominatives  ;  ice  hear,  ile-betl  as  kla'hot.     Copulntiers, 
cliitl,  s'chil,shil,shiitsid.     We  /ror/,-,  o-yai'-uschit  I.    T^V'.w,  sla'  la  hits'chil.    W'enaic, 
ta-sla'la-bidsliil.    Let  iix  ijo  jirexiittlii,  le  la'-lii  kit'liis  to  kiichill.     \Vc  irill.Mlecp,  klo- 
e  tutcliill  dc'-bcll  ([uoiioun  duplicated). 
Weaned,  klal  bi  yfikli. 


■^ 


si^ 


ii'i; 


"ill 


lg!i 


i!lU 


ilHi 


-!i 


'i !      '  ■ 
i; 
;i     !i 


:;5H 

Widlhfr  (III  he  bud).  i>  doil  ktil).     It  is  hml  iniitlicr  today,  o  doil  kiili  at  i  sl.tkh'  hoi. 

Wrip.     Sff  ''('rii",  "  ir((i7". 

Will  {or  iiliirc  diifj  out  for  icatrr),  chrilki),  I'loiii  clia,  n  lioh-,  a),  to,  ki>,  inilrr. 

W'iKt,  all  liail  o!  ;,Mviiii'  Im,  at  lilaii  i>l  j,'\viiii  liii.  It  is  (Ii'sci'iIm'iI  as  tlir  coiiiiliv  on  tlm 
Mill's  iciail  at  tilt'  west.     .Scr  ''  W  ind". 

W'll  {lis  thr  ijroinid  iiftir  niiii),  asliikw,  as  liik\v-«lop,  slaklnv  ;  irit  iriiml  urit  Jin),  as 
Ink  IkiiI. 

U  lull,  stall.  It  is  a|>|ilic(l  to  lliiii^rs  only.  When  iicrsons  an-  rcl'ciicd  to.  j;\v,it,  irlio,  is 
nsfd  instcail.  W'liul  is  ils  nnmr  t  slal)  ki  sMas  ?  Whiil  is  his  imiiirf  ;;\vat  kwi 
sMas  .'  W lull  do  i/iiii  siiji .'  irliiil  i,inir  spii ill .'  ,stiil>  k.its  hoi  hot  ?  (s:ai>  lifii-  ii'lcr 
riii;;  to  liol  hot,  NyirrcA).  Wlml  do  i/mi  iniiil .'  iiliol  ijour  iiill  ?  slali  kals  hatl  ?  W'hiit 
is  lliiit :'  stal)-ota' .'  slab'ta' T  (sci- "77i/(tf/.s").  What  is  llicimiltrr  irilli  i/nii  f  hi  h<*(l 
elm  f  as  hi'il  elm,  o  lic'chn  (siiij;.)?  o  hi-'fliillnp  (|iliir.)  ?  Iroiii  aslicd,  o-IkmI.  Iioir, 
irlii/.  .\|i|taii'ii(l\  Iroin  this  r,-ot  also  coiih-s  o  ctl-i  ;.'\viil,  as  i-d  i-;;\viit.  icliiil  *  irluit 
IS  it  f  irliiil  is  siiid  f     Set"  "7V)  siiji". 

W'liiii,  |iiil  tail,  put  hod,  pad  a  hr-d.  Winn  do  i/oii  t/i)  T  piit-tali  okli' elm  klookli'?  (lit 
t'l-ally,  icIkii  y/o  i/ou  irill  ijo).      Wlirn  did  you  svr  him  .'  ptit-tali'  ki  tats -aslalii'  ? 

Whnv,  clnid ;  <it  irhiit  jdiiii;  al chad  ;  iihilhir,  tiicliad;  irhinvi-,  Ifilchad:  tioirhiiv, 
hwr'lachail,  hwc'kwi  chad  :  i  riri/irhiii',  lio' kw  icliad.  hokwi  IcI  chad  {iriiy  fur 
jdiici),  ht'lt'-kwii-chad.  Whin  arr  yon  yoiiuj  f  tii'Chad  kats  Okh  f  Whvrv  \arv\  you  t 
(or,  irhirr   \did\  yiiii   Iroiiir  /nniil .'}  chad  liiii  f      Whirr  is  i/oiir  wij'i  if  diad   ki  s;ul 


I'liiiL'  wnsli  ?       Wh 


I  hi?   chad  a!  chad  .'       Who  hnoirx   irhirif    clia  dc  la  I 


rrr  run    i 

Whirr  uiiir  *  {n-hrrr  iirr  you  ijuimj!)  hid  hii  chadhii  ?  (iVoni  ochod,  to  hidr,  ij.  r.). 
Whil,  III.     Set'  '^Shiirjtrn". 
Whip,  II,  hncha'-hwo  put!.     To  whip,  o cha'  liwutl  sitl.     J  will  whip  yon,  klu  cha'  liwud- 

sid  chill. 
Whirl,  to  {us  wotrr),  osulp  tsiit.     Sec  "T'^r/.s/". 
Whisjnr,  to,  o  sc'i-kutl. 

Whisllr,  to,  t>  hwf'  wiitl  (also  to  simj  us  liirds). 
Whitr,  ho  kiik'h. 

Whitv  mun.  liwiil  tuni  .'  tpi.  I'roiii  hwiilsh,  thr  sm.     St-c  irhilr  •'Jllutikrt";  ''(Inn". 
M7(«,  ;jwiit.      117(()  (!/•('  ,V"i(  i*  (ill  answer  to  a  hail),  H^vfii  chu  ;{wat-ko  ?  (sinj-.) ;  jrwai- 

cliil  liiji  ?  (pliir,).      Who,  who  suid  HO  ?  kif^wat  f    iVo  ohc,  liwt '  kwi  i;\vat.     To  whom  t 

al  {jwat  If      Whosr  horsr  is  thutf  kfil  ;;\vat   s!iakc'-,vii  ic'-itl  ?      Wim  do  yon  srrt 

fiwal  k'o  la'  liui  chii  ?     Who  knows  f  (of  a  person),  kwa'-tela  f  (t)t  ii  i>hn'e).  cha-de- 

la  If      Whut  (»•//(>]  is  his  numrf  j^wat  ki  s'tlas? 
U7/I/,  o  hcii,  vvo-htid.      Why  iirr  yon  unijry  f  wo  liCtl  kats  hii  hct-sil  ?      Why  arr  you  cry 

inij?  [why  your  vryf)  o-hud  tat  sa  wo  liai'nl)  ?     Thti  root  is  the  saiiie  as  that  of 

asiied,  how.     See  iiiiiler  "  What". 
WiJ'v,  ehiift-wnsh. 

Will,  wish.     See  ''lfrurf\  '•'!'■  wish". 
Wilt,  withrr,  to  {us  Jlowcrs),  o  kwai'i ;  wilted,  askwai'i. 
Win,  to  {ut  jduy).     See  '■'Bel".     To  brat  (us  a  horse  in  a  race),  ots-la'lekw. 
Wind,  shiikh  htiiM  (from  shukh,  aborr).     The  north  or  down-strrum  wind,  sto'-he-lo.     The 

.louth  or  wind  that  blows  up  a  rircr,  stH};\vak"w.      77(c  ca.st  iriud  or  hindbrcnc,  stOl- 

takt  (tnl./Vrtm,  tak,  inland).     Thr  west  wind  or  sea  brre:r,  stolchflkhw  ((rom  tfil,  and 

chakhw.  sraward). 


itu  ^^ 


35V) 


Wiiiil,  to  (lis  <i  iKiiitliiiif  or  strinji),  <>  lia'  Kul  I  ill). 

Willi:,  t«,  lit  s«'  i«i  lil  (Sir  ''Eiiiliih");  slifil  ka  Ins  (si'o  ••A'l/.x"). 

\\ili>\to,  f'-Kwiil,  ('kufd.  I'Uwf'kwiix.'^iili.  To  iripc  tin  iiosr,  duk-c  k'k  snd  ((i,.iii 
iimk  sM.  Ill)'  iiosf).     A  loinl,  liii  k\va>' Mili. 

WiJi.  irinit,  to,u\yM\.  I  (ri.v/i,  liiUl  cliiil.  /;.. //..»((,(«/ i'..'iH<l  .' utslial  lokti  !  /'hmw//;/ 
/  hIkiII  iiant  |x(»m<|,  diii-cliid  klo  lial'  lilt  liii.  /  <linrt  inuit  to  toll:  so.  Ii\v.'  kit.«*  liati 
tii-kils  liDl  liiit  as  is  ta  (M'l"' /,.<»•<").  I  iniiit  to  ijo,  ins  iyUwuU  tUn\  \xi'i-  -tlo"!.  H< 
don't  mint  /<»(;»,  as  die' lit. --Ii  fliflsli  lia'.  /  iniiii  to  i/tt  n  icZ/i,  ikli  clif  Kwa'siib- 
chid  (I'roiii  (•lui}{-«ii'*l«,  "  iri/f)'  I  "'""'  '"  '"'."•  '"'»''  ''""'  >  I'l'  '''i'''  l^''''  •'/'■"'•'<'")■ 
^YIllll  ilo  i/oii  iriiiit  .•*  (SIT  "  ir/(/(/"). 

U;//(,  twill.      With  II  l:iiifi\  twill  sM.ikw.      Tlic  iiisliil iil  willi  wlii<li  a  lliiii;,'  is  dune  is 

also  doiiotcd  b.V  the  pinticlf  siikli.      With  irliol  'li<l  lir  xtriLi  ijouf  as  lird  kwi  siikli- 
■jwfil  lall  sids  ? 

WiHic,  o,  stf'lf  dwiit. 

Willtiii.     Si'f  "//I  ". 

Withoiil.     Sw  "Oifr'. 

U'.W,  .s,'/V/.x,  stikop,  stukOp,  St  Ilk  Willi.  Uottm  «•«.»/ (iisrd  t.i  sm.ikc  skins),  pi  kal.s, 
piik  ats.  Simiil:  of  roltni  ((<»(»/,  tn' pi,  siikwiil  tut.  lUinij  Jin  irooil  (imp.),  ol  la- 
flKip,  "kla  fliiili.  Linllui-  xlioix  or  hoots,  "("kwali  sliid.  To  >itiib'  irilli  ii  stirl:,  tils 
tiikli  liwdli.     .1  yitril,  ;/ii>dstiik,  .-.tiik-liwnli. 

l\'((»//(.  lull)  da'  ad. 

Woih;  miiLi,  to,  u  ,vai'  us.  /  irorl,  u  ,vai'  iiscliid.  Tlioi,  iroiLisI,  o  yai'  us  elm.  II'  irorlf. 
oyui'-us  (no  iirtiiKUin).  IV*  iroiL.  o  yai  nscliitl.  Yi  nciL;  ^'ul  la'  po  <i  vai  us.  Tliiii 
(/•((W.-,  Isa  ta  dill  oyti' lis.  /  iroj/.rv/,  tn  vai' us  rliid.  Tlioii  iliilsl  /ror/,,  tii.v  ai' us 
»-liu.  Jlr  iroiLril,  t">«yai'  us  (no  pmiioun).  /  nill  iroik,  kiai  ai'  iisrliid.  'I'lom  nill 
irorL,  klai  ai'  lis  elm.  //'  "(7/  (/(-//.,  k»ilai  ai  lis.  Will  ijoii  irorl:  >.  kl.i  \ai'  us  <lin  ? 
Wliiit  HIT  i/oii  iloiiiii .'  slab  kaisi  ai  \us.     See  "/»<»". 

M'orn-oiit,  as  liwokli  w'l,  s'iiw  iikl . 

Worihlom,  pratintoiis,  \m\M\.     Sci-  ''Sotliiiiif'.     flint  lioixc  is  not  n  Ixul  ont;  h:\\  h\\ -.v 

k' '  ,vii  liwi'  hi  iiat  latl. 
Woiiniljo.     Set' "iSVWAc  ". 
Wrestle,  to,  kwi'd  <li  Kwns. 
Wriiihltil,  JInliliij  (as  in  luji).  asiiii'  a  koh.     This  wind  was  -ivcii  upropos  of  Smi'an,  a 

ni.vthohijiical    pt-nsoii    so   dcsciilii'd,  and    possilily    iiu-ans   oid\    ir.scinlilint,'  him. 

WrinUhd  as  elotli,  a.-Kiip  koji.      Wriiiklnl  on   the  clink,  a.shc'  inns ;  (,/(  the  fair,  as 

hii-lH''Uwa  litis. 
Wrist.    See  "i/«/i'/". 
Write,  to.    St-o  "hJnihroider'\  whiMico  it  is  takcu. 

Y. 

Yard,  a,  stuk-wnb  {a  stick).     How  mueli  a  lard  f  as-lifd  kwi  diil-chd  stnk  wiiliV     Sec 

iindt'f  '•^ N II inirals  "'. 
Yawn,  lo,  ot,'wa'-liil). 
Year,  a,  hutl  fjwns. 
Yt'llon;  liokwats. 
Yen,  e-ekh'. 


mo 


Y«Hliyihii/,  tii'diitl'ilal',  asli  liil  IfilJi.  Tln'  (irsf  ol'  tlit'si'  iiiniics  is  iIciiNcil,  like  iiokwiill 
ilato,  to  morroir,  if  not  I'loiii  tlie  woni  kloUwatl,  llic  nun,  at  least  I'loiii  tlu>  same 
riiiit,  Willi  till"  past  paiticio  "to"'  pri'lixfil ;  tlic  second  is  lioiii  tlic  adveilt  aslifo, 
(leiiotiii;;  also  past  time,  and  Udili,  lii/lit.  As  lieietolore  reiiiaiked.  under  the  word 
lit  moiniir,  tliere  is  little  piactieal  distinction  in  eoinnion  speech  hetwcen  the  two, 
except  Ity  the  connection,  and  so  ol  an  equal  iinnilier  of  days  ]iast  oi'  to  come ;  the, 
to  us  oli\  ions,  incaninjj:  of  the  word:  liein;;  lost  si^jlit  of.  />*(// /«7'»;c  i/c.v/<  »•</<(// or 
(/((//  (ifUr  t(i  iiiiirriiir,  to-di  atl-dat.  Thrir  ddi/s  a<i<i  or  tit  <jiniu\  til  siehwatl-dat.  /•'(>«»• 
flaj/K  of/o  or  /(*  come,  bOs-at!dat.  Fire  <l(ii/n  (xjo  or  /«  vomv,  tslets-atl-dat.  On  the 
//((/•'/ (/((I/,  aisle' liWiHl-dal.  At-lalin  appears  as  the  sullix  of  inosi  ot'  the  dibits, 
eonveilin;;  them  into  numeral  adverlis,  r/.  r. ;  as,  kle-hwat  lalm, //(/(y;  I  inirs,  tic, 
and  the  sanu'  idea  is  coiivtned  here.  It  siynities  ^/HfTt,  as  of  repetition  or  recur- 
rence.    Si'c  also  under  '■'■I'lilurc  iitrfw". 

You  (siiij;.),  Until  (alisolute),  dii^jwe.  J. ike  at'  sa,  it  is  \  ery  rarely  used  as  a  nominative, 
its  phuu"  lieiiif;  siijiplied  hy  the  copulative.  I  inn  iiiKjnj  iritli  (/(*«,  olietsil  chid 
liwiil  diifiwe.  iSliv  is  irrll  disiniscd  limarils  you,  k'sits  \\\  id  diifj-we  {ulic  is  iritli  i/oii) 
J><i  l/(tii  ijirr  it  f  ali-shitM  t«' dii;;'-\ve  ?  Comi,  li  t  vii'  sjiiiil:  irilii  (/r(«,  at'la,  hot,  hot- 
chid  twill  duj;  we. 

(N'oniinative.) — Kats,  katsi,  kat-su.  The.se  hear  the  same  relation  to  diij;  \vo 
that  kets,  t\:e.,  do  to  at'sa.  jr/(<'»7'  <litl  i/ou  Jiiul  the  mini  f  <'liad  kats  aidhwii  Id 
stohsh  ?  Whirr  did  ijitii  iji:t  it  f  chad  kats  hwe'-wi  ?  Wliiir  inr  iiiiii  ijoiii!/ .'  chad 
kats  okli' ?  Wliiit  irill  you  piu/ .'  slah  kats  luitsits  .'  What  do  yoii  say  /  .stab  kats 
hot-hot  ?  What  did  you  find  f  stall  k'ais-ft-liwu  (liy  elision).  In  an  example  {^iveii 
aliove,  k'sits  twiil  dii}i-we,  k'sits  appears  to  lie  the  leminine.  Why  air  you  auijry  ! 
wohed  kat-su  liet  sil ;'  Arv  ijua  a  chiif  that  you  tall;  to  mi/  si-:ili-chii-hii  kal  sii 
liot-hot  liwul  at'sa  .'  /)'(/  icha!  road  did  you  comv  f  chad  shii};-w'tl  katsi  hwutlf 
What  an-  you  doiiiiji'  stab  katsi  ai-.\rts.  (Dnjilicated),  ichy  do  you  do  so  f  ohed 
kat  SII  kot-sii  ho'-yut.  Another  form,  which  is  not  so  (dearly  detlned,  is,  to-bet  sid. 
I  shoir  //(»«,  o-liibthuliet-sidshid,  where  the  co|iulative  pronoun  chid,  /,  follows 
this  as  an  accusative.  <S7it'  lilics  you,  hatl-to-het-sid  hal-gwa.  A  form  used  in 
calliii;;  the  attention  of  a  person,  ecpiivaleiit  to  "I'iik  theiv",  is.  dote',  when  applied 
to  a  man;  do-tsi,  if  to  a  woman.  These  ajipear  to  be  proper  pronouns,  and  not 
merely  inteijections. 

(Copulative.) — Chu,cliii-hii,chfikli,cho-ho,8hu  slie-hu.  Like  chid.  7, copulative, 
it  is  n.sed  only  as  a  sutlix,  and  is  referred  in  like  manner  to  a  precediii};  adverb  or 
other  word  relatiiifj  to  the  verb.  Ah  I  you're  arririd,  -AAuil  o-tlul-chil-chii.  Yoit 
frt^  atl-do'-chii.  Coine  [(/Hr/j  .vfV,  al'Ia-cho-ho  gwnd-del.  Do  you  uuderstaud  ?  as- 
kla'bot-chfikh-hwu  '  or  as  ti-kwa'  dit-chii-hii.  You  sre,  sla-labit'  she  liii'  (or  sliii). 
Go  and  briiiij  {ijood  you  briiiy),  klOb-i'hii  liii  o  okhts chu-hu  (here  the  pronoun  is 
du|ilicate(l).  ioK  (i/'c/oo/m//,  as-lnvul  kii  chii.  Who  arc  you?  {jwatehu  *  Prcsentty 
you  irill  fnid,  dai  chii  klo-ed-hwu.     Go  presently,  daicliii  klo-okh  tel-h'ye. 

You  (plur.,  absolute  and  nominative),  gul-lapo,  j,'wiil-la'-iio.  You  icorl:,  {jul-la'po- 
o-yai'-iis.  Jto  you  hearf  i^wXhi' -\m  askla'-bOt?  I  hare  iron  a  bet  of  you,  otsul-tiib 
wo-llet-shid  {jwiil-la'-po.  Presently  you  men  irill  sweat,  liwe  la-Iil'  o-kwiil-kwiil  fj;wul 
la'-i)o  sto-to'  bsh. 

(Copulative.) — Chil-lup -o,  chillub',  sbel'-a-pu,  shil-lip,  &c.    You  see,  sla-labit- 


Hliil.ii.u       You  saw.  ta  sla'-la-bid'  Mill  Im«.      »»'/«.r  <l„  ijnu  s„!,f  ..-i..!  .  ,i«iil  .liil  \n\-1 
An  im  (joiuijf  ..  KUli  U«6l.lMl.il  lup"  ■      "''""  ''".'/""  "-"H/f  . .!..■•  .l.il  lu).  .'    W  ho 
areyouf  j;«"l  <liillii|>^     .s'/i,  «/<i»f/<r.>  »/..»,  oyaililinl.-.'liilliii.. 
Your  (.s.n«.),  ka.l.  kwa.!,  kwat.  ta.l.  tats  tai-sa.    lM.i.mun..ul,J..,.|.v...  .s,..l.    /»..../..»  tl»nk 
HO  r  (ix  thnt  uonr  opinion  f)  a.  is-ta  ka.l  1mi1.'!i  If     Wlierv  is  your  iritf  t  Hia.!  Ui  sa.l 
H.u-wmMi!      When   did  i/ou  Unr,  ,/..»»  ici/rf  (irhrn'  i/our'  road'  tlW  your'  ,nl,''T) 
driii'  kud'  «liu"-w'tF  k'Vsa.P  clmtiwusli'^  ?     //  ir  mu,h  mi/,s/  /  /»(//  T  (how  much  your 
Willi  payf)  aslifMl  kwa.l  Imtch  nu/,  bud  i.ls  .li.lt  (s.-..  -I'ayl.     7'«A<  "s  mmh  „h 
mm  lihr,  kwiid  diid  as  lu''  kwals  l.atl.     What  is  your  nam,f  ««a<  k«atsMa'f     J..» 
/,«.rr/».m/(</'»/m//^'«.-,H^la-lr'il-ukl.Nv-tad'l.ntrl.M.Mlnfiw..'.     I.  your  „u„  toodrdf 
(has  your'  qun'  caten^f)  utl-is^'  tad'  liwal-tiina'  litsli'f      You  talk  murh  (murh  your 
talk)  kad  ta.l  sa  hot-hot  (kad.  mu,h).     When  did  you  hay  (//  (whrrr  that  your  har- 
minf)  »liad  kwi  tats  sla'  -w'sh  f     How  much  do  you  ask  for  Ihatt  ivs-hfd  kwi  talH 
8tii'-gw'8h!     /  vndrrslaud  what  you  ^ay  (i.  ^.,  your  talk),  as  ilalu.!  .•hid.  a  tatsa  h.)t- 
hot.     Why  do  you  cr/i  t  (why  your  vryiny)  f  oIk'.I  tat  sa  wo  ha'  halt » 

Your  (phu.).     No  oxainpU's  pn-scrvt'd, 

Youuy,  youny  ones,  lia  ha-ad. 

Youth,  young  man,  liiir  wiih. 


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J.\\'PnWf-:i,I.  in  Charge. 

MAP  SHOU'IXC.  TllK  niSTHIlUTTlOX 
OV   rilK   INDIAN  TUITJES 

OF 

WASHIXl /r(  )X  TKIUUTOIIV 

roriifiileil     fri'in    llic    latest    AiillH^rities 
1(1  lUiieiviiti"    n    paper     liv    the    Uil  e     C.pu    Oibbs 
by  WHDali    I'  S  Coast   Survey 
1B76 


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\i.ii'iil\    nrtril't   iif  I'liliiuis    cuf   reiixoccd, 
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